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Human Geography > Population and the environment > Flashcards

Population and the environment Flashcards

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1
Q

birth rate

A

number of live births per 1000 born each year

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2
Q

death rate

A

number of deaths per 1000 per year

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3
Q

fertility rate

A

average number of children women has

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4
Q

infant mortality rate

A

number of deaths of infants under 1 per 1000 born each year

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5
Q

life expectancy

A

the age at which a person can expect to live to

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6
Q

migration rate

A

permanent or semi permanent movement of people from one area to another

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7
Q

population density

A

number of people per unit area

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8
Q

population distribution

A

where the population is located

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9
Q

replacement rate

A

level of fertility where women only have enough children to replace herself and partner

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10
Q

mortality rate

A

incidence of death in population over given period

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11
Q

morbidity rate

A

state of being ill or diseased

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12
Q

carrying capacity

A

maximum number of people an area can support given the level of resources and technology

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13
Q

DTM stage 1

A

High birth rate - lack of contraception, high child mortality

High death rate - lack of healthcare, poor hygiene and sanitation

Total population low and fluctuating

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14
Q

DTM stage 2

A

High birth rate - no contraception, children beneficial to work

Decreasing death rate - developing healthcare

Total population increasing

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15
Q

DTM stage 3

A

Decreasing birth rate - education, contraception

Death rate decreases - medical developments

Total population increases exponentially

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16
Q

DTM stage 4

A

Birth rate low - contraception developed and available

Death rate low - wide access to healthcare

Total population high

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17
Q

DTM stage 5

A

Decreasing birth rate - ageing population don’t have children, expensive

Death rate increases - ageing population

Total population decreases

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18
Q

Demographic dividend

A

A period of economic growth a country can experience due to a change in its age structure
Leading to better living standards, higher incomes and growth

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19
Q

What preconditions are needed for a demographic dividend?

A

Low fertility
Social, economic, political policies focusing on family planning, education, reproductive health and employment opportunities

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20
Q

Asylum seeker

A

a person who has fled their origin country and cannot return due to fear of death

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21
Q

Economic migrant

A

Person who has voluntarily left their country to seek employment in another

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22
Q

Refugee

A

A person fleeing danger

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23
Q

Migration push factors

A

War
Conflict
Political instability
Ethnic / religious persecution
Natural disasters
Unemployment
Resource shortages

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24
Q

Migration pull factors

A

Job opportunities
Better living standards
Healthcare
Education
Political stability

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25
Q

Origin country - demographic implications of migration

A

Low birth rates as people of childbearing age leave
Ageing population
Loss of working male population

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26
Q

Origin country - social implications of migration

A

reduced pressure on education and healthcare
Loss of culture
Loss of qualified workers / brain drain

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27
Q

Origin country - economic implications of migration

A

Reduced pressure on food, water and energy
Less unemployment
Migrants develop skills to bring back
high dependency ratio
Less agricultural output
Declining services

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28
Q

Origin country - political implications of migration

A

Pressure to re-develop areas in decline
May introduce pro natal policies

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29
Q

Origin country - environmental implications of migration

A

Villages abandoned
Less management

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30
Q

Origin country - health implications of migration

A

Less pressure on services
Migrants leave areas with infectious disease

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31
Q

Host country - demographic implications of migration

A

Balances age structure if ageing population
Increased birth rates
Increase male population of working age

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32
Q

Host country - social implications of migration

A

Cultural advantages (food)
Pressure on healthcare
Pressure on education
Migrants may cause social problems
Rise of ethnic and racial tensions
Increased crime
Resentment towards migrants

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33
Q

Host country - economic implications of migration

A

Overcomes skill shortages
Migrants spend money within economy
Workforce size increases
Reduces dependency ratio
Pressure on jobs

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34
Q

Host country - political implications of migration

A

Pressure to control migration
Rise of anti immigration parties
Growth of racist organisations

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35
Q

Host country - environmental implications of migration

A

Pressure on land
Pressure on resources

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36
Q

Host country - health implications of migration

A

Pressure on healthcare
Infectious diseases transmitted
Health tourism
Language barriers

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37
Q

Ecological footprint

A

Global hectares available for each person on the planet

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38
Q

Underpopulation

A

too few people in an area to use resources efficiently
e.g. iceland, canada

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39
Q

Optimum population

A

Theoretical population which when working with available resources will produce highest standard of living
e.g. UK, germany

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40
Q

Overpopulation

A

Too many people in an area relative to the amount of resources
e.g. Chad

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41
Q

Thomas Malthus

A

believed that there was a limit to number of people who could live on earth

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42
Q

Malthusian catastrophe

A

occurs when population becomes too high to be sustained by food sources and leads to death and conflict

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43
Q

Positive checks

A

Ways to reduce population
e.g. war, disease, famine

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44
Q

Negative checks

A

Postponement of marriage, abstinence and moral restraint in order to reduce population and birth rates

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45
Q

Esther Boserup

A

Believed use of technology will allow population growth

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46
Q

Club of Rome

A

Followed Malthusian theory and believed if present growth trends in population continue then limits to growth on planet will be reached in 100 years

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47
Q

Green revolution

A

Term used to describe transformation of agriculture in developing nations between 1940s and 1960s

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48
Q

Advantages of green revolution

A

Yield per unit farmland increased by 30%
Saved 1 billion lives
HYVs needed more water and fertilisers which led to growth of manufacturing
Increased incomes
Better nutrition
Decline in poverty
Food prices dropped
Reduced famines

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49
Q

Disadvantages of green revolution

A

Manufacturing and mechanisation led to structural unemployment
Irrigation not always possible
Farmers couldn’t afford fertilisers and pesticides
Farmers with less then 1 hectare became poorer
Lots of fertilisers became expensive
Environmental degradation
Increased gap between the rich and poor
Eutrophication poisoned water supplies
Worries about long term use of chemicals in food
Irrigation using water

50
Q

Aero farms

A

Verticle farming method run by technology

390x more land efficient
Uses 95% less water
Pesticide free

51
Q

Iron ox farms

A

Controlled by robots
Uses 90% less water
30x crops per acre

52
Q

Babylon micro farms

A

Use of hydroponics
Uses 90% less water
Grow twice as fast
No pesticides or fertilisers

53
Q

Hydroponics

A

Growth of plants without soil

54
Q

Agriculture as a system - inputs

A

Temperature, precipitation, wind, soil, machinery, fertilisers

55
Q

Agriculture as a system - Processes

A

Ploughing, seeding, weeding, application of fertilisers, harvesting, feeding, milking

56
Q

Agriculture as a system - Output

A

Cereal crops, veg crops, animal products

57
Q

Agriculture

A

the ability to grow food, raise cattle and provide biological products through farming

58
Q

Arable

A

growing crops

59
Q

Livestock

A

raising animals

60
Q

Commercial farming

A

crops grown and sold for profit

61
Q

Subsistence farming

A

crops provide for only farmer and farmers family, excess may be sold

62
Q

Intensive farming

A

small scale farming

63
Q

Capital intensive farming

A

money invested in order to produce food but few employees and output per hectare is high

64
Q

Labour intensive farming

A

Large numbers of workers

65
Q

Extensive farming

A

Large scale farming

66
Q

Agricultural productivity

A

amount of output from a field or farm

67
Q

Yield

A

Amount of crop grown in a particular growing season

68
Q

Monocultures

A

farm only growing one crop

69
Q

High yield varieties

A

produce two harvests in one growing season

70
Q

Genetic modification

A

altering of genes to improve crop characteristics e.g. taste, resistance to disease

71
Q

Physical factors influencing agricultural activity and productivity

A

Winds and storms
Temperature
Relief
Precipitation
Soil quality

72
Q

Aridisols

A

make up 12% of soils
receive less than 250mm of water per year

73
Q

Tropical red latosols

A

5 degrees N and S of the equator
Infertile due to leaching and erosion
Climate promotes perfect growing conditions

74
Q

Types of agriculture in Latosols

A

Cattle farming
Intensive farming
Rubber tapping
Soya farming

75
Q

Soil erosion

A

Removal of natural vegetation cover leaves ground exposed

76
Q

Waterlogging

A

occurs when water table rises to point of salt saturation and the anaerobic environment leads to the death of root tissue

77
Q

Salinisation

A

Water evaporates leaving a salty crust on the surface of the soil

78
Q

Structural deterioration

A

caused by the reduction in soil organic matter or the compaction of the soil potentially due to farming

79
Q

Sustainable agriculture practices

A

Replanted trees
Wind breaks
Varied crop types
Strip cultivation
Low density grazing
Natural manure
Contour ploughing
Terracing

80
Q

Ageing population

A

refers to the rise in over 65s in a country

81
Q

Economic impacts of an ageing population

A

State pensions expensive
Reduces gov spending elsewhere
High dependency ratio so taxes need to be raised as less people paying
Free bus passes
Energy allowances
Job opportunities within healthcare
New business opportunities to cater toward older population

82
Q

Social impacts of an ageing population

A

People move to quieter areas for better quality of life
Loneliness and social isolation

83
Q

Health

A

A state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing and the absence of disease

84
Q

Public health

A

aspect of medical activity directed towards improving the health of the whole community

85
Q

Wellbeing

A

State of being in good health and happiness

86
Q

Case mortality

A

Number of people dying from a disease divided by the number of people diagnosed by the disease

87
Q

Epidemiology

A

The study of the origin, distribution, spread and occurence of a disease,

88
Q

Attack rate

A

Number of cases diagnosed in the area divided by the total population

89
Q

Epidemic

A

When a disease is widespread in a particular community

90
Q

Pandemic

A

When a disease is widespread over a whole country or world

91
Q

Chronic illness

A

Illness that lasts a long time or constantly reoccurs

92
Q

D.A.L.Y

A

disease adjusted life years
years lost to ill health

93
Q

Epidemiological transition model

A

Shows the development and change in types of disease over a period of time

94
Q

ETM - Phase 1

A

Age of pestilence and famine
Malnutrition and infectious disease
Life expectancy = 35
Communicable disease

95
Q

ETM - Phase 2

A

Age of receding pandemics
Life expectancy = 50
Degenerative diseases
Includes LICs and NEEs

96
Q

ETM - Phase 3

A

Age of degenerative and anthropogenic diseases
Life expectancy = 60

97
Q

ETM - Phase 4

A

Age of delayed degenerative diseases
Cancer and cardiovascular disease
Life expectancy = 70

98
Q

ETM - Phase 5

A

Era of health regression
Disease adapt and mutate

99
Q

Increased access to food - health

A

Population stronger and healthier
Could lead to diseases of affluence
Increased economic growth
Less reliance on agriculture

100
Q

Increased access to clean water - health

A

Population healthier and stronger
Less waterborne diseases
Less vector borne diseases
Improves sanitation

101
Q

Drainage and health

A

flooding leads to contaminated water and forces migration

102
Q

Relief and health

A

Stagnant water collects at lowest points in the landscape and acts as breeding grounds for vectors

103
Q

Altitude and health

A

Can increase sun exposure and therefore skin cancer risk

104
Q

Precipitation and health

A

Vectors need water to breed

105
Q

Temperature and health

A

Many vectors have optimum temperatures and infectious diseases are more common in tropical areas

106
Q

Extreme events and health

A

Heavy rainfall leads to flooding which can result in the contamination of water sources and stagnant water

107
Q

Malaria

A

Life threatening disease causes by plasmodium parasites that are transmitted to people through the bite of the female anopheles mosquito

108
Q

Causes of malaria

A

Stagnant water
Optimum temp (27)
Abandoned rubbish and waste
Inadequate drainage
Urbanisation leading to an increase in slums (population density)

109
Q

Impacts of malaria

A

Days off work reduce income
Families look for alternative methos due to expensive treatments which are ineffective
Lack of tourism and foreign investment

110
Q

Management of malaria

A

Destroying mosquito populations - oil
Gambusia
Chemical pesticides and fumigation
Repellents
Mosquito nets
Natural repellents
Medication

111
Q

Coronary heart disease

A

most common type of heart and circulatory disease
disease of affluence
non communicable

112
Q

Causes

A

Air quality
Extreme temperatures putting pressure on the heart
Social deprivation
Tobacco
Alcohol
High blood pressure
Poor nutrition
Obesity
Diabetes
Sedentary lifestyles
Ethnicity
Family history

113
Q

Impacts of CHD

A

angina
heart attacks
heart failure
constant medication
cost of healthcare for gov and individual
loss of income
loss of productivity

114
Q

Management of CHD

A

policy and legislation
medical treatments and prevention
health education

115
Q

How will agricultural productivity be impacted by climate change?

A

Rising temperatures - increasing evaporation and therefore salinisation

Changing precipitation - Dry areas become drier, rainy season will be more intense and shorter (length of growing season reduced)

Extreme weather - Increase in intensity and frequency which damages harvests

Rising sea levels - Causing saltwater intrusion and death of crops

Pests and disease - rising temperatures mean more areas reaching the optimum temperature for vectors such as mosquitoes

116
Q

How are nutritional standards impacted by climate change?

A

Decrease crop yields in tropical regions meaning an increase in hunger and famine

Food prices increase as agricultural productivity decreases

Availability of fruit and veg decreases

Changes to diet due to climate change will cause over 500,000 deaths

Increase in obesity and diabetes as prices of food increases

117
Q

How are vector borne diseases impacted by climate change?

A

Currently over half of the world’s population are at risk of vector borne disease

Temperature impacts the survival rates and reproductive of the vector

Precipitation impacts the vectors breeding grounds

Populations of ticks and sandflies are affected by humidity

Droughts may lead to increased irrigation and therefore more aquatic breeding grounds

1/6 of disability caused by vector borne diseases

118
Q

How will thermal stress be impacted by climate change?

A

Climate change will lead to an increase in the frequency and intensity of heatwaves

Hotter summers and milder winters

Mostly impact the elderly and those with cardiovascular or respiratory problems

Populations in temperate climates (e.g. western and northern europe) most at risk due to lack of education

LICs at greatest mortality risk as they lack the resources to be able to adapt

119
Q

Ozone layer

A

15-30 Km above the earths surface

Consists of ozone which is a highly reactive gas with 3 oxygen atoms per molecule)

Absorbs 90-100% of all UV rays

120
Q

How has the ozone layer been depleted?

A

Affected by chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) which were common in aerosols and fridges

UV rays break down CFCs into substances including chlorine

1 chlorine atom can destroy 100,000 ozone molecules

Montreal protocol led to a decrease in CFCs and the ozone layer has begun to recover

121
Q

Melonoma

A

One in every 3 cancers diagnosed is skin cancer
Most common form of cancer in the UK

Risk Factors - sun exposure, history of sunburn, outdoor work, having fair skin, age and family history, radiotherapy, weakened immune systems, other skin conditions

122
Q

Cataracts

A

Inflammation of the eye and sight becomes blurry which develops slowly

Can affect anyone but most common in the elderly

If left untreated can lead to permanent blindness

Estimated 12-15 million people worldwide go blind due to cataracts

Clouded lens replaced with artificial lens

Human Geography (1 decks)

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