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POPULATION AND SUSTAINABILITY Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 phases of a population growth curve?

A

Phase 1 - slow growth
Phase 2 - rapid growth
Phase 3 - stable state - birth rates and death rates are approx same

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2
Q

What is the definition of limiting factors

A

Limiting factors prevent further growth of a population

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3
Q

What’s the difference between abiotic and biotic factors

A

Abiotic are non living factors like temperature light humidity

Biotic factors are living factors like predators disease and competition

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4
Q

What does carrying capacity mean

A

The max population an environment can support

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5
Q

What are the 2 types of migration

A

Immigration - movement into an area
Emigration - movement away from an area

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6
Q

What are density independent factors

A

Factors that have an affect on whole population regardless of its size like volcanoes

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7
Q

What does it mean is an ecosystem is environmentally sensitive

A

It is less resistant to change so needs management techniques to preserve it

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8
Q

What types of management techniques are used on environmentally sensitive ecosystems

A

Limit areas tourists can visit
Control movement of live stock
Introduce anti poaching measures
Limit hunting through quotas

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9
Q

What are some environmentally sensitive ecosystems

A

Galápagos Islands
Snow Donia national park
Antarctica
Lake District

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10
Q

What animals live on the Galápagos Islands

A

Mostly reptiles
1 mammal - rice rat

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11
Q

What are the 3 regions in the Galápagos Islands

A

Coastal zone - salt tolerant species
Arid zone - drought tolerant species
Humid zone - dense cloud forest

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12
Q

How did the whaling trade disrupt the Galápagos Islands

A

Whalers disrupted the ecosystem by allowing domestic animals to roam loose
They chopped forest for fires to render down whale fat and ate giant tortoises that could be kept on the long sea voyages

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13
Q

Why was the Galápagos national park established

A

To protect the living and non living parts of the ecosystem
Introduced park rangers
Limited human access to particular islands
Controlled migration
Strict control over movement of introduced animals like pigs

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14
Q

What animals are present in Antarctica

A

Whales
Seals
Penguins

They all have thick layers of blubber to insulate them

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15
Q

How have human activities affected Antarctica’s ecosystem

A

Plant wide impacts such as global warming and ozone depletion

Hunting of whales and seals has depleted stocks
Soil contamination - in scientific areas
Discharging of waste in the sea

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16
Q

Why was the Antarctica treaty established

A

To protect the unique nature of the Antarctic continent
Allows scientific cooperation between nations
Protection of Antarctic environment
Conservation of animals and plants
Management of protected areas
Management of tourism

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17
Q

What animals are present in snow donia

A

Rich diversity of habitats with a range of birds and over 40 species of land mammals

Also a diverse range of plant species

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18
Q

Why was the snow donia national park created and Lake District national park

A

To conserve the biodiversity in the area and its natural beauty
Promote opportunities for the understanding of the paths special qualities
Ema chance economic and social well being

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19
Q

What are peat bogs

A

Wet spongy ground that contains decomposing vegetation

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20
Q

What can peat be used for

A

Once peat dries it can be used as a fuel by releasing thermal energy
By burning it - it releases c02 into the atmosphere

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21
Q

Why is preservation of peat bogs important

A

It takes many thousands of years for peat bogs to form
It’s important to preserve these as they prevent further climate change

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22
Q

Why do farmers use peat

A

To mix with soil and increases soils acidity
Peat has moisture retaining properties

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23
Q

How does peat form

A

When plant material is inhibited from fully decaying by being in acidic and anaerobic conditions

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24
Q

What do peat bogs support and provide

A

Support a wide range of insects by having a lack of disturbance that makes it also ideal for birds to nest
It has an abundance of insects as it provides food for many species

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25
Support a wide range of insects by having a lack of disturbance that makes it also ideal for birds to nest It has an abundance of insects as it provides food for many species
Afforestation Peat extraction Agricultural intensification Which have all contributed to drying out bogs
26
What is the key feature of maintaining low land bogs
To maintain and restore water levels
27
How do people maintain ans reserve water levels in low land peat bogs to conserve them
Ensure peat is undisturbed and as wet as possible Removal of seedling trees from the area because trees have a high water requirement Use controlled grazing to maintain the biodiversity of the peatland
28
What is the terai region of Nepal
It is an area of extreme biodiversity It’s forests are depended on by millions for their livelihoods
29
What has happened to the forests and what has this caused
Large areas of forest have been cleared for agriculture or to sell timber This removal has increased the effects of monsoon flooding and caused severe disruption to communities downstream
30
Why is sustainable forest management needed in Nepal
Forests provide a livelihood for local people Sustainable management = ensure conservation of forests + provide Nepali state with income for general development
31
How do locals groups manage the forests sustainability
They have developed their own operational plants and set harvesting rules rates and prices for products They also have determined how Income is distributed Also created several small community forestry groups
32
What successes have arisen from the community forestry groups
Improvement in conserving forested regions Improved soil and water managements Increase in forestry products so greater economic input Secure biodiversity
33
What management strategies for sustainable land use have been developed to prevent damage to the ecosystem
Promote production of fruit and veg in hills and mountains Improve irrigation facilities to enhance crop production Improve fertilisation techniques to enhance crop yields
34
What are the main features of the Masai Mara
It has a Savannah ecosystem The regions close to the river are rich grasslands and woodlands The regions further from the river are open plains with scattered shrubs It has famous zebra and wildebeest migrations
35
What are the types of farming that takes place in the Masai Mara
Grazing and cultivation
36
How is grazing done in the Masai Mara
It was traditionally done by the local tribes for livestock grazing It’s now limited to areas on the edge of the reserve and tribes are prevented from entering the park
37
How has cultivation changed in the Masai Mara and what takes place
It has increased in the recent years Grassland has been converted to crop land Natural vegetation has been removed Nutrients in the soil have been used up This has led to a reliance on fertilisers for effective crop growth
38
What does the Masai Mara rely on for economic input
Tourism Ecotourism
39
What is ecotourism
Tourism directed towards natural environments to support conservation efforts It ensures tourism doesn’t exploit the natural environment It makes people consult and engage with local communities on planned developments and ensures infrastructure improvements benefit local people
40
How has scientific research projects helped conservation in the Masai Mara
They have established a balance between human abs animal populations as they are incompatible with one another
41
What is a sustainable resource
A renewable resource that is being economically exploited in such a way that it won’t run out
42
Why do we use sustainable resources
To preserve environments To ensure resources are available for future generations To enable less economically developed countries to develop
43
What are the ways used for sustainable management of forests
What are the ways used for sustainable management of forests
44
How do we produce sustainable timber on a small scale
Use coppicing
45
What is coppicing
Tree trunk is cut close to the ground Then new shoots will form from the cut surface and mature The new nature shoots are eventually cut and in their place more are produced
46
What is rotational coppicing
Woodland is divided into sections and trees are only cut in a particular section until all have been coppiced Then coppicing is begun in a new area and the process continues until you reach the trees that were first coppiced
47
Why do we use coppicing for sustainable timber production on small scales
It maintains biodiversity The trees never grow enough to block out the light
48
What is pollarding
A similar technique to coppicing but trees are cut higher up so deer abs other animals cannot eat the new shoots
49
What is used in large scale timber production
Felling large areas of forest Felled trees are destroyed and will not grow again
50
How do we ensure felling is sustainable
Practice selective cutting - only the largest trees are cut Replace trees via replanting - this ensures biodiversity is maintained Plants trees at optimal distances apart - this reduces competition
51
What disadvantages does felling have
It destroys habitats It reduces the minerals in the soil
52
How has fishing been made sustainable
There has been an international agreement made about the number of fish that can be caught - fishing quotas - limit number of certain fish that are allowed to be caught in particular area Nets have different mesh sizes Recreational fishing is only allowed at only certain times of the year
53
What is the definition of conservation
The maintenance of biodiversity through human action or management Manages ecosystems so that natural resources can be used without running out
54
What does reclamation mean in conservation
The restoration of destroyed ecosystems
55
What is the definition of preservation
Protection of an area by restricting or banning human interference The ecosystem is kept to its original state
56
What are the 3 main things why it is important to conserve places
Economic Social Ethical
57
Why is conservation important in economic reasons
Provide resources that humans need to survive and produce an income
58
Why is conservation important in social reasons
Enjoy natural beauty of wild ecosystems as well as using them for beneficial health resources
59
Why is conservation important in ethical reasons
All organisms have a right to exist and most play an important role in their ecosystem
60
What happens in stage 1 and 2 in predator prey relationships that are shown on a graph
Stage 1 - an increase in prey provides more food for predators so predators increase Stage 2 - as predators increase more prey is eaten so there is a decrease in prey
61
What happens in stage 3 and 4 of predator prey relationships
When the prey decreases, intraspecific competition increases and the predator population decreases In the final stage, as the predator population decreases, more prey can survive and reproduce so prey population increase
62
What are the two types of competition
Interspecific - competition between different species Intraspecific - competition between members of the same species
63
What is the competitive exclusion theory
In interspecific competition the species that uses the resources more effectively will eliminate the other
64
What does competition between same species usually depend on
The availability of the resource The greater the availability the more of the population that can be supported
65
K selection
Offspring have a high prob of survival Heavy parental care and nurturing Larger organisms Much lower reproductive rate Young are altricial, longer lifespans and have overlapping generations
66
R selection
Produce many low effort organisms Species grow rapidly Found in less competitive and low quality environments Young are precocial High of mortality so start reproducing earlier Non overlapping generations, shorter lifespans Boom and bust (cyclical)
67
Draw, label, and annotate with explanations, a generalised growth curve for natural populations.
1. Phase 1/ lag phase/ slow growth - Small numbers of individuals that are initially present reproduce increasing the total population. Birth rate> death rate. 2. Phase 2/ exponential phase/ rapid growth- Number of breeding individuals increases, the total population multiplies exponentially. No constraints. birth rate>>death rate. 3. Phase 3/ stationary phase/ stable state- further population growth is prevented by external constraints. Population size fluctuates, but overall its size remains relatively stable. Birth rates= death rates. Slight changes- fluctuations in limiting factors e.g prey
68
Give 3 examples of limiting factors for population size and explain how each affects population size.
1. Competition between the organisms for resources 2. Build-up of the toxic by-products of metabolism 3. Disease
69
Define Density dependent factors
1. Any factor limiting the size of a population whose effect is dependent on the number of individuals in the population. 2. For example, disease will have a greater effect in limiting the growth of a large population, since overcrowding facilitates its spread. 3. Other examples- competition, predation, grazing

POPULATION AND SUSTAINABILITY (6 decks)

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