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POPULATION AND SUSTAINABILITY > POPULATION AND SUSTAINABILITY > Flashcards

POPULATION AND SUSTAINABILITY Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 phases of a population growth curve?

A

Phase 1 - slow growth
Phase 2 - rapid growth
Phase 3 - stable state - birth rates and death rates are approx same

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2
Q

What is the definition of limiting factors

A

Limiting factors prevent further growth of a population

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3
Q

What’s the difference between abiotic and biotic factors

A

Abiotic are non living factors like temperature light humidity

Biotic factors are living factors like predators disease and competition

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4
Q

What does carrying capacity mean

A

The max population an environment can support

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5
Q

What are the 2 types of migration

A

Immigration - movement into an area
Emigration - movement away from an area

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6
Q

What are density independent factors

A

Factors that have an affect on whole population regardless of its size like volcanoes

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7
Q

What does it mean is an ecosystem is environmentally sensitive

A

It is less resistant to change so needs management techniques to preserve it

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8
Q

What types of management techniques are used on environmentally sensitive ecosystems

A

Limit areas tourists can visit
Control movement of live stock
Introduce anti poaching measures
Limit hunting through quotas

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9
Q

What are some environmentally sensitive ecosystems

A

Galápagos Islands
Snow Donia national park
Antarctica
Lake District

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10
Q

What animals live on the Galápagos Islands

A

Mostly reptiles
1 mammal - rice rat

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11
Q

What are the 3 regions in the Galápagos Islands

A

Coastal zone - salt tolerant species
Arid zone - drought tolerant species
Humid zone - dense cloud forest

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12
Q

How did the whaling trade disrupt the Galápagos Islands

A

Whalers disrupted the ecosystem by allowing domestic animals to roam loose
They chopped forest for fires to render down whale fat and ate giant tortoises that could be kept on the long sea voyages

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13
Q

Why was the Galápagos national park established

A

To protect the living and non living parts of the ecosystem
Introduced park rangers
Limited human access to particular islands
Controlled migration
Strict control over movement of introduced animals like pigs

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14
Q

What animals are present in Antarctica

A

Whales
Seals
Penguins

They all have thick layers of blubber to insulate them

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15
Q

How have human activities affected Antarctica’s ecosystem

A

Plant wide impacts such as global warming and ozone depletion

Hunting of whales and seals has depleted stocks
Soil contamination - in scientific areas
Discharging of waste in the sea

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16
Q

Why was the Antarctica treaty established

A

To protect the unique nature of the Antarctic continent
Allows scientific cooperation between nations
Protection of Antarctic environment
Conservation of animals and plants
Management of protected areas
Management of tourism

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17
Q

What animals are present in snow donia

A

Rich diversity of habitats with a range of birds and over 40 species of land mammals

Also a diverse range of plant species

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18
Q

Why was the snow donia national park created and Lake District national park

A

To conserve the biodiversity in the area and its natural beauty
Promote opportunities for the understanding of the paths special qualities
Ema chance economic and social well being

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19
Q

What are peat bogs

A

Wet spongy ground that contains decomposing vegetation

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20
Q

What can peat be used for

A

Once peat dries it can be used as a fuel by releasing thermal energy
By burning it - it releases c02 into the atmosphere

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21
Q

Why is preservation of peat bogs important

A

It takes many thousands of years for peat bogs to form
It’s important to preserve these as they prevent further climate change

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22
Q

Why do farmers use peat

A

To mix with soil and increases soils acidity
Peat has moisture retaining properties

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23
Q

How does peat form

A

When plant material is inhibited from fully decaying by being in acidic and anaerobic conditions

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24
Q

What do peat bogs support and provide

A

Support a wide range of insects by having a lack of disturbance that makes it also ideal for birds to nest
It has an abundance of insects as it provides food for many species

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25
Q

Support a wide range of insects by having a lack of disturbance that makes it also ideal for birds to nest
It has an abundance of insects as it provides food for many species

A

Afforestation
Peat extraction
Agricultural intensification
Which have all contributed to drying out bogs

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26
Q

What is the key feature of maintaining low land bogs

A

To maintain and restore water levels

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27
Q

How do people maintain ans reserve water levels in low land peat bogs to conserve them

A

Ensure peat is undisturbed and as wet as possible
Removal of seedling trees from the area because trees have a high water requirement
Use controlled grazing to maintain the biodiversity of the peatland

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28
Q

What is the terai region of Nepal

A

It is an area of extreme biodiversity
It’s forests are depended on by millions for their livelihoods

29
Q

What has happened to the forests and what has this caused

A

Large areas of forest have been cleared for agriculture or to sell timber
This removal has increased the effects of monsoon flooding and caused severe disruption to communities downstream

30
Q

Why is sustainable forest management needed in Nepal

A

Forests provide a livelihood for local people
Sustainable management = ensure conservation of forests + provide Nepali state with income for general development

31
Q

How do locals groups manage the forests sustainability

A

They have developed their own operational plants and set harvesting rules rates and prices for products
They also have determined how Income is distributed

Also created several small community forestry groups

32
Q

What successes have arisen from the community forestry groups

A

Improvement in conserving forested regions
Improved soil and water managements
Increase in forestry products so greater economic input
Secure biodiversity

33
Q

What management strategies for sustainable land use have been developed to prevent damage to the ecosystem

A

Promote production of fruit and veg in hills and mountains
Improve irrigation facilities to enhance crop production
Improve fertilisation techniques to enhance crop yields

34
Q

What are the main features of the Masai Mara

A

It has a Savannah ecosystem
The regions close to the river are rich grasslands and woodlands
The regions further from the river are open plains with scattered shrubs
It has famous zebra and wildebeest migrations

35
Q

What are the types of farming that takes place in the Masai Mara

A

Grazing and cultivation

36
Q

How is grazing done in the Masai Mara

A

It was traditionally done by the local tribes for livestock grazing
It’s now limited to areas on the edge of the reserve and tribes are prevented from entering the park

37
Q

How has cultivation changed in the Masai Mara and what takes place

A

It has increased in the recent years
Grassland has been converted to crop land
Natural vegetation has been removed
Nutrients in the soil have been used up
This has led to a reliance on fertilisers for effective crop growth

38
Q

What does the Masai Mara rely on for economic input

A

Tourism
Ecotourism

39
Q

What is ecotourism

A

Tourism directed towards natural environments to support conservation efforts
It ensures tourism doesn’t exploit the natural environment
It makes people consult and engage with local communities on planned developments and ensures infrastructure improvements benefit local people

40
Q

How has scientific research projects helped conservation in the Masai Mara

A

They have established a balance between human abs animal populations as they are incompatible with one another

41
Q

What is a sustainable resource

A

A renewable resource that is being economically exploited in such a way that it won’t run out

42
Q

Why do we use sustainable resources

A

To preserve environments
To ensure resources are available for future generations
To enable less economically developed countries to develop

43
Q

What are the ways used for sustainable management of forests

A

What are the ways used for sustainable management of forests

44
Q

How do we produce sustainable timber on a small scale

A

Use coppicing

45
Q

What is coppicing

A

Tree trunk is cut close to the ground
Then new shoots will form from the cut surface and mature
The new nature shoots are eventually cut and in their place more are produced

46
Q

What is rotational coppicing

A

Woodland is divided into sections and trees are only cut in a particular section until all have been coppiced
Then coppicing is begun in a new area and the process continues until you reach the trees that were first coppiced

47
Q

Why do we use coppicing for sustainable timber production on small scales

A

It maintains biodiversity
The trees never grow enough to block out the light

48
Q

What is pollarding

A

A similar technique to coppicing but trees are cut higher up so deer abs other animals cannot eat the new shoots

49
Q

What is used in large scale timber production

A

Felling large areas of forest
Felled trees are destroyed and will not grow again

50
Q

How do we ensure felling is sustainable

A

Practice selective cutting - only the largest trees are cut
Replace trees via replanting - this ensures biodiversity is maintained
Plants trees at optimal distances apart - this reduces competition

51
Q

What disadvantages does felling have

A

It destroys habitats
It reduces the minerals in the soil

52
Q

How has fishing been made sustainable

A

There has been an international agreement made about the number of fish that can be caught
- fishing quotas - limit number of certain fish that are allowed to be caught in particular area

Nets have different mesh sizes
Recreational fishing is only allowed at only certain times of the year

53
Q

What is the definition of conservation

A

The maintenance of biodiversity through human action or management
Manages ecosystems so that natural resources can be used without running out

54
Q

What does reclamation mean in conservation

A

The restoration of destroyed ecosystems

55
Q

What is the definition of preservation

A

Protection of an area by restricting or banning human interference
The ecosystem is kept to its original state

56
Q

What are the 3 main things why it is important to conserve places

A

Economic
Social
Ethical

57
Q

Why is conservation important in economic reasons

A

Provide resources that humans need to survive and produce an income

58
Q

Why is conservation important in social reasons

A

Enjoy natural beauty of wild ecosystems as well as using them for beneficial health resources

59
Q

Why is conservation important in ethical reasons

A

All organisms have a right to exist and most play an important role in their ecosystem

60
Q

What happens in stage 1 and 2 in predator prey relationships that are shown on a graph

A

Stage 1 - an increase in prey provides more food for predators so predators increase
Stage 2 - as predators increase more prey is eaten so there is a decrease in prey

61
Q

What happens in stage 3 and 4 of predator prey relationships

A

When the prey decreases, intraspecific competition increases and the predator population decreases

In the final stage, as the predator population decreases, more prey can survive and reproduce so prey population increase

62
Q

What are the two types of competition

A

Interspecific - competition between different species
Intraspecific - competition between members of the same species

63
Q

What is the competitive exclusion theory

A

In interspecific competition the species that uses the resources more effectively will eliminate the other

64
Q

What does competition between same species usually depend on

A

The availability of the resource
The greater the availability the more of the population that can be supported

65
Q

K selection

A

Offspring have a high prob of survival
Heavy parental care and nurturing
Larger organisms
Much lower reproductive rate
Young are altricial, longer lifespans and have overlapping generations

66
Q

R selection

A

Produce many low effort organisms
Species grow rapidly
Found in less competitive and low quality environments
Young are precocial
High of mortality so start reproducing earlier
Non overlapping generations, shorter lifespans
Boom and bust (cyclical)

67
Q

Draw, label, and annotate with explanations, a generalised growth curve for natural populations.

A
  1. Phase 1/ lag phase/ slow growth - Small numbers of individuals that are initially present reproduce increasing the total population. Birth rate> death rate.
  2. Phase 2/ exponential phase/ rapid growth- Number of breeding individuals increases, the total population multiplies exponentially. No constraints. birth rate»death rate.
  3. Phase 3/ stationary phase/ stable state- further population growth is prevented by external constraints. Population size fluctuates, but overall its size remains relatively stable. Birth rates= death rates. Slight changes- fluctuations in limiting factors e.g prey
68
Q

Give 3 examples of limiting factors for population size and explain how each affects population size.

A
  1. Competition between the organisms for resources
  2. Build-up of the toxic by-products of metabolism
  3. Disease
69
Q

Define Density dependent factors

A
  1. Any factor limiting the size of a population whose effect is dependent on the number of individuals in the population.
  2. For example, disease will have a greater effect in limiting the growth of a large population, since overcrowding facilitates its spread.
  3. Other examples- competition, predation, grazing

POPULATION AND SUSTAINABILITY (6 decks)

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