Population And Settlement Flashcards
Population density :
per unit of land area;
that is the number of people per square mile or people per km2
Population density formula
Population / area
High density and sparsely populated countries (examples )
Bangladesh and Singapore have a high density
Greenland, Australia and Mongolia are sparsely populated
Densely populated
A big amount of people in a km2
Sparsely populated
Low amount of people in a km2
Human and physical factors that effect population distribution
human factors; Economic: Large rich markets Good infrastructure Access to import and export Skilled Labor Education Social: Some groups of people prefer to live next to each-other for security and companionship Political: Stable government Democratic system Physical factors; Relief: low land area which is flat or gentle Climate: enough rain and warm temperature to allow crops growth Accessibility: Costal areas with easy access Resources: Water timber Essentials such as coal, oil, copper etc
Why are countries overpopulated
Very low caring capacity
Can’t feed/ don’t have enough resources
No technology
Emigration
Out going (exited country)
Immigration
In going (inside that country)
Threshold population
The minimum number of people required to run an economic activity
Underpopulation
Lack of people in a giving carrying capacity
Low amount of people for a large amount of resources
Dependent population
is when they depend on the work/money of the working class
Population structure
The composition of a population
The most important element which are sex and age
Population pyramid
A bar chart arranged vertically that shows distribution of a population by age and sex
High elderly population (pros and cons)
Pros Contribution of knowledge and experiences Train young generation Squared skills Willing to to contribute to tax revenue Aid of childcare support for families Help built up social capital Lower crime rates Active in community clubs Attend classical music at concerts Pass on traditional skills
Cons Pressure on working class Higher taxes Pension Retirement Medical benefits More money spent on (old care homes etc) Hospitals Other specialised services Lack of innovation
High youthful population (pros and cons)
Pros: Chance to build an manpower for future Engine of growth for whole economy Young population will be future working population Target group of the large MNGs selling consumer Culture spreads more Will develop good health care systems Large tax base Innovation Revolutionary ideas Cons: Demand for more food Overgrazing and over cultivation Creates pressure on existing working class Not enough (school, teachers, sports facilities,good public transport system, resources, food supply, health services, education, accommodation) Overcrowding in town and cities Poverty,lower standard of living Need of more physical space Economic stress young dependent More taxation Lack of employment in future Political instability Higher crime rates like vandalism, robbery,graffiti
Types of migration
Long distance
Short distance
International
Internal
Migration
Are broadly classified as
- involuntary or forced and voluntary migration
- Long and short distance migration
- international and internal migration
Pro-natal and Anti-natal policies
Pro-natal
Policies that encourage more births (larger familes)
Example (Canada and Germany )
Anti-natal
Polices that aim to reduce population growth
Example (china and India )
Depopulation
The state of population decline
Urbanisation
Is the growth in the proportion of a population living in urban areas
Pronatalis policy
A government, society or social group that encourages to increase population growth by attempting to raise no. Of births
Overpopulation
To high amount of people in a giving caring capacity
High amount of people for the small amount of resources
Dependent and working class
Youthful 0-14
Working 15-65
Elderly 65+
Dependency ratio
Elderly and youthful population / working class
Demographic transition model
Refers to the transition from high birth rate to death rates as a country develops from a pre industrial to an industrial one
Migration
The movement of people involving a change of residence. It can be internal displacement or international, voluntary and or forced
Emigration
The process of leaving one country to take up permanent or semi permanent residence in another country
Remittances
Transfer of money or goods by foreign workers to their home country
Asylum seekers
People who seek refuge statues in another country
Illegal immigrants
People who enter a country without permission
Refugee
A person fleeing their own home country in order to escape danger
Internally displaced people
Those who have fled their homes but continue to live in their own country
Population policy
Polices that are framed by the government to influence north rates of a country
Sex ratio
Number of males per 100 females
Death rate
The number of deaths per 1000 people in a population of a giving year
Birth rate
The number of births per 1000 people in a population in a given year
Natural growth
Difference of birth and death rate in a population in a giving year
Growth rate
The number of people plus or minus from a population in a given year due to natural increase and not migration expressed as percentage of population
Morbidity
The frequency of deceases,illnesses,injures and disabilities in a population
Infant mortality rate
The number of deaths of infants under the age of 1 per 1000 live births in a given year
Child mortality rate
Number of deaths of children under the age of 5per 1000 children in a given yea r
What is a rural and urban settlement
Rural settlements refer to countryside and they are involved in primary activities such as farming and mining
Urban settlements refer to towns and cities which are engaging in secondary and tertiary activities such as construction , food processing and banking
Settlements
Settlements is a place where people live and interact through several activities (e.g. agriculture , trading, or services)
Conurbation
1 network of cites surrounding Majore cities
2 a big urban area composed of many cites
Mega city
City that consists of more than 10,000,000 citizen like Moscow for example
Settlements hierarchy is usually measured by
Population size of a settlement
Range and number of services
Sphere of influence or market area
Range
The maximum distance pople are willing to travel to obtain goods and services
Sphere of influence
The area around a settlement that comes under its economic , social and political influence
Comparison shops
High order shops with large range and threshold population
Hierarchy settlement
A list of settlements in order of population size and the number and range of services provided
High oder settlements
Larger fewer in number spaces further apart and which a wider range of servies
Low oder settlements
Smaller more in number more closely spaced and which a small range of services
Trading point
Often settlements develop where natural trading points meet such as along the river networks or along the transportation routes converging into a major transportation hub
Rural urban fringe of economic development (pros)
Cheap land Plenty of car parking space Workers available close by Room for expansion Attractive environment with little pollution Good accessibility
Counter urbanisation
The movement of population from towns back to rural areas mainly in MEDCs
Site
Land the settlement is built on
Situation
The position of the settlement in relation to the surrounding area
Settlement pattern
The shape that a settlement forms on the map and how clustered or scattered the settlement is
Nucleated settlement
Settlement have houses clustered together as villages with fewer isolated dwellings
Dispersed
Settlements are scattered isolated dwellings and small hamlets with few villages
Linear
Settlements are in a long thin row Ortern along roads or tracks
What is a plate tectonic
A rigid lithospheric slab of the fracture crustal surface of the earth floating on the semi molten atmosphere
What makes plates move
Mantel Convention current
Hotspot
Are not related to plate movement, the magma comes direct from the mantle
Conservative
Are boundaries which slide against each other in the opposite direction or the same
What comes out of volcanoes
Water vapour Carbon monoxide Lava Ash Rocks Sulphur Gases Pyroclastic materials Any solid material
Convergent boundaries
Oceanic to oceanic
Continental to continental
Continental to oceanic
Why do people live near volcanoes
Geothermal energy Family and friends Can’t afford to move Much cheaper to stay Tourism Jobs
Process of destructive plates (convergent)
The boundaries are continental to oceanic plate that collide in eachother, as the continental plate is stronger the oceanic plate(higher density) goes under and so subduction occurs
Subducting oceanic plate is melted under high temperature and pressure as it subducts into mantle (mantel convection current)
It creates magma and rises up which turns to lava which then creates the volcanoes
Why do plates move
Deep within the earths heat is being produced by radioactivity. At the hotter areas the plastic rocks in the earths mantle become lighter and rise, causing convection currents.
These convection currents drag the rigid plates above them causing them to move
Fold mountains
They have been formed where powerful compression has squeezed the layers of rocks
Active
They have erupted in the last 80 years
Dormant
Resting but may erupt in the future
Extinct
Dead will not erupt again
How are they caused/formed
They are causes by plate movement either towards each other away from each other or sliding against each other. The plates do not always move at a constant rate. They are often “struck ” in one position. Stress builds up as the plates try to move. There is then a sudden movement (along a crack in the earth called a fault). Energy is released and vibrations travel through the earth as an earthquake wave or seismic wave.
Isoseismal lines
Are lines of equal intensity drawn on a map around the epicentre of an earthquake
Aftershock
Represents redistribution of stress on the fault star
Focus
Is the pint within the earth where the earthquake originates
Epicentre
The point on the earths surface directly above the focus
Mer alle scale
The effect of an earthquake intensity which is described on a 12 point scale m
Richter scale
Magnitude which measures the total amount of energy released by an earthquake
Pacific ring of fire
Major area in the basin of the Pacific Ocean where many earthquakes / volcanoes occur
Collision margin
Continental to continental crust e.g. Indo-Australian plate collides with the Eurasian plate
Volcanism Icelandic eruption
In 2010 a constructive margin separated the Eurasian plate from the north America in plate,
The plates move apart, magma rises to form severe active volcanoes
Magma Broke through the crust beneath eyjafjallajoekull glacier
Representing little threat to the local communities
Huge quantities of ash into atmosphere
Heavier volcano ash particles fell on the ground forcing people to evacuate, from farms and villages
Major flooding accrued due to melting of glaciers
Crater
The depression at the top of a volcanoes
Lahar
A mudflow which contains material from volcanic eruption
Lateral blast
When volcanoes erupt sideways with great force producing gas and pyroclastic material
Conservative boundary (best known)
Between pacific and North American along the coast of California
San Andreas
Mantle convection and Hotspots volcanism
Heat constantly flows out of the earths core at the base of the mantle causing the semi molten mantle to circulate slowly and carrying the heat outwards by convection
Himalayas formation
The Himalayas mountain range and Tibetan plateau have formed as a result of the collision between Indian plate and the Eurasian plate which began 50 mil years ago. The Eurasian plate was partly crumpled above the Indian plate but because of their low density or high buoyancy neither could be subducted. This caused them to harden due to the folding and faulting by compressional forces pushing up the two mountains. This convergence of two plate of continental crust is also called a collision margin
How tsunamis form
They are usually triggered by earthquakes. The crust shifting is the primary effect; a knock on (secondary) effect of this is the displacement of the water above the moving crust. This is the start of a tsunami. Tsunamis move at speed of around 800 kph rapidly approaching the coast almost unnoticed. As they near land they slowly reduce in length and gain in height
How do fold mountains form through collision
When two tectonic plates move towards each other at a convergent plate boundary. When plates and the continents riding on them collide the accumulated layers of rock may crumple and fold particularly if them is a mechanically weak layer such as salt
Describe the impacts of an earthquake (case study)
Haiti
On January the 12th 2010 an Caribbean island known as Haiti was affected by an powerful 7.0 magnitude earthquake and the reason for this was caused by stress building up along the conservative plate margin, which was released by a sudden slippage along the fault. Therefore the island was resulted by an enormous amount of deaths (230,000) and a number of 180,000 homes that were destroyed. Around 5000 schools, services, like electricity, water .etc. as-well as communication were sadly destructed. This unpleasant movement shaking created an total amount of 19 mil cubic metres of debris in the capital of Haiti. An other effect that has taken lots of lives in the aftershock was cholera. The massive impact of this quake has brought short term responses for example the search and rescue helps and long term responses like repairing of destroyed buildings
Drainage basin
Is any area of land where precipitation collects and chains off into a common outlet such as an river, bay or other body of water
Urban sprawl
Uncontrolled physical expansion or outward growth of an urban area into the surrounding country
Source
Begin of rivers
Confluence
Two rivers meet
Watershed
A area of high land between two drainages
Mouth
Where rivers flows into lake or sea
Tributary
Small river or stream that flows into larger ones
Distributaries
Stream that branches off and flows away from main stream channel
Wave length
The distance between two successive crest to trough
Wave frequency
Number of waves per min
