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Biology 20 > Population and evolution > Flashcards

Population and evolution Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a terrestrial niche

A

A terrestrial niche is the abiotic and biotic interactions of organisms on land.

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2
Q

what is a spices

A

a group of organisms that can reproduce and make viable offspring. the offsprings can reproduce.

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3
Q

what is a population

A

a group of individuals of the same spices living in a specific area at a given time

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4
Q

what is a community

A

a community is a group of different spices that live in the same area at a given time.

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5
Q

what is an ecosystem

A

an ecosystem is a combination of biotic and abiotic organisms in an area at a given time

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6
Q

what is an ecological niche

A

an ecological niche is the role that an organism plays in the ecosystem: only one type of organism can occupy a niche.

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7
Q

levels of the terrestrial niche

A

canopy, sub canopy, understory, soil

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8
Q

what is the canopy

A

the canopy is the upper most layer where most of the vegetation is and gets most of the sun light.

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9
Q

what is the sub canopy

A

it is below the canopy, there is lower temperature and high biodiversity.

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10
Q

understory

A

below the sub canopy low levels of light, bushes shrubs forrest floor.

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11
Q

soil

A

interface between lithosphere and biosphere.

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12
Q

levels of an aquatic niche

A

Littoral zone, Limnetic zone, profundal zone, benthic zone.

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13
Q

Littoral zone

A

area adjacent to land. sunlight can reach the bottom, plants are anchored to the substrate.

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14
Q

Limnetic zone

A

adjacent to the Litoral zone, light penetrates, photosynthesis can occur.

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15
Q

profundal zone

A

below the limnetic zone, there is a little bit of light penetration but not enough for photosynthesis.

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16
Q

benthic zone

A

No light reacts this area, the bottom of the aquatic ecosystem. Zero photosynthesis occurs

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17
Q

A biotic factors effecting the teristal niche

A

soil, water, chemical environment, temperature, sunlight

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18
Q

soil

A

the litter, top soil, sub soil, bedrock.

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19
Q

chemical environment

A

Ph, Nutrients, Temperature, Sunlight

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20
Q

how does PH effect Terrestrial ecosystem

A

it effects what type of plants can grow in an area,

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21
Q

A biotic factors effect an aquatic ecosystem.

A

Chemical environment, Dissolved Oxygen, Pressure, Temperature, sunlight, seasonal variations, Ph

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22
Q

how does chemical environment effect an aquatic ecosystem

A

It can effect what type of organisms can live in the area, example fresh water vs sea water.

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23
Q

how does pH effect an aquatic ecosystem

A

it can have nutrient runoff for example Algae

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24
Q

how does temperature effect an aquatic ecosystem.

A

because it effects how gases dissolve in water and because due to temperature organisms will need to have adaptations for the given temperatures.

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25
Q

seasonal variation of an aquatic ecosystem in winter.

A

there is three layer of water the Epilimnion, the thermocline and the hypolimnion that do not mix and stand still in winter.

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26
Q

seasonal variation of an aquatic ecosystem in spring.

A

in spring there is turn over due to the high amounts of wind

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27
Q

What is turnover

A

turnover is the mixing of all of the water levels in spring and fall that takes the wind and turns it into dissolved oxygen and other dissolved gases that may be needed for the summer and winter.

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28
Q

what happens in the summer in an aquatic ecosystem

A

in the summer the epilimnion has an increase of dissolved oxygen and the water is warmer, they layers do not mix.

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29
Q

what happens in the fall in an aquatic ecosystem

A

turnover occurs again the fall and oxygen is brought to the bottom to get ready for winter.

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30
Q

what is Biotic potential in an ecosystem

A

Biotic potential is the number of organisms that can be produced in an ecosystem

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31
Q

what is breeding frequency

A

breeding frequency is how often an organism reproduces

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32
Q

What is Birth potential

A

Birth potential is during each reproductive cycle how many offspring are produced.

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33
Q

what is capacity for survival

A

capacity for survival is what portion of the offspring reach reproductive age.

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34
Q

length of reproductive life

A

the length of time an organism can produce offsprings.

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35
Q

limiting factors

A

any factor that limits population size

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36
Q

carrying capacity

A

the number of organisms in a population that an ecosystem can support, determine by environment resistance.

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37
Q

density dependent

A

factors that affect a population due to it’s size: food, diseases, water, predators, mate

38
Q

density independent

A

Factors that affect population no matter the size: fire, drought, water temperature….

39
Q

changes in terrestrial ecosystem

A

succession, primary succession, secondary succession

40
Q

succession

A

looks at changes in an ecosystem overtime

41
Q

Primary succession

A

occurs in area that did not previously have life: glaciers new land. Takes a really long time

42
Q

secondary succession

A

organisms have been removed but soil remains: forrest fire, clear cutting. takes a shorter amount of time.

43
Q

steps in succession

A

Pioneer spices, intermediate spices, climax spices.

44
Q

Pioneer species

A

first individuals to find an area, alter the ecosystem, ex moss and plants that help break up rock and form soil.

45
Q

intermediate spices

A

replaces previous species

46
Q

Climax species

A

dominant plant spices they out compete previous species.

47
Q

eutrophication

A

describes that changes in an aquatic ecosystem overtime

48
Q

Oligotrophic

A

Starts as a new body of water, tends to be very cold, lacks nutrients, not a lot of life.

49
Q

what happens to an Oligotrophic over time

A

overtime aquatic runoff will increase the amount of nutrients, and sediment will cause it to become smaller.

50
Q

Interspecific competition .

A

It is competition between different species for resources: food, water, light, nutrients, space.

51
Q

infraspecific Competition

A

it is Competition within a spices: food, water, space, Mates

52
Q

Linnean taxonomy

A

this is a method of grouping organisms based on their shared characteristics, each level is called a taya

53
Q

all the Tayas of the linen taxonomy

A

Domain—kingdom—phylum—class—order—family—genis—spices

54
Q

what are the 3 domains

A

Archea, bacteria and eukaryotes

55
Q

archea

A

Live in harsh environments, they are prokaryotes, unicellular, have a cell wall, lack peptidoglycan, fatty acids uses ether bonds, no photosynthesis, anaerobic, do not respond to antibodies, binary vision reproduction

56
Q

bacteria (eubacteria)

A

prokaryote (lacks membrane bound nucleus), unicellular, fatty acids use ester bonds, cell walls with peptidoglycan, antibodies act on them, helpful or harmful, can be autotroph or heterotrophs, anaerobic or aerobic,binary fission.

57
Q

eukaryotes

A

has nucleus, may or may not have a cell wall ( lacks peptidoglycan) they do not respond to antibodies, the fatty acids have ester bonds

58
Q

kingdoms

A

protist, fungi, plantae, Animalia

59
Q

Protisa ( protists)

A

Eukaryote, usually unicellular, in moist environments, can be parasites and symbiotos, they may have chloroplasts ( algae)

60
Q

Fungi

A

unicellular or multicellular, have cell walls, no photosynthesis, obtain nutrients though absorption, lacks tissue

61
Q

plantae

A

multi celled, have a cell wall ( lacks peptidoglycan), contain chloroplasts, autotroph, have tissues, obtain nutrients from absorption and photosynthesis.

62
Q

Animalia

A

multicelled, lacks cell wall, no photosynthesis, obtains nutrients though ingestion, have tissues.

63
Q

clatlogram

A

visual of the degree of relationship between different organisms

64
Q

phylogenetic tree

A

similar to cladogram but the length of the branch is proportionate of time.

65
Q

Dichotomous keys

A

tools that help us identify an organism based on it’s observed traits.

66
Q

Lamarck

A

his theory is that organisms can form new structures or adaptations in their lifetime that they can pass off to their offspring. His theory is also known as theory of evolution through in haritance of acquired traits.

67
Q

Darwin

A

his theory was based on natural selection, that organisms grow different structure and adaptations over time and many generations.

68
Q

all factors of Darwins theory.

A

more offspring are born than can survive, spices display variation, population of spices tend to remain stable. offspring with variations that increase their fitness tend to survive and pass heritable traits to their offsprings.

69
Q

Natural selection

A

some individuals are better adapted to survive in an environment. those that survive pass on their traits, traits that benefits the spices will increase in frequency and in the population.

70
Q

sexual reproduction

A

produce gametes through meiosis, gametes are haploid * Half the genetic information and non identical.

71
Q

mutation

A

occurs during DNA replication ( making a copy of DNA) if occurs before myosis the mutation will effect the offspring, mutation can be effected by the environment, they can be helpful or harmful or neutral.

72
Q

speciation

A

is a formation of a new spices from a common ancestor.

73
Q

allopatric speciation

A

a population is spectated by a physical barrier. the environmental pressure on each group are different. which leads to different group variations and adaptations over time.

74
Q

sympatric speciation

A

Individual within a population are isolated from breeding with other membrane in a population.

75
Q

the theory of punctuated equilibrium

A

many species evolve rapidly followed by periods of no change. speciation in a small isolated groups.

76
Q

theory of gradualism

A

speciation occurs slowly, small changes occurs slowly, small changed accumulate over time

77
Q

divergent evolution

A

accumulation of traits that led to different spices

78
Q

convergent evolution

A

organisms Abha do not share a common ancestor when facing same environmental pressure, can develop similar traits.

79
Q

Aristotle

A

created theory of ultimate nature of reality, something that is supreme final and has fundamental power in all reality.

80
Q

Buffon

A

he discovered that animals of different spices can be cross bred but the offspring were infertile.

81
Q

Lyell

A

his theory is that the formation of earth crust took place over countless small changes over a long period of time known from natural lawns.

82
Q

malthus

A

his theory was that population growth will always tend to outrun the food supply and that betterment of human kind is impossible without strict limits.

83
Q

Wallace theory

A

evolution occurs because of a phenomenon called natural selection based on human characteristics.

84
Q

evidence of evolution

A

fossils, biogeography, evidence from anatomy evidence from biochemistry.

85
Q

fossils

A

we see that earth is very old, different spices lived on earth at different times, complexity increases over time, living spices ted to be found close to their ancestors.

86
Q

biogeography

A

over earths history we have seen dramatic changes in the continents, this leads to the distribution of organisms from common ancestors on many continents.

87
Q

evidence from anatomy

A

homologous structure, analogous structures, vestigial features, embryology,

88
Q

homologous structure

A

features that share the same origin but may have different features.

89
Q

analogus structures

A

they do not share a common ancestor they have features that do the same thing but have different origin.

90
Q

vestigial features

A

remnants of structures your ancestors had but serve no function and are reduced.

91
Q

embryology

A

the study of embryo, as closely related individuals for embryos they share many features with each other as well as there ancestors, Post anal tail, gills, notochords

92
Q

evidence from biochemistry

A

looks at the number of differences between proteins or DNA between different groups, fewer the numbers of differences the more closely related.

Biology 20 (1 decks)

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