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A2 Geography > Population and Environment - Population > Flashcards

Population and Environment - Population Flashcards

1
Q

What is health?

A

The state of being free from mental and physical illness or injury

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2
Q

What is mortality?

A

The number of deaths in a population

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3
Q

What is morbidity?

A

The incidence of ill health and disease

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4
Q

What can information about the death rate lead to?

A
  • Helps assess a country’s healthcare system
  • Determines focus public health action
  • Encourages lifestyle changes
  • Prioritises government spending
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5
Q

How does the WHO measure global health?

A
  • Healthy Average Life Expectancy (HALE)
  • Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALY)
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6
Q

What is the HALE?

A

The average number of years that an individual lives in full health

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7
Q

What is the DALY linked to?

A

The theory of chronological age versus biological age

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8
Q

What do DALYs measure?

A

The gap between current and ideal levels of health

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9
Q

How do economic developments impact health?

A
  • Increased yields and farming efficiency to provide good quality food
  • Food storage and transport infrastructure
  • Health service investment
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10
Q

How do social developments impact health?

A
  • Education on sanitation and disease spread
  • Vaccinations and advancing medical care
  • Better education for healthcare professionals
  • Reduced IMR
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11
Q

What does the epidemiological transition model state?

A

As a country develops, the main cause of death transitions from being CDs to being NCDs

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12
Q

What is the relationship between climate and disease?

A
  • Drought can lead to famine and illness
  • Flooding can cause the spread of water- and vector-borne diseases
  • Low levels of sunlight can lead to SAD
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13
Q

What is the relationship between topography and disease?

A

Areas of flat relief can experience a higher incidence of disease during periods of flooding (e.g. dysentery in India and China)

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14
Q

What is the relationship between earthquakes and disease?

A
  • Poor living conditions in emergency shelter can lead to cholera outbreaks
  • Poor sanitation as infrastructure is damaged
  • Health infrastructure is damaged
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15
Q

What is the link between air quality and health?

A
  • Air pollution can cause cardiovascular and respiratory illness
  • Use of charcoal for cooking in LICs leads to indoor air pollution
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16
Q

What is the link between water quality and health?

A

Inadequate drinking water and poor sanitation can lead to water-borne disease spread

17
Q

How many people are at risk from malaria globally?

A

3.2 billion at risk

18
Q

What is the global distribution of malaria?

A

90% of deaths occur in Africa

19
Q

What is the seasonal incidence of malaria?

A

Occurs in wet seasons

20
Q

What are the environmental factors leading to malaria transmission?

A
  • Warm, wet climates
  • Presence of mosquitos
  • Stagnant water for mosquitos to breed
  • Wind velocity and direction
21
Q

What are the human factors leading to malaria transmission?

A
  • Low economic development
  • Poor sanitation and healthcare
  • Nearby settlements
  • Poor sanitation
22
Q

What are the impacts of malaria?

A
  • Reduces HALE
  • Children spend less time in education
  • Pressures on the healthcare system
23
Q

How can malaria be managed?

A
  • Anti-malarial medication for travellers
  • Diagnosis and treatment
  • Quinine as medicine
  • Mosquito nets and IRS
24
Q

What are some symptoms of malaria?

A
  • Headache
  • Fatigue
  • Nausea
  • Chills
25
Q

What is the malaria parasite called?

A

Plasmodium

26
Q

What are the 3 stages of the ETM?

A
  1. Age of pestilence and famine
  2. Age of receding pandemics
  3. Age of chronic disease
27
Q

How many people are at risk of CHD globally?

A

200 million annually

28
Q

Where do the most CHD deaths occur?

A

Areas of West Asia due to poor diets (e.g. Uzbekistan, Azerbaijan)

29
Q

What are the environmental factors contributing to CHD?

A
  • Air pollution
  • Climate type
  • Farming type
30
Q

What are the human factors contributing to CHD?

A
  • Food security
  • Smoking
  • Sedentary lifestyles
  • Alcohol misuse
31
Q

What are the impacts of CHD?

A
  • Reduced productivity
  • Increased DALYs
  • Reduced hospital capacity
  • Social isolation
32
Q

How can CHD be managed?

A
  • Access to good quality, nutritious food
  • Education
  • Lifestyle changes
  • Medication and surgery
33
Q

How does the UN aim to promote global health?

A

The WHO runs public health programmes as well as vaccination efforts (e.g. eradicating smallpox in 1980)

34
Q

What is natural change?

A

The difference between birth rate and death rate (leading to natural increase or decrease)

35
Q

What is migration change?

A

The difference between immigrants and emigrants (leading to net migration change)

36
Q

How are natural change and migration change linked?

A

An influx of young migrants into a country may increase birth rate

A2 Geography (7 decks)

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