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population and environment Flashcards

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1
Q

what is population distribution & density

A

—> distribution is pattern of where people live

—> density is population of area divided by size of area

—> size of population influenced byhow many people environment can support

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2
Q

how is global population changing since 1800?

A
  • –> before 1800 = famine, disease &war prevented population growing fast
  • –> 19th century populations of north america & many countries in western Europe grew rapidly = improved medicine & food production = rise life expectancy & reduce infant mortality rate
  • —> population of developing countries remained stable - infant & mortality rates high & famine common
  • –> since 1950 global population iincreased rapidly from 2.5 billion to 7.5 billion in 2017
  • –> population growth driven by developing countries = life expectancy increase & death rates decrease
  • —> exponential growth
  • –> few countries in europe having population decline like Ukraine = death rate higher than birth rate
  • –> urban population increasing faster than rural ones
  • –> population less evenly distributed = high densities in cities
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3
Q

how is population affected by environment

A
  1. CLIMATE = climate type affect global distribution
    e. g less people live in dry areas like Sahara desert
    - –> more live in temperate areas like uk
    - –> temperate climates & tropical have largest population & population densities = produce food easier
    - –> influence of sunlight for crops, rainfall & temp for livestock
    - –> climate drive tropical diseases like malaria
  2. SOILS = fertility determine amount & type of food produced
    - –> determine where human settlements develop, size of population
    e. g naples built near volcanoes with fertile soil
    - –> bangladesh big floodplains fertile = artgiculture largescale & feed population
    - –> soil erosion cause migration as harder to argiculture
    - >-> artificial chemical fertilisers to maintain fertility == bad outcomes = water pollution, more greenhouse gas
    - –> fertile soil area prone to hazards
  3. resource consumption - water & energy & mineral
    - –> linked to fresh water availability, lack of it = food insecurity, health problems, death
  • –> tropical rainforest has naturally occuring food & food = support population
  • -> energy & mineral resources cause local concentrations of people
  • –> fossil fuels, mineral rise to industrialisation & densley populated area
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4
Q

what development processes affect population change

A
  1. Neolithic revolution = 12k years agom people in west asia, east china developed argiculture
    - –> lifestyles from hunting & gatheing to farming & permanent settlements = more food supply
  2. industrial revolution = rise of machinery, factories uses in developed countries= population growth
    - –> more food production & money = better diet
    - –> farming less intensive labour , people moved to cities = concentrated populations
  3. green revolution - package of techn = new high yielding crop varieties & tech, irrigation, fertiliers, pests= more yields
    - –> by2010 wor;d could provide enough food for every one with 2800+ calories
    - –>food production & availability unavailale = uneven= 800 million people suffered from under nutrition
    - –> more reliance on global trade = net imports by LIC increased of cereals
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5
Q

how is food production unevenly distributed

A
  • –> area of land used for food production increased & technological advances can produce more food from less land
  • –> East Asia & north america produce lots of food
    • climate good for farming & lots of investment in farming
  • –> slow growth of demand =wlow growth of population & high consumption = dampening effect on growth in demand for commodities
    e. g North america, europe, lower growth rate, declined production
  • –> central america & africa produce small food
    • lack of resources & funding for farming equipment
  • – large areas of land unsuitable for farming = mountainous / poor quality / little soil
  • – unsuitable climates - not enough rain/ too hot
  • –> LIC growing higher rates = more population growth = more wealth & responsiveness of demand = income growth in LIC
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6
Q

how is food consumption unevenly distributed

A
  • – population rise = more food consumed increase
    1. developed countries like north america/ europe consume a lot = afford to import variety of foods = culture of consumerism = high disposable incomes & afford more food
  1. less developed areas - africa n south america, asia consume less food = cant afford as much
    - –> millenium development goal of halving hunger b/w 1990 & 2015 = lower undernourishment globally exept africa
    - –> global financial economic n food price crisis = drove to hunger = prevent getting out of poverty`as poor spend money on food &farmers consume food
  2. nees - china consuming more as wealth increases
    - –> types of food consumed vary b/w countries at diff levels of development
    - –> meat cost more to produce than plant basedfood= more in diet of developed contires
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7
Q

what are 5 types of farming systems

A
  1. commercial farming = production of crops & livestock to make a profit
    - –> high agricultural productivity, more investment of cpital into land & equipment &animal welfare & pests
    - –> specialise in single crops or raise 1 type of animal
  2. subsistence farming = just enough food grown to feed family & community-= lower agricultural producitivity
  3. intensive farming = as much as possible produced from land in 2 types
    - –> capital intensive = high inputs of capital & low input of labour; invested in soil improvement, machnery, building, pest, seeds/animals
    - –> labour intensive = use lots of labour workers & high output but dont use much capital in
  4. extensive farming = low input capital & labour input = less food made
    - -> opposite of intensive farming
    - –> less impact on env = better animal welfare
  5. Nomadic farming = farmers move from place to place to grow crops & graze animals on diff land
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8
Q

how is cultural productivity affected by physical environment

A
  1. climate = affects how successfully plants can grow in area & animals survive there
    —> some crops adapted to particular climatic conditions
    some climate make farming difficult
  2. soils = some areas unsuitable for farming = not enough soil or poor quality soil
    - –> diff soils suited to diff types of farming
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9
Q

polar climate affects

A
  • –> climates are cold & dry
  • –> above 66 * latitude in northern & southern hemisphere = coldest temp on planet
  • –> little precipitation mainly as snow
  1. Arctic at north of globe = sea surround by land
    - –> covers arctic ocean
    - –> winter below -40c & summer = -10 to +10* c
    - –> precipitation less than 100mm per year
  2. Antarctica = ice covered in south of earth= land surrounded by sea
    - –> colder than arctic = temp in winter fall below -80*c
    - –> interior is dry = less than 50mm precipitation
    - –> precipitation higher in coastal areas, west
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10
Q

tundra climate

A

with permanent frozen ground = permafrost
—> species that people eat leave most extreme e in winter = people to migrate seasonally to get foods
—> thin infertile soils, bare rocky ground support low growing plants = lichens, shrubs, heath
—> permafrost, short summers
waterlogging = trees cant grow in tundra
—> winter - covered in ice & snow & frozen soil & cold win & few precipitation = cant grow/ veg cant live
—> soil high in organic matter = too cold for dead organisms to decompose = nutrients not recycled
—> low agricultural productivity = subsistence lifestyles
—> diets= meat based from hunting, fishing= raise reindeers to eat for milk - arable farming impossible
—> indigenous depend on hunting animal = food & boost local economy = changes in animal or travel acces = human health. food, survival challenged

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11
Q

how does tundra affects development

A
  • -> hard to build buildings n infrastructure = road & building; built on stilts to avoid frost or concrete slabs
  • –> seasonal work; tourism popular in summer = oil & gas reserves accessible in summer = jobs
  • –> melting of arctic sea ice in summer = opens up shipping routes to make trade b/w northern countires easier
  • –> commercial fishing where less sea ice
  • –> global warming = permafrost decrease in sea ice gas reserves accessible temp rise
  • –> mineral extraction; gold reserves/iron/ copper
  • –> energy; fossil fuels abundant
  • –> human activity; road, building, ski, hunting, drilling = pollution environment & reserves accessible threaten wildlife = air pollution - green house gas
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12
Q

arid climate

A
  • –> arid areas get less than 230 mm of rain per year
  • —> hot deserts oxxur 30* north & south of equator e.g sahara in n.afria
  • –> max air temp are above 40*c
  • –> temperate deserts occur at higher latitudes = cooler than ot deserts but still arid
  • -> rain is rare & unreliable = falls in frequent heavy storms

—> low population & uneven distribution - clusters around water sources & other areas uninhabited
—> dry climate challenge for human occupation- affects traditional lifestyles;
– impossible agriculture = rain only falls infrequently in form of heavy convectional rainstorms
– rainstorms cause flash flooding & soil erosion
—> water drawn from oases to irrigate crops
crops like cereals grown in shade of taller food plants = allow some to settle around oases
—> other native = nomadic= move from place to place = people to keep grazing livestock

solutions to challenges

  • –> groundwater for irrigation accessed with motorised pumps
  • –> modern irrigation like drip irrigation= water drips onto crops = minimises evaporation
  • –> economic development hindered by climate but major cities develop if money to invest in obtaining water
    e. g las vegas rely on water from lake, reservoir created by dam on river
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13
Q

monsoon climate

india

A

—> winter = winds from north from central asia= dry winds & winter drougs
—> temp from 30c to 19c in winter
—> summer; wet season when overhead sun heats land intensively = low pressure form = air rises= moist air from sea sucked into interior = heavy rain
—> summer= wet n warm winds from indian ocean
—> winter =sun move south = sea get hotter than land = low air pressure = wind direction reversed = winter cool dry air blow from asian interor to sea
—> winter = dry winds blow from asia to sea
rarely give shade & dry land surface cant cool off by evaporation = heatwaves common = water scarce

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14
Q

monsoon climate

india

A
  • –> subsitence farmers depend on seasonal nature of climate = rice cultivated during monsoon season
  • –> economy grows due to good monsoon rain = upport people in rural areas & growin cities
  • –> high population densities= demand high for food & resources
  • –> urbanisation = overpopulation & poor quality of life
  • –> must adapt to climate - long dry season n short wet seasons
  • –> heavy rain = flood = risk to people & buildings
  • –> bring crop failure = lower production & consumption = rising prices,
  • –> gov wants to increase amount of land irrigated
  • –> diseases peak during rainy season= spread my mosquitoes & water borne infections
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15
Q

how does climate change impact agriculture

A

> > > decrease agicultural productivity - reduced rainfall, damage harvests & limit food available
productivity increase in other areas= higher temp, rainfall increase = crop growth
change of types of grown = crops that prefer warmer conditions can be grown further north
crops that prefer cooler conditions produce lower yields
agricultural pests & diseases increase in some areas

> > > rising sea levels affect growing conditions & conditions to live on low lying lands = coastal areas likely flood

> > climate-smart agriculture introduced = integrative approach to address challenges to food security & climtatee change by;
economic = increase agricultural productivity to support increase in farm incomes, food security & development
social = adapt & build resilience of agricultural & food security systems to climate change
env= reduce/ remove green house emission from agriculture

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16
Q

what are zonal soils

A

> > fully developed soils
soils formed from combination of minerals from weathered bedrock & organic matter from veg
> soil formation linked with climate of area
> climate determines rate of weathering of bed rock, type of veg growing, how quickly veg decomposes

> > zonal soils= mature soils developed from interaction b/w climate, veg & parent rock across period of time
> diff parts of wolrd have idff dominant zonal soil types

> > soil types found by lookingat distinct layers of soil profile = soil horizons

top -> bottom
O - A- E- B- C - Bedrock

O= loose partly decayed organic matter
A- Topsoil w high humus (organic matter)
E - Pale layer of silt & sand from clay, iron & minerals leached
B - minerals leached from above accumulation
C- broken bed

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17
Q

zonalsoils

A

> > > eluviation = movement of soil from upper to lower horizen by downward movement of water
illuviation = accumulation of dissolved/ suspended soil materials in area on layer = leaching/ eluviation

> > > classification of soils to understand broad generalisation & descriptions or explanations= organise knowledge of soil types in zonal system

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18
Q

what are podzols

A

—> not good for agriculture = arable farming difficult:
»> acidity & lack of nutrients = crops unable to grow
»> form hard pan= prevent water draining away, make soil vulnerable to waterlogging = damage crops
»> waterlogging make ploughing harder as machinery sinks into ground

> > > arable farming needs treatment with lime to reduce acidity with artificial fertilisation
coniferous trees grow successful in podzols = forestry common human activity
poor nutrient cycle = coniferous trees not take up elements = nutrients not returned to soil when leaves fall = poor humus content

> > > accumulation of had pan of iron beneath zone of leaching
clear differentiation of horizons indicating

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19
Q

what is latosols

A

> > > deep & red found under tropical rainforests
high temp & humidity in tropics = fast chemical weathering of bedrock = form soils deep
year round plant growth = O horizon thick but leaf litter decomposes to humus = nutrients absorbed by vegetation than stay in soil = thin fertile A Horizon

> > > rainfall higher than evapotranspiration in rainforest = soil moisture surplus = lots of leaching - silicate minerals leached from B horizon but less soluble iron & aluminium compounds left behind
build up of minerals in soil form laterite horizon = act like clay

> > > low mineral content = poor for agriculture
trees removed = soil no protection from rain = leaching increases & become more nutrient poor

> > > using slash & burn - clears small area for growing crops at a time
burning veg to clear plot adds nutrient to soil - after 1 growing season, new plot cleared & first left to recover
land cleared for agriculture & soil not given chance to recover = permanent soil degradation
laterite horizon soft when moist but hard whene dried up = useful for building

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20
Q

what is latosol

A

> > > promote good growing condition for veg n biodiversity = trees shed leaves any time
constant supply of leaf litter - decompose fast into humus = supply nutrients to support new growth fast

> > > fast nutrient cycling= tropical rainforest cleared & ready supply of new humus halted & latosol halted / exhausted of stored nutrients
exposed to excessive leaching nutrients & erosion during rainstorm

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21
Q

what is soil erosion impacts on agriculture

A

> > > clearing veg - rain falls onto soil than intercepted by plants & roots binding soil together removed
wearing away of top layer of soil - most fertile layer = most organic nutrient materials
topography = soil likely be washed down steep slope
climate = high rainfall increase water erosion. Low rainfall & high temp = dry soil = vulnerable to wind erosion
land use = ploughing loosens soil & exposes to wind & rain = vulnerable to erosion

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22
Q

soil erosion

A

> > > repeated erosion reduces fertility of soil by removing topsoil rich in crop nutrients & organic matter
reduce depth of soil available for rooting & water storage for crop growth
reduce infiltration of water into soil = increase run off & erosion

> > loss of seed, fertiliser & persticides
> young plants being sandblasted
> more harder of field operations

> > deposition of sediments onto roads, land, drains
> damage to quality of water courses, lakes, rivers by excess inputs & increased chemical loading
> increased run off & sedimentation = more flood

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23
Q

management to reduce soil erosion

A

> > > windbreaks = hedges or trees planted around fields as barriers against wind erosion
terracing = steps can be cut into steep hillside to slow down movement of water down slope
contour ploughing = water doesnt flow quickly downhill in contours but obstructed
mulching = covering soil with plant material layer to protect soil from wind & rain = slows down runoff

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24
Q

control wind erosion

A

> > > increase soil cohesion by applying organic matter to soil = improve structure
increase roughness of soil surface/ leave crop residues / not plough into soil = trap dust together with leaves that tornado winds blown off trees
increase plant cover = surface wind speed cut

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25
Q

control water erosion

A

> > > install & maintain field drains = sediment should be removed from ditches n be in fields
reduce amount of water running off roads & farm track onto fields
carefully use farmyard manure to stabilise topsoil
protect soil in winter by early sowing or cover crops = maintain structure of soil

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26
Q

waterlogging issue to agriculture

A

causes; soils with few airspaces/ pore spaces fill up with water fast = not enough oxygen for plants to respire
»> too much irrigation
» precipitation higher than evapotranspiration

problems
»> lack of oxygen in root zones = root tissues decompose = growth & development stalled
»> water decreases soil temp = reduce crop growth & photosynthesis
»> crop out competed by weeds that cope better with wet conditions
»> roots rot = die
»> land hard to plough

Management
»> avoid over watering crops
»> drain soil with underground pipes or ditches around fields
»> change composition of soil e.g add sand to clay

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27
Q

salinisation issues to agriculture

A

cause; high temp draw water to surface - evaporates = leave behind salts
»> dry climates - not enough rain to leach salt away
»> irrigation water have salts when water absorbed by plants/ evaporated when salts left behind
»> fetilisers contains salts applying too much = salts left in soil

effects
»> salt stop crop absorbing water needed
»> salts toxic to plants = reduce yield & kill crop
»> water flows from areas of low salinity to areas of high salinity = flow from plant roots to soil = dehydrating plants
»> break up natural soil structures

management = avoid waterlogging
»> only use as much water for irrigation needed
»> add appropriate amount & type of feritilisers

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28
Q

structueal deteroriation - agriculture

A

causes= pore spaces in soil lost
»> use of heavy machinery or trampling can compact soil
»> removal of veg = plant roots help & maintain soil structure
»> salinisation in caly salts= salt cause clay particles to clump together

effects
»>soil too compacted - impermeable - cant absorb water to grow plants
»> soil organic matter content declines - soil structure breaks= break bonds holding together = cant stand poweful forces like rain
»> loss of pore spaces = reduced capacity for water= dry out
»> land hard to plough

management
»> avoid compaction by moving livestock
»>maintain veg cover
»>change structure of soil by add salt to clay soil
»> avoid salinization
»> change soil composition as adding certain materials encourage well binded soil with natural pores; add sand to clay soil stop clumping

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29
Q

what does food security mean

A

> > > reliable access to affordable food to nutritious & safe for healthy lifestyles
depends on 1. food availability= country produce / import enough
2. food access = regularly obtain food
3. food quality & use = food must be nutritious to maintain healthy life
storage & prepare in safe hygenic way

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30
Q

how to improve food security

A
  1. increasing food production = agricultural expansion = more land converted for argicultural use (destroy ecosystem)
    -»> intensive farming = producing as much food possible from land available = reduce need for clearing natural land ( artificial chemicals damage)
    »> changing types of food produced - e.g plants need less land & water somore of it = conver to arabale farming= more food produced ( developed countries eat meat = high demands)
    —> technology = crops GM for higher yields or resist pests. diseases =limit needs for pesticides (reduce biodiversity)
    »> hydroponics - grow plants in nutrient solution = crops grown in place w/o feritle soil (expensive)
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31
Q

improve food security (2)

A
  1. increasing food access = trade - food imported where food deficit but prices need to be low enough to afford sufficient food
    »> cheap imports undercut local farmers = hard to earn living
    »> increase access to foreign markets = import food
    »> trade agreements like trade blocs
    »> improve transport links = easy for farmers to sell produce
    »> aid - food donated during famine
32
Q

improve food security

A
  1. reducing waste=
    »> production - crop loss due to pest & disease by educating farmers on prevention & provide with better resources
    »> distribution = shops discard food not sold= improve storage & packaging& speed up time for food toreach consumers = increase shelf life
    » donate surplus food to food banks
    »> consumption = Think eat save campaigns encourage to be less wasteful - re use leftovers but take long time to change their behaviour
33
Q

improve food security

A
  1. green revolution = technology increased food security by increasing amount of food & efficiency of farm
    »> more use of fertilisers/pests, irrigation & high yielding varieties = more productivity
    »>increased calorie intake in LIC = raise grain yields
    » issue with salinization , farmers unable to repay loans on expensive equipment
  2. Global agriculture & food security programme = support sustainable agriculture in developing countries= i
    e.g Rwanda - improve access to veg, helping create products for smallholder farmers -
    »> investments in facilities & products to reduce losses after harvest & increase quality
    »> farmers able to buy livestock, send children to school, build houses, more jobs & training
    »> food yields increase
34
Q

population perspectives

malthus

A

MALTHUS&raquo_space;» economist during 18- 19th centuries
»> 1798 theory= population could grow more quickly than capacity to feed itself
»> population grow exponentially more fast
»> food supply increase arithmetically (constant rate)
»> population increases too much for food available = population size be reduced e.g famine, war ,disease - exceed carrying capacity
»> run out of food & resources

> > > population decrease due to positive check = disease, war, famine - disaster
negative check - cultural choice to lower population like choosing not to have children
celibacy

35
Q

neo malthusian view

A

> > > rapid population growth in 20th century= believe population growth rates increasing faster than resource production rates
rapid population growth is an obstacle to development and should be slowed down e.g. reduce birthrate by contraception
famines, wars, water scarce

E.g. club of Rome is it international think tank in 70s do use the computer models based on Malthusian ideas to create relationship between populations and resources.
»> models predicted continued rapid population growth = dramatic decline economic growth within 100 years
»> resource depletion, food declines, indsutrial outputs decline, pollution rise

> > > some think there’s enough resources to support bigger global population
problem is with how resources are distributed

36
Q

Boserup view $ Simon

A

BOSERUP&raquo_space;> Beconomist challenged idea- there are limits to human population growth
»» however big worlds population grew, people always produce enough food to meet needs
»> farming be more intensive = population increased growth encourage new ideas & technology development
»> increase resource availability so carrying capacity sustain larger population

> > > evidence supporting like genetic modification and agrochemicals used to increase food production
. Production increased by innovation and more Labour input

SIMON&raquo_space;> economist - population increase was positive for humanity
»> ultimately resources = human mind,
growing population world would produce enough intelligent people to solve problems so resources don’t run out

> > > E.g. natural resources become less scarce as we will find new ways to obtain them
improved quality of life is population increased
air in HIC safer to breath
water cleanliness improved
cropland improve condition

37
Q

How does population growth dynamic show population changes

A

> > > Population growth dynamics = study of how\ why population sizes & structures change over time
population growth is limited by environmental factors e.g. climate still geology topography affect availability of resourcesOf food water energy
balance between population growth and resource availability:
1. Optimum population = ideal number of people in area = all resources used to give highest economic return
population get highest standard of living of living
maximised incomeA

  1. Overpopulation = population too high for available resources, standard of living falls there’s not enough food water energy
  2. Underpopulation = population declines what is too low= toofew people do use available resources to their full potential = standard of living falls
38
Q

How does carrying capacity affect population

A

Carrying capacity = largest population that area is capable of supporting in long-term
»>max population supported in evn without env being degraded
»> depends on population size & amount of resources consumed by each person
»> how larger population can environment support

> > > slow growing population reduce resource limit= growth rate decrease= population size stable
population grows fast = overshoot resource limit= population falls suddenly as death rates increase

39
Q

what are ecological footprints impact on growth population

A

> > > ecological footprint = measure env impact of human activities; calculate amount of productive land required to produce goods & services used
how much earth’s resources used to amount of its actually available

> > > measured in global hectares(gha) - amount of land, average productivity required
gha more than 1 = consumption larger than available resources
current rates world population is 1.6 earths = takes earth 1+ years to regenerate resources

> > > ecological footprints increasing globally = carrying capacity decreases
negative env impact of growing ecological footprints; climate change= global warming
— more land taken for settlement, industry, transport
— degradation of natural ecosystems
— threat of species extinctions
— over cultivation & overgrazing = reduce land & soil quality
— depletion of fish stocks beyond recover

40
Q

what is population ecology

A

> > > study of how env affects population factors; size, density,distribution
concept of population changing constantly = population dynamics

41
Q

what is the population, resources, pollution model

PRP

A

> > > show effects of resource extraction & use
show relationship b/w people & env
show understanding of consequences by changing variable in model = affect others
insight into sustainable solutions
need to acquire & use resources to grow = pollution

> > > positive feedback = change leads processes amplify original change - away from equilibrium
e.g = population growth - need for more food -> drive increase in food production–>
increase in food availability -> population increase more = people supported with more food-> drives improve yields -> more food available = increase population
increased population = more fossil fuels extraction = more fuel available for transporting food to places with shortages -> decrease malnutrition & grow population
cause depletion in production, tech, soils, carbon cycles = lower yields

> > > negative feedback = growing population = expansion & intensification of agriculture -> more soil erosion -> reduce agricultural yields as soil less fertile -> low food production = reduce population
more population = more extraction, fossil fuel combustion for energy = release pollution & greenhouse gases = climate change -> reduce rainfall & crop yields = malnutrition & reduce population

42
Q

global population futures

A
  1. ozone depletion = affect public health
    »> ozone is gas in upper atmosphere, forms layer absorb harmful UV radiation from sun
    »> ozone layer filters out incoming solar uv radiation
    »> depletion of zone layer ( substances in aerosols/ fridges) = form hole over antarctica
    »> lower concentration of ozone = more uv radiation reach earth surface

> > > skin cancer = uv rays cause genetic mutations in skin by long term exposure

  1. cataracts = lens of eye be opaque cloudy = blurred vision & blindness
    »> exposure to uv radiation damage eye
    »> risk depend on geography (tropical), altitude (higher) , time of day (sun high in sky), setting (wide open spaces )
43
Q

how does climate change affect public health

A
  1. temp rise = heatwaves more common & intense, warmer summers= thermal stress that increase death among elderly & those w cardio/respi diseases
    »> overheating = heat strokes, hyperthermia = fatal
    »> some places winter get milder, cold related disease & death reduces
    »> heatwaves - smog, growth of algae in water = risk for aquatic life
    »> wildfires,water shortages
  2. vector borne diseases = temp & precipitation patern = widely distributed & seasons risks lengthened
    e.g lyme disease in temperate climates; ticks transfer to humans by bite (usa, europe)
    »> warmer temp - more active longer & pass on more & hosts survive longer
44
Q

how climate change impact health (2)

A
  1. agricultural productivity = rising temp - increase evaporation - salinization of soils & dry out soils = vulnerable to desertification = reduced yields
    »> drier = hard to grow crops
    »> seasonal patterns - rainy come later & shorter & intense = reduce rowing season length
    »> extreme weather eents damage harvests- storms = soil erosion
    »> rising sea levels = saltwater intrusion into farmland = hard for crops to survive & destroy low lying coastal agriculture
    »> change in water availability - irrigation
    »> more pests in high co2 levels = increased temp = kill crops

> > warmer temper= long growing seson in uk

  1. nutritional standards= climate change decrease crop yields in tropical areas = hunger rise as less food
    e.g indonesia - hunger season before harvest , later rainy season =r rice planted later - longer hunger season
    »> affect types of food consumed; if greenhouse gas not decreased = less available fruits & veg
    »>decreased productivity= increase food prices lower nutritional quality & reduce dietary diversity = malnutrition
    »> rise of obesity as unhealthy food cheaper

> > > developing countries like china - more westernised diet = more meat consumption
more livestock production = more methane relased = more land usage = more forest clearance
when cropsfail- farmer sell livestock = human iron & zinc deficiencies

45
Q

future global population prospects -

A

> > > population continue to rise but rate of population growith is slowing down
fertility rate decreasing= UN predicts by 2100 it be >2
life expectancy increases = more survive beyond infancy & live longer = living standards, healthcare, medical science improved

> > > population projectionsuse assumptions on past & present fertility & mortality trends (UN & World bank use diff assumptions = diff results)
accuracy of projections depend if current rends continue
war & disease effect on future population size = not in projections = hard to predict

46
Q

global population futures = population distribution

A

> > > projected to change = countries growth rates diff
latin america & asia= ferility rate fallen fast = slow growth rate
sub-saharan africa - fertility rates fall slowly= growth still high
developed counties = low population growth = low birt rates
low fertility rates than replacement rate = natrual population decline

> > > 2050; estimated africa have fast population growth - double more
asia make up most of population = increase more
europe expected to decrease

> > > china & india likely to be most populous countries but india to overtake china by 2030

47
Q

global population futures

A

> > > increase in population consumptions threats to environment
countries be wealthy = amount of land/energy/food/water/materials consumed increased = afford higher standards of living
resources finite - cant be replaced
mass production of goods to meet demands - env impact = manufacturing processes use energy & create pollution & waste

> > > population to grow = more resources used env damage
growth slow down as fertility rates fall = reduce long term impact
more consumption continue as economic development continues
resource more efficient - tech development & regulations to reduce consumption
consumption increase faster than resource efficiency
demand of pollution-causing resources
by 2050; more plastic than fish in oceans
co2 emissions, methane from farming, plastics & landfills of pollution degrade earth & resources

48
Q

population-renvironment relationship change

A

> > > techn advances like farming, recycling lower negative effects of exploiting resources
in agriculture, renewable enrg generation = reduce pollution
developed countires share tech with developing countries to develop in sustainable way
education make people think of consumption patterns & how impact env = behaviour changes like buy local sourced products, reduce waste, reuse/ recycle
policy changes reduce consumption e.g incentives for renewable enrgy schemes & promote public transport

49
Q

global patterns of health disease death

A

health = is physical mental social well being & absence of disease
»> varies around world, measured using health indicators like life expectancy

50
Q

patterns of global morbidity

A

morbidity = rate of sease in populator
»> prevalence = total number of cases in population at particular time
»> incidence - number of new cases in population during particular time period

  1. non communicable diseases ; highest breast cancer in developed countires & low in less developed countires
    »> more older people = high life expectancy = suffer from diseases assoc with old age, cancer
    »> unhealthy lifestyles - if overweight/ bad diet/ no exercise
  2. infectious diseases; high TB in less developed countires & low in developed countires
    »> less developed countries - lack of clean water, sanitation & health care, limited health education & overcrowded
51
Q

global mortality pattern

A

> > > depend on morbidity & ability to treat morbidity
mortality rate = how many people die in population over period of time
more developed countries higher incidence rate of cancer than LDC & DC higher mortality rate
risk of dying from disease higher in LDC = malnutrition - cant find disease
& poor access to health care = no drug treatment

52
Q

what is the epidemioloical transition

A

> > > changing mortality patterns & how society develops
show causes of mortality changes from infectious disease to non communicable diseases

stage 1. pestilence ^ famine = high deaths mortality rate from infectious disease
»> low life expectancy

  1. receding pandemics = deaths from infectious diseases fall = better livign condition & healthcare
    »> advances in tech & medicine, hygiene
  2. degenerative & man-made diseases= non-communicable diseases replace infectious diseases as main cause of death
    »> life expectancy increase
    »> low infectious disease

4?= NCD prevented or onset delayed
»> death rate reduced by better treatment

> > > model show countries move through stages as become economically & socially developed

  • – malnutrition lowers = food availability increases
  • – clean water available, sanitation = reduce diseases spread
  • – access to health care to prevent & treat
  • – health education = informed to avoid diseases
53
Q

environment factors in risk of diseases

climate

A
  1. Climate = precipitation disease vectors need water to survive - more infectious diseases in wetter climate with high rainfall to grow
  2. mosquitoes found in winter temp above 10* c = infectious diseases in tropical climate
  3. high temp increase disease from food-borne vectors - bad storage & more pollen, allergens
  4. extreme events = heavy rain flooding - sewage systems overflow = contaminate water supplies = water borne disease likely
    & low rain = water borne disease vectors concentrated in water sources
  5. seasonality= arcitic low daylight during winter = affect mental health / SAD
  6. sunlight = lack of it is vitamin d deficiency = bone loss, kidney, intestinal
    overexposure = risk of disease like cancer skin
54
Q

environment factors disease

topography

A
  1. drainage = flood plains rivers have high population densities = flood - drinking water be contaminated = water borne diseases like cholera
    »> flood force people to move = pressure on resources in new areas
  2. relief = standin g water collect at low points in landscape = ideal breading ground for mosquitoes carrying disease
    »> urine from infected animals canbe concentrated in areas not draining = diseases
  3. altitude= high altitude risk ofskin cancer= exposure of uv rays
55
Q

environment factors impact on health

A
  1. poor water quality = spread diseases
    »> good water quality to drink for health & hydrate & sanitation & hygiene
    »> pathogens live in water contaminated with faeces - spread by drinking or bathing
    »> toxicants can enter water supplies - kill or poison
    »> many dont have access to clean water = drink dirty
    » chlolera- bacterial infection
  2. poor air quality = with pollutants cause illness
    »> ambient air pollution = forest fires, human activities
    »> fossil fuelscombustion produce poisonous gases & soot = long term exposure = respiratory problems & cardio diseases& cancer
    »> urban areas bad air quality
    »> waste burning & sites
    Household air pollution = burn polluting fuels inside, not ventilated
    »> smoke, caron monosixde, = emitted when cook/heat = respiratory diseases & cancer & cardio
    »> tobacco smoke, mould, pollen spores
56
Q

role of international organisations

A

> > > global organisations promote health & fight against disease
international agencies work with gov, research, spread awareness & give resources

> > > WHO= work with gov &agencies to promote health by:
— advise national gov of health issues
—work with other int bodies & NGOs to limit outbreaks & infectious diseases
—- promote research intop health issue & give training to professionals
—- monitor deaths & diseases to find patterns & send resources needed
e.g global immunisation campaign against smallpox = eradicted disease
coordinate response to ebola outbreak= increase treatment centres, help find vaccine &prevent transmission - advise on controls

57
Q

international organisations - health

2

A

> > > FAO prevent hunger by research= work with info to manage strategies to avoid disease & promote health

> > > world food programmes to eradicate hunger = promote good health; assist food in emergencies, work with communities

> > > UNAIDS = lead & inspire world in universal access to HIV treatments
world bank = financial aid & tech assistance to developign countries to fight poverty, make investments improve healthq

58
Q

international organisations health

ngo

A

> > > non profit groups independent from gov- charities
promote global health research & give health care in LDC
reach areas of need, promotion of local involvement, low cost operations
service providers; front line
social welfare activities ensure health infrastructure in place e.g food, water, hygiene
support work & train workers
research & advocacy

> > > e.g Cancer research fund research into causes & treatments, support to sufferers & supply resources to professionals
inform gov policies obn issues of cancer & access to teatment
test cancer sooner campaign = uk govmore funding to NHS
to diagnose early

> > > e.g Medecins sans frontieres = MSF = charity give aid globally after disaster or epidemic
vaccine, surgery, work with local health professional = give training & equipment
treat malnutrition & long storage
work with local healthcare teams
field research get evidence to improve effectiveness & quality of clinical care & treatment of diseases
protect public health needs -challenge high cost medicine & absence of treaatment

59
Q

natural population change

A
  1. birth rate= number of live births
  2. death rates = deaths per 100 / year
  3. total fertility rate = number of children die before 1st birthday
  4. dependency ratio - proportion of population supported by working population = 0-14 & 65+
60
Q

what is Demographic transition model

A

shows population change over time
stage 1; high death rate & birth rate = high levels of diseases, famine
»> no birth controls or family planning & poor education
»> high infant mortality - have more to replace dead
»> low life expectancy = poor health care, sanitation & diet = disease & starvation
»> depend on food supply
»> population constant & low

  1. high birth rates but death rates fall = improved healthcare & sanitation & diet & food security = less famine
    »> have children to work labour for free= work in farm to bring more food & money
    »> improved sanitation & medical advances, hygiene
    » lack ofcontraception

3/ birth rates fall & death rates slightly
»> women’s rights = accepted to choose to have children = not seen as child bearers but start to work
»> children not allowed to work
»> more contraceptions used
»> reduce need for large families= industry & moving in urbanised area, machinery
»> higher literacy rates - education of contraception & more educated workforce = lower need for children
»> images of ideal family changes
»> rise livingstandards = better nutrition, shelter, wages

  1. low birth rate & death = population growth slows
    »> high but stable
    » access to & emand for luxuries like holiday &materials = lesss money for children - expensive to raise
  2. birth rate drops below death rate
    »> birth rate decreases= expensive to raisechildren & hsve dependent elderly relatives
    »> death rate stable = more elderly people = die of old
61
Q

limitations of dtm

A
  1. original data used to create dtm was from richer countries - not same experience as others from lic
  2. etreme poverty & low levels ofdevelopment = lack of growth & prevent LDC from passing through all stages
  3. dont consider migration
  4. other factors like war & disease affect population so country dont fit DTM
62
Q

how does cultural controls affect natural population change

A

birth rates & fertility influenced

  1. women = access to education & employment delay age women start families, choice of when to have family
  2. = some marry young & have many children
  3. diff religions have diff views on issues like birth control & abortion = catholic church condemns contraception
  4. policies = high levels of growth or decline force gov to make policies to encourage or discourage families
    e. g france - low population = introduced subsidised childcare to encourage larger families
  5. societal norms & ideal family changes
63
Q

demographics - population structure

A

how population is mad up
»> number or % of males & females in diff age groups

  1. top of population pyramid = how old people live to be
  2. compare 2 sides of pyramid show sex ratio
  3. narrow points = time in past when birth rates low or certain age had high death rate
  4. wide points = periods when birth rate high

> > > structure changes as move through stages

64
Q

population pyramid

population dividend

A

shape which which stage of dtm country is in
»> age & sex= major variables in population

stage 3 & 4 = demographic dividend = potential for rapid economic growth in country as dependency ratio falls
»> birth rates & death falls = dependency ratio decrease = large workforce contribute to economy
»> few people dependent = economic growth as pay taxes & spend more
TNCs attracted to large workforce = jobs & investments

stage 5= ageing population needs to be cared for
»> replacement level = population needed to replace amount of people getting older = need to sustain economy & care for large elderly
»> death rates fall &birth rates dont meet replacement levels = sub-replacement fertility

65
Q

types of migrants

A
  1. refugees = forced to flee homes & travel to another country= flee conflict, political/ religious persecution & unable to return
  2. asylum seekers = left country & application not completed as refugee status - get formal assistance & legal protection once proven they cant return home = refugee
  3. economic migrants = moved voluntarily to another country to work
66
Q

causes of migration

push n pull

A 
1. push factors ( leave their current country)
>>> unemployment, low wages 
>>> political instability - war or persecution
>>> no access to education
>>> poor public services 
>>> low quality of life
>>> lack of food
>>> economic decline
>>> natural disasters
>>> desertification
>>> impact of climate change
  1. pull factors (attract them to new country)
    »> more job with higher wages & safer working conditions
    »> environment better, living condition - clean water, central heating
    »> no wars/ persecutions= live freely
    »> beet education
    »> desirable climate - farm
    »> more leisure activities
    »> better public services
67
Q

migration process n patterns

A

> > > movement b/w countries influenced by gov decision of how many migrants they will take = limit on immigrations

> > > gpv control where they accept immigants from. EU can freely move to other member countries to work
other migrants from other countires prove they have skills thats in shorage of host country

> > physical barriers like water to cross - journeys expensive or dangerous
> human obstacles like ties to family or language
> no money or transport to migrate = resort to illeal migration

> > > language, cultural, historical ties positive influence e.g angolan move to brazil= both speak port

> > > distances influences - most dont move far if not forced

> > > take place on diff timescales = some permanent

68
Q

benefits & problems of youthful populations

A
  1. benefits = human resources of future
    - – foster growth & development if favourable political & economic conditions
    - – cheap workforce & growing market for foreign investors
  2. problems = more demands for improving maternal & child healthcare & education
    - – provide food, water, energy & shelter for growing population
    - — gov need to keep up demand of schooling
    - – lack of attendance in schools = low levels of literacy & poorly educated workforce
69
Q

benefits & problems of ageing population

A
  1. benefits = pensioners some healthy & affluent = growth in leisure, tourism, private health, residential care business
    - – some still work = look after grandchild = parents can wor
    - – volunteer in local community
  2. problems = welfare & healthcare costs rise
    — pensions cost = affeng&&ulamore in future
    — costs need be covered by smaller economically active = working population
    — workers need to pay higher taxes
    — smaller working population = affect economic growth & standards of living -
    skills shortage
70
Q

UK IN DTM

A

> > > stage 4 dtm
low birth rate & death rate
size not changing

  1. physical = uk temperate climate & fertile soils = lots of arable land = reliable food supply
    - – high rain = enough water
    - — low lying & flat = easy to grow crops, transport resources &build
    - – rich in natural resourceslike coal , gas , oil = industrialize & diverse economy
    - – surrounded by sea = easy access to marine resources & int shipping trade
  2. human = education compulsory, regardless of age
    - – low fertility rate
    - — high female in workforce = delay childbearing age
    - — women use contraception = accesible & taught at school = couples control over sex
    - – access to good health care for all = low infant mortality rate & high life epectancy
71
Q

Uganda DTM

A

> > > > stage 2 of DTM
LDC = high birth rate & low death rate
1. physical = hot & humid climate & moderate rain = suitable for crops, banas, coffe, sugar
north dry season = limit agricultural productivity
soil not fertile = low production
some deposits of copper, gold, mineral - not exploited for economy growth
landlocked country= limited opportunities in international trade

  1. human = high fertility rate = result inequality
    »> women less education & less likely employed = have children young
    »> lack of birth control, gov support for family planning
    »> poor medical care = high infant mortality rate
    »> death rate fallen = improved sanitation &healthcare = growth population
    »> large children reach productive age
72
Q

migration in home countries

A
  1. demographic = large scale migration = population decline = low birth rate
    - — people with childbearing age leaves
    - — ageing population = elderly stay & working age leave
    - – males likely leave = gender imbalance
  2. social = families split up & communities
    »> loss of trad culture
    »> less pressure on education but funding cut & healthcare
    »> loss ofskilled workers like doctors
    »> likely to find job
  3. economic = migrant workers send income back home
    »> skilled people leave = shortage of qualified for high skilled jobs = brain drain
    »>reduced pressure on food, energy, water
    »> less unemployment
    »> dependent on remittance
    »> less production
    »> decline in services
73
Q

impact of migration on home countries (2)

A
  1. political = losing skilled workforce = gov try discourage them leaving or encourage migration
    »> programme to increase fertility
    »> pressure to re- develop areas in decline
  2. environmental; decline = env improve as less resource exploited & farming
    »> farmland, buildings abandoned & less funding for env management
  3. health; shortage of healthcare workers
    »» vulnerable people left behind = pressure on local healthcare system
    »> leave areas with disease infectious/ epidemic
74
Q

impacts of migration on host countries

A
  1. demographic = more immigrants = growth
    »> structure change so most migrants working age
    »> working age rise = more childbearing age people
    »> more male working age
  2. economic = expansion of workforce fill jobs not done by native people = help economy
    »> not always enough jobs
    »> cheap labour work longer
    »> working migrant pay taxes
    »> reduce dependency - demographic dividend
    »> pressure on jobs
    »> resentment in time of recession
  3. political =gov make policies to reduce immigration when too many people coming
    »> rise of extremist org if local feel threatend by changes
    »>rise of anti- immigration political parties
    »> growth of right wing racist org
75
Q

impact of migration in host country

2

A
  1. health= more put pressure on healthcare services; if live in poor housing = health problems
    »> more infectious disease from migrants
    »> more pressure to treat NCD/chronic illness
  2. environmental = more houses, buildings, resources required
    »> green spaces built on & resource extraction = damage & pollution
    »> larger waste to dispose = pollution
    »> demand for energy, water, food = pressure on natural resources
  3. social = diff cultures diversity of new food, ideas, music, fashion
    »> social tension b/w local
    »> cetain areas be assoc with immigrannts
    »> pressure on maternal & infant healthcare
    »> pressure on schools
    »> racial, ethnic tensions
    » more crime

human geography (4 decks)

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