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Geography > population and environment > Flashcards

population and environment Flashcards

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1
Q

Biosphere

A

The biological component of Earth systems, the part where life exists
also know as Ecosphere

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2
Q

Biotic potential

A

Number of births controlled by the natural reproductive potential of the species and survival rates of offspring.

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3
Q

Carrying capacity

A

A calculation of how large a population any given environment can support

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4
Q

Density dependent

A

There are limiting factors which restrict population growth, factors caused by the size of the population

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5
Q

Density independent

A

Factors not associated with size of population but restrict growth

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6
Q

Ecological footprint

A

A measure of demand placed by humans on Earth’s natural ecosystems, the total area of productive land and water required to produce the resources a population consumes

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7
Q

Environmental resistance

A

Death rates controlled by environmental factors that prevent survival

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8
Q

Global hectares (gha)

A

the total biologically productive area of Earths natural systems available to provide food, water, energy and other resources that we use as humans and to absorb the waste

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9
Q

Over population

A

Too many people for the available resources

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10
Q

Optimum population

A

An ideal balance between population and resources

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11
Q

Overshoot

A

A point when a populations consumption of resource exceeds the long term capacity of the environment to regenerate the resources being consumed

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12
Q

Total productive bio-capacity

A

A unit of measurement which represents the average productivity of all biologically productive areas on Earth in a given year

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13
Q

Under population

A

Too few people to use the available resources effectively

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14
Q

Permanent migration

A

Permanent change of residence

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15
Q

Temporary migration

A

people cross state boundaries and stay in bait state for minimum length of time

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16
Q

Economic migrant

A

Daily movements to and from home
Seasonal movements for agriculture
International migrants

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17
Q

Refugee

A

Forced to leave country in order to escape war, prosecution, natural disaster

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18
Q

Step migration

A

migrating in a series of shorter movements from place of origin to destination

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19
Q

International migration

A

Person who travels from one country or area to another to improve their standard of living

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20
Q

Asylum seeker

A

left home country as political refugee seeking asylum in another

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21
Q

Forced migration

A

follows natural disaster, persecution, war
could be result of gradual deterioration of economic opportunities

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22
Q

Voluntary migration

A

current circumstances and hope of better standard of living possible elsewhere

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23
Q

Dhaka, Bangladesh

A

more than 44,500 per km2

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24
Q

between 2000-2013 India has experienced

A

-BR 21 to 20 per 1000
-FR 3 to 2 births per woman
-life expectancy 62 to 66 by 2014

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25
Q

ability to control diseases

A

-penicillin 1948
-sanitation late 1800s
-antibacterial products 1950s
-mosquito nets 1970s
-antiretroviral drugs 1990s

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26
Q

Egypt

A

pop density unraveled distributed due to access to Nile

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27
Q

densely populated areas related to water supply or resource distribution.

A

-ganges valley india
-eastern china
-SE asia
-NW europe

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28
Q

areas of pop sparsity in 2020 correlated with

A

-deserts
-continental interiors
-coke temps in siberia and canadian shield

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29
Q

climate effects on pop

A
  • Mauritania W Africa
    -pop density 3.36 pr km2
    -90% desert
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30
Q

soils on pop

A

-Greenland
-pop density 0.03 per km2
-ice/permafrost

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31
Q

topography on pop

A
  • Bhutan E Himalayan Mountains
    -16.52 per km2
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32
Q

resource distribution on pop.

A

-Namibia S Africa
-2.56 per km2
-desert

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33
Q

population 2023 and expectation

A

-8 billion
-projected to reach 9.7B by 2050

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34
Q

Asia

A

-60% of worlds pop
-india and china have most

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35
Q

early 1960s

A
  • global food supplies= 2,300 kcal per person per day
    -poor countries=below 2,000
36
Q

2015

A

-enough food to provide everyone with more than 2,940kcal a day

37
Q

malnutrition

A

820M suffering from it in 2018

38
Q

good consumption

A

-mid 1960s to 2015 increase by nearly 600 kcal a day

39
Q

regions suffering from undernourishment

A

-sub saharan africa
- south, central and eastern Asia

40
Q

arable

A

cereal, root crops, flat land, higher quality soils
UK=potatoes

41
Q

pastoral

A

livestock rearing,
semi-desert regions of W Africa

42
Q

mixed farming

A
  • arable and livestock
    -UK
43
Q

intensive

A

-high investment in labour and/or capital (machinery)
-horticulture in Cornwall

44
Q

commercial

A

-farmers/ agribusiness specialising in single crop
-grain in N America

45
Q

extensive

A

-low inputs of labour machinery and capital, large areas of land
-Hill Sheep farming Snowdonia

46
Q

subsistence farming

A

-direct production of sufficient food to feed a family/ community
-tribes in venezuela

47
Q

labour intensive

A

-man power, little capital
-fruit picking

48
Q

UPH

A
  • estimated 200M people engage in urban agriculture contributing to food supple of 800M urban dwellers
49
Q

global security in the urbanising world

A

-by 2050 2/3 will live in urban areas
- in next 20yrs 95% of world’s pop growth will occur in developing nations
-80% of food for cities comes from domestic sources in rural areas

50
Q

rice

A

-rainfall
-16-27°
-alluvial and clay soils

51
Q

potatoes

A

-less rainfall
-18-20°
-loose and sandy soil

52
Q

CC and agriculture

A

-people in sub saharan africa to be affected the most, agriculture 23% of economy

53
Q

topsoil

A

36B tonnes lost a year due to water erosion and deforestation

54
Q

wind erosion control

A

increase plant cover by up to 50%?

55
Q

salinisation.

A

10% of all arable land affected

56
Q

GAFSP

A

-world needs to produce 50% more food by 2050
-by 2018 had allocated $1.7B to projects to tackle hunger

57
Q

post production losses

A

about 25% of food for human consumption goes uneaten

58
Q

Uganda

A

risk is constant threat of food poisoning caused by a flatoxin contamination, so widespread in east africa it’s an epidemic

59
Q

food storage to stop food poisoning

A

-FAO built more than 45,000 metal storage silos in 16 developing countries

60
Q

good loss and waste reduction targets

A

EU announced target of reducing food loss and waste by 50% in 2050

61
Q

most places below replacement level fertility

A

2 children per woman

62
Q

sub saharan africa FR

A

above 5 children per woman

63
Q

between 2000-2016

A

-HIV/Aids no longer in top 10 causes of death
-respiratory infections ^
-tuberculosis down
-diabetes now in top 10

64
Q

NCDs

A

responsible for 71% of all deaths in 2018

65
Q

In 2016 WHO

A

-suggested if 41M deaths caused by NCDs
-15M between 30+69
-low and middle income countries affected with 32M of all the deaths

66
Q

flooding

A

responsible for 24% deaths from natural disasters in 2018

67
Q

ambient air pollution

A

causes 16% of lung cancer deaths

68
Q

Greenpeace report

A

22 of 30 most polluted cities were in India

69
Q

WHO 2017

A

3.8M deaths due to household air pollution

70
Q

Niger

A

highest BR and FR
2018, 46/1000

71
Q

East Timor

A

98% catholic
FR 5 per woman

72
Q

UK labour

A

1/2 labour force woman
FR 1.89

73
Q

Niger child marriage

A

-3/4 girls married before 18
-FR 6.6

74
Q

Brazil 2018

A

had a demographic dividend

75
Q

causes of migration

A

-syrian children can’t attend school
-syrian civil war erupted in 2011 left for Europe

76
Q

patterns of migration

A

-Eastern Mediterranean becoming primary maritime route in 2015
- more than 155,000 crossed from Serbia to Hungary
-migrants arriving in Europe by sea in 2015: 25% under 18 and 58% males over 18

77
Q

consequences of migration

A

-summer 2015 at least 9 dues trying to reach britain
-nearly 3,000 perished crossing mediterranean
-turkey spent more than US$6B hosting refugees

78
Q

overpopulated country

A

Philippines

79
Q

underpopulated country

A

norway

80
Q

skin cancer

A

-australia and NZ worst prevalence 33/1000
- only 2000 die a year

81
Q

fertility rate

A

-1960 4.98
-2015 2.45

82
Q

by 2050

A

africa will experience most rapid pop growth more than 2x

83
Q

by 2030

A

india projected to overtake china in most populous

84
Q

USA and nigeria

A

USA currently has 3rd biggest population but UN predicts Nigeria likely to rise 7th to 3rd by 2050

85
Q

USA

A

opted out of paris climate agreement in 2017

Geography (5 decks)

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