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Human Geography A-level > Population > Flashcards

Population Flashcards

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1
Q

China has a trade…

A

surplus.

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2
Q

HDI stands for…

A

human development index, a measure of education wealth and health.

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3
Q

The crude birth rate is…

A

births/1000/year.

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4
Q

TFR is…

A

Total fertility rate and it is the average number of children born per woman of reproductive age.

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5
Q

Brazils TFR decreased from…

A

6.3 in the 1960s to 1.9 today.

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6
Q

(Brazil) People have more access to family…

A

planning(contraception, abortions(allowed), preservatives) and improved medical treatment.

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7
Q

(Brazil) End of dictatorship resulted in…

A

more rights and emancipation of woman. More female college graduates than males.

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8
Q

(Brazil) Small families are presented as…

A

a trend of the modern world.

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9
Q

(Brazil) Increased urbanisation and fewer people are…

A

religious.

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10
Q

(Brazil) Percentage of a female workforce is…

A

40%.

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11
Q

(Brazil) Rising consumerism and…

A

materialism, so less money left for raisin many children.

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12
Q

(Brazil) In 1980 only…

A

36% of people had a TV in 2000 90%.

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13
Q

(Brazil) There is a move from religious education to…

A

state education, showing economic benefits of having fewer children and forms of family planning.

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14
Q

(Brazil) Urban areas have spatial…

A

issues resulting in carrying capacity issues.

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15
Q

(Brazil) In 2008 a female called…

A

Dilma Youssef was elected, more rights for woman.

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16
Q

Factors affecting levels of fertility:

A
  • demographics
  • social/cultural
  • economic
  • political
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17
Q

(Affected TFR) In Demographics particularly mortality…

A

rates influence fertility. When infant mortality is high, adults have more children to compensate for the deaths.

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18
Q

(Affected TFR) Social/Cultural, such as traditions…

A

demand for high rates of reproduction. Level of education is important for lowering the TFR.

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19
Q

(Affected TFR) Economic in many LICs children are…

A

considered as an economic asset, because of the work they do when they grow up=support of parents.

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20
Q

(Affected TFR) Political is when governments sometimes try to…

A

influence the growth of the population for economic and strategic reasons(China One child policy)

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21
Q

(Japan) has issues with…

A

fecundity.

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22
Q

(Japan) There are so-called…

A

“Herbivore” men who struggle with a relationship.

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23
Q

(Japan) The proportion of young people in the relationship is:

A

1/3

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24
Q

(Japan) Matching parties are organised which are…

A

events set up to meet people and find partners. The government spends 30$ million on this and marriages.

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25
Q

Hans Rosling was…

A

demographer, who claimed that religion has a minimum impact on the TFR.

26
Q

Factors affecting the TFR by Rosling:

A
  • woman in the workplace
  • the income of families
  • family planning
  • infant mortality
27
Q

4 main ways to manage population:

A
  • focus on natural increase
  • focus on carrying capacity
  • focus on migration
  • radical options
28
Q

Radical options include:

A

racial segregation(South Africa), ethnic cleansing (Kosovo, Rwanda).

29
Q

To manage natural increase, carrying capacity and migration the government needs to consider…

A

positive(add something) or negative(reduce something) checks.

30
Q

Positive and negative checks include:

A
  • policy
  • education/propaganda
  • sanctions
  • subsudies
31
Q

All 4 options of the managing population have…

A

consequences. In general more aggressive policies results in more aggressive conseguences.

32
Q

(Singapore) The government has controlled…

A

the population growth since independence, to prevent overpopulation on the island.

33
Q

(Singapore) The policy of small families was so…

A

successful that in the mid-1980s they had to reverse it.

34
Q

(Singapore) What percentage of people are EA?

A

76%.

35
Q

(Singapore) The TFR in 2015 was…

A

1.24

36
Q

(Singapore) Incentives to encourage fertility:

A
  • tax breaks for a third child
  • cheap nurseries
  • pregnant women are offered soecial therapists to discourage abortion and help them to raise children
37
Q

(Singapore) There are nursing…

A

rooms at the workplace.

38
Q

(Singapore) Maternity leave is…

A

16 weeks and 8 weeks are paid by the government.

39
Q

(Singapore) Schools have policy teach less…

A

learn more, so fewer exams and hw.

40
Q

The carrying capacity is…

A

the maximum number of people a country can hold based on its resources.

41
Q

J-curve theory involves…

A

population to exceed the carrying capacity and sudden radical check takes place on population, decreasing it.

42
Q

S-curve theory involves…

A

fast growing population but the check is introduced at the right time so the population doesn’t exceed the carrying capacity=becomes stable

43
Q

S-curve is more…

A

positive and less aggressive than J-curve

44
Q

Little Emperor syndrome was caused by…

A

China’s one-child policy.

45
Q

Little Emperor syndrome refers to…

A

a child who receives excessive attention from its parents.

46
Q

Little Emperor syndrome results in…

A

psychological demand from parents on the child. Eventually, creates pressure society, expecting unnatural achievements.

47
Q

In Afganistan, women are jailed for…

A

moral cruises such as running out from home. The women are not emancipated at all resulting in high TFR

48
Q

Infant mortality is considered to be…

A

the most sensitive measure of socio-economic development.

49
Q

Infant mortality is a result of:

A
  • healthcare
  • social development
  • security
  • sanitation
  • diet
50
Q

Stages of DTM:

A 
1 high stationary 
2 early expanding
3 late expanding
4 low stationary 
5 decline?
51
Q

(Problems with DTM) The external “shocks” or…

A

factors e.g. war, pandemic are not suggested.

52
Q

(Problems with DTM) Model-based on…

A

HICs Sweeden, England and Wales.

53
Q

(Problems with DTM) Does not appreciate…

A

migration.

54
Q

(Problems with DTM) Countries can regress in…

A

the development.

55
Q

(Problems with DTM) What is considered as development? originally it was…

A

based on GDP.

56
Q

DTM describes how…

A

birth rates and death rates change over time.

57
Q

DTM stage 1:

A

High death rate-unstable political society, unreliable food supply
High birth rate-large families to compensate for large infant mortality, women’s role in society is reproductive

58
Q

DTM stage 2:

A

DR falls: medical or social breakthrough(new hospitals), improvement in sanitation
BR remains high: culture and religion, limited access to family planning, poor emancipation of women

59
Q

DTM stage 3:

A

BR fall: emancipation of women, economic expenses of large families, access to family planning
DR fall: as the medical and social cure continues to improve

60
Q

DTM stage 4:

A
  • BR and DR are more stable
  • natural increase is low
  • more advanced society
  • DR remains controlled and low
61
Q

DTM sage 5:

A
  • BR falls below DR
  • DR may increase due to the ageing population
  • BR falls further as: couples wait longer, family planning strategies are more accepted by society

Human Geography A-level (2 decks)

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