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Human Geography AS > Population > Flashcards

Population Flashcards

1
Q

Define Carrying Capacity (2)

A

The maximum population size an environment can support (1), given the amount of necessary resources available. (1)

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2
Q

Define LIC (1)

A

A Low Income Country

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3
Q

Define MIC (1)

A

A Middle Income Country

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4
Q

Define HIC (1)

A

A High Income Country

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5
Q

Define Population Momentum (2)

A

The tendency (1) for population growth to continue beyond the time that replacement level fertility has been achieved (1)

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6
Q

Define Birth rate

A

The total number of live births (1) per 1000 people (1) per year (1) (o/oo )

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7
Q

Define Death rate (3)

A

The total number of deaths (1) per 1000 people (1) per year (1) (o/oo)

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8
Q

Define Natural Increase (2)

A

The population grows (1) because birth rate exceeds death rate (1)

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9
Q

Define Natural Change (2)

A

The difference between birth rate and death rate ( birth rate - death rate) (1) causes the population to grow or decline (1)

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10
Q

What word is used to describe a population that decreases in size due to death rate exceeding birth rate? (1)

A

Natural Change, not natural decrease

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11
Q

How do you calculate natural change? (1)

A

Birth rate - death rate

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12
Q

Define Net Migration (2)

A

The difference (1) between the number of immigrants and emigrants (1)

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13
Q

In-migration (2)

A

Moving to a new area (1) WITHIN (1) the same country

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14
Q

Define Out-migration (2)

A

Leaving one area of a country (1) to join another WITHIN (1) the same country

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15
Q

Define Overall population change (2)

A

The difference between the population at the beginning and the of a time period (1). Expressed in a (%) (2)

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16
Q

What is the formula for Population Change? (1)

A

(birth rate - death rate) +/- net migration (1)

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17
Q

Define Fertility Rate (2)

A

The average (1) number of children each woman of childbearing age (15 - 49)(1) has in a population

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18
Q

Define Replacement Level (2)

A

The level of fertility at which a population exactly (1) replaces itself in the next and following generations

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19
Q

What is the replacement level usually in countries with a low infant mortality rate? (1)

A

2.1

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20
Q

Is the Replacement Level usually higher or lower than 2.1 in LICs? (1)

A

Higher

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21
Q

Define Infant Mortality Rate

A

The number of children (1) who die under age 1(1), per 1000 live births (1) per year

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22
Q

Define Child Mortality Rate (3)

A

The Number of children who die under age 5(1), per 1000 (1) live births (1) per year

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23
Q

Define Life Expectancy (3)

A

The average (1) number of years to be lived by a group of people born in the same year(1), if mortality at each age remains constant (1)

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24
Q

Define Population Density (2)

A

The number of people in a given area ( usually km2 )

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25
Q

How do you calculate Population Density? (2)

A

No. people in area/ area’s size. Answer in km2.

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26
Q

Define Population Distribution (1)

A

Uses variations in population density to show how people are spread across an area

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27
Q

How do demographers discover factors such as Population distribution, density, life expectancy etc.? (1)

A

With a census

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28
Q

What Religious (1) and Cultural Factors (4) can affect fertility and birth rates?

A

Religious
1. Muslims and Roman Catholics oppose use of birth control.
Cultural
1. Desire for male child means parents keep trying for one ( pass on family name, perceived higher earnings).
2. Number of children sign of virility and wealth in some countries.
3. Perception women should have many children, even when infant mortality has dropped. Have second class legal status ( unable to inherit or own land/ property)

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29
Q

What Economic Factors affect fertility and birth rates? Think about MICs and LICs.
(Example: Average Marital age in UK). (2)

A
  1. Children support family earnings in LICs ( no minimum employment age, sweatshops). In MICs, people are deterred from having many children due to cost of education and childcare.
  2. More employment means women have less children and start families later. ( average marital age in UK, which has a high number of women in the labour market, is 30).
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30
Q

What factors relating to Health affect fertility and birth rates?
Use Uganda as an example. (2)

A
  1. Access to and awareness of contraceptives decreases fertility level.
  2. High birth rate to compensate for high infant/ child mortality. It is increased by poor diet, sanitation and health care access
    ( Uganda - BR: 40 per 1000 people per year.
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31
Q

What Political factors affect fertility and birth rate? (2)

A
  1. Population targets set to increase/ decrease fertility rate.
  2. Anti and Pronatalist policies ( China’s One Child Policy, France’s Code de la famille)
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32
Q

How may a country’s current age structure impact changes in fertility and birth rate? (2)

A
  1. Higher % of youth may continue to see population increase even if birth rate falls due to population momentum. Eg. First few years of China’s one child policy.
  2. Inversely, small % of youth face population decline even if birth rate increases.
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33
Q

CASE STUDY:
Reducing Fertility Rates in Kerala, India (3)

What is women’s status in Kerala?

A
  1. They have matrilineal inheritance.
  2. Mothers are the head of household.
  3. The bridegroom’s family pays parents when daughter marries, instead of dowry.

Higher female status has been linked to lower fertility rates in many countries.

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34
Q

CASE STUDY:
Reducing Fertility Rates in Kerala, India (3)

How do high levels of female education in Kerala decrease fertility rates?

A
  1. Female literacy rate of 85% in Kerala, almost 30% higher than the rest of India. As a result women know how to care for their children better.
  2. Greater employment opportunity decreases fertility rate as women have less time for child rearing and want to focus on careers.
  3. Keralese women have the highest average marriage age in India, so have children later when more mature and financially secure, thus each woman has less children overall.
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35
Q

CASE STUDY:
Reducing Fertility Rates in Kerala, India

How does government provided maternal healthcare and policy decrease fertility rates? (2)

What are the consequences? (2)

A

Government provided maternal health care and policies.

  1. Government reduce birth rate by choice instead of coercion.
  2. Promotion of breastfeeding over formulas.

Consequences.
1. Focus on maternal health means Kerala’s prevalence of low birth rate is higher than some HICs. 95% of births hospital delivered.
2. Women’s life expectancy 14 years greater than national life expectancy of 61.
Infant mortality 14%, rest of India 70%.

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36
Q

CASE STUDY:
Reducing Fertility Rates in Kerala, India (2)

What are the future impacts of Kerala’s fertility reducing policies and initiatives?

A
  1. By 2050 33% of Kerala’s pop. over 60. More funding will be needed for elderly health care.
  2. Leading the way of slowing India’s pop. growth.
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37
Q

How does a country’s population structure impact mortality rate? (2)

Use Japan as an example.

A
  1. Higher proportion of women decreases mortality rate as women live longer.
  2. Higher proportion of elderly people within population increases mortality rate as more people are likely to die each year.
    Eg. In Japan, that has an ageing population.
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38
Q

How does a country’s economic development impact mortality rate? (3)

Use Niger as an example.

A
  1. A high income means people can afford better medical care and diet decreases mortality rate.
  2. Improving national wealth means better public sanitation systems, decreasing mortality rate.
  3. People in LICs die from malnutrition increasing mortality rate, unable to afford food. Famine more likely due to subsistence farming (eg. Niger’s 2005 famine due to locust swarms). There is a greater susceptibility to disease when malnourished.
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39
Q

What effect do Non-Communicable diseases have on mortality rate? (3)

Use USA and Russia as an examples

A
  1. Lifestyle choices in HICs lead to high blood pressure, heart disease, eg. Obesity in USA due to cheap, high calorie foods.
  2. Greater disposable income, increased consumption of alcohol and tobacco. Particularly in former communist countries like Russia.
  3. Sedentary lifestyles in HICs due to office jobs and cars.
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40
Q

How do Injury Related Deaths affect mortality rate? (2)

Use Venezuela and China as examples.

A
  1. Especially impacts young men. Crime/ murder due to gang culture in Venezuela.
  2. Occupational injury higher in industrialised countries where factory jobs have increased but health and safety laws are lax. Eg. Chinese sweatshops.
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41
Q

How does HIV/AIDS impact mortality rate? Use the Democratic Republic of Congo as an example. How did social factors worsen the spread of the disease? (2)

A
  1. HIV/AIDS increases mortality rate, such as in the Democratic Republic of Congo where the epidemic decreased life expectancy by 9% due to an influx of refugees who may have carried the disease.
  2. Transmission of disease worsened by low prevalence of condoms and safe sex awareness and high number of sex workers.
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42
Q

How does Medical Infrastructure impact mortality rate?
(1)
Use Lesotho as an example.

A

Lesotho has death rate of 15 per 1000 people per year ( highest in the world), low hospital bed density of 1 per 1000 of the pop.

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43
Q

How do medical factors impact infant and child mortality rates? (3)

Use Uganda Africa as an example.

A
  1. Low birth rate makes up 80% of IMR in developing countries.
  2. Malnutrition leads to dehydration, diarrhea and potentially stunted growth. Also conditions like marasmus, kwashiokor, beriberi and pellagra that can lead to death.
  3. Lack of vaccinations in Uganda increases risk of neonatal death due to infectious diseases like meningitis.
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44
Q

How do economic (1), social (5) and political (4)factors impact infant and child mortality rates?

Use India for examples.

A

Economic
1. Infant mortality has negative correlation with GDP. (1)
Social
1. Poor public health due to low GDP (water and air pollution, poor sanitation systems(1)) increases risk of infection. (1)
2. Prejudice against children and mother’s leaving their homes in India, increases difficulty of finding treatment. (1)
3. Less time between births in LICs increases risk of infant mortality (1) as mother can devote less time to each child in early stages of life and her body may not fully recover from first pregnancy before starting second. (1)
Political
1. War torn areas correlated with IMR (1). Stress on mother and foetus, disruption of food and aid to LICs (1), destruction of medical infrastructure.
2. Systematic rape as a weapon in periods of war/ political unrest (1) ( partition of India and Pakistan)(1). Resultant prejudice against mothers and newborns, who are socially isolated.

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45
Q

What is an age/sex structure diagram?(1)

A

Shows the age and sex composition in a particular population.

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46
Q

What does the vertical axis on an age/sex structure diagram show? (1)

A

It shows age groups.

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47
Q

What does the horizontal axis on an age/sex structure diagram show? (3)

A

The total number (usually in millions) or percentage of males and females in each group. (1) Percentage better for comparison. (1)

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48
Q

What does the apex of an age/sex structure diagram show? (1)

A

Life expectancy.

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49
Q

What does the base of an age/sex structure diagram show?(4)

A 
Birth rate (1) 
Fertility rate (1). 
Infant and child mortality rate(1)
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50
Q

What are the ‘steps’ in age/sex structure diagrams? What can we infer from them? (2)

A 
Areas where the graph slims towards the top (1) 
Death rate (1)
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51
Q

What is another word for age/sex structure diagrams? (1)

A

Population pyramid. (1)

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52
Q

What sort of events that have affected a population can be inferred from age/sex structure diagrams? (5)

A

1) Mass migration or ‘baby boom’.
2) Disease and civil war.
3) Population policies.
4) Proportion of old/young working/ dependent population can give insight into the government’s priorities.

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53
Q

What would a wide apex on a population pyramid indicate?

A

A high life expectancy.

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54
Q

Where would the working population be found on a population pyramid? (2)

A

The middle segment(1), roughly between the ages of 15 and 60. (1)

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55
Q

What might a bulge in the population pyramid indicate?

A

Mass migration (1) or a baby boom(1)

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56
Q

In the EU, what age range is recognised as the working population, and how may this differ in LICs? (2)

A

19-60. In LICs where there is a greater prevalence of the informal sector the lower end of this range may be lower.

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57
Q

How can you tell that infant mortality is rate is high from a population pyramid?

A

If the age 5-9 bars are much smaller than the 0-4 bars.

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58
Q

Draw a high stationary or early expansive population pyramid’s overall shape and label its key features (6)

A 
(1) for correct drawing. 
Life expectancy low ( narrow apex). (1)
Birth rate high (wide base). (1)
Concave sides indicate high death rate. (1)
High youthful dependency ratio(1)
Low elderly dependency ratio(1)
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59
Q

Give an example of a country with an early expansive population pyramid (1)

A

Uganda.

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60
Q

In what stage of the demographic transition model are countries with expansive population pyramids usually in? (1)

A

Stage 2 (early expanding) and 3 (late expanding).

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61
Q

What issues may a population with a high stationary or early expanding age/sex structure face? (5)

A
  1. High population momentum due to high birth rate (1) means there is a need for more employment and education opportunities(1), food production (1) and water& electricity supply (1). Country’s economy may not develop quickly enough to accommodate this. (1)
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62
Q

Define NIC and give an example (1)

A

Newly Industrialized Country. (1)

India or Brazil (1)

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63
Q

Draw the overall shape of what you’d expect Brazil’s population pyramid to look like, label what type of age/sex structure diagram it is and all key features. (8)

A

(1) for correct overall shape.
1. NIC age/sex structure diagram. (1)
2. Sloping slides above 30 show death rate was recently high. (1)
3. Apex not as narrow, increasing life expectancy. (1)
4. Still high birth rate ( wide base) (1)
5. Base under 30 shows IMR is low and death rate is stabilising. (1)
6. Greater percentage of young dependents than old dependents. (1)
7. Demographic dividend indicated by bulging working population. (1)

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64
Q

Why may Brazil be unable to reap all of the rewards of having a demographic dividend?(3)

A
  1. Large proportion of working pop. employed in the informal economy(1), not paying tax or supporting the country at a national level(1) which is needed to support the young working pop(1). (eg. provision of housing)
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65
Q

Draw the overall shape of a low stationary age/sex structure diagram and label its key features. (3)

A

(1) correct overall shape.
1. High life expectancy (wide/ high apex)(1)
2. Straight sides shows consistent birth rate near replacement level and consistently low death rate. (1)

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66
Q

What stage of the DTM would you expect stationary population pyramids to appear in and would they be LICs, NICs, MICs or HICs? (1)

A 
Stage 4 (1) 
HIC (1)
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67
Q

Give an example of a country with a low stationary population pyramid. (1)

A

Sweden/ USA/UK

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68
Q

Draw the overall shape of a constrictive pyramid and label its key features. (5)

A

(1) for overall shape.
1. Narrowing base due to falling birth rate (1)
2. High proportion of elderly, ageing population. (1)
3. Lower working population, high elderly dependency ratio. (1)
4. Wide apex ( long life expectancy) (1)

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69
Q

Give an example of a country with a constrictive pyramid population structure and state what stage of the DTM it would be in. (3)

A
  1. Japan(1), which has had a falling birth rate for the last 40 years(1).
  2. Stage 5 (1)
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70
Q

What issues may countries with a constrictive pyramid population structure face? (1)

A
  1. High taxes on economically active population to support elderly population.
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71
Q

Draw the overall shape of the UAE’s age/sex structure diagram and label its key features. Give the sex ratio between men and women. (4)

A
  1. Wide apex ( high life expectancy) (1)
  2. Widening base (increasing birth rate) (1)
  3. Gender imbalanced, high proportion of men in society due to migration (male laborers unable to bring families)(1)(. Sex ratio of 3.2(1)
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72
Q

What type of age/sex structure is the UAE and what issues does this structure bring? (4)

A
  1. Gender imbalanced structure. (1)
  2. In past accumulation of young men has been associated with social unrest(1), potentially due to isolation(1) and struggle to marry(1).
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73
Q

Define demographic dividend (3)

A

The economic growth potential (1) resulting when the working age of population, 16-64, is proportionally greater than non-working age(1), who are 0-15, or 65+(1).

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74
Q

Define human sex ratio (2)

A

The number of males (1) per 100 females (1) in a population.

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75
Q

Define dependency ratio (3)

A

A crude generalisation (1) that gives the number of dependent people per 100 working people (1), the ratio between dependent and working population (1)

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76
Q

Define juvenility index (2).

A

Proportion of young people (under 20) (1) in pop to all of society (1)

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77
Q

What is the calculation for the dependency ratio? (2)

A

(Young dependents% + Old dependents%(1) / Working population %) x 100(1)

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78
Q

Can a country’s dependency ratio be above 100, if so give an example. (2)

A

Yes (1)

Uganda (dependency ratio 101.5)(1)

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79
Q

What is Uganda’s youth dependency ratio?

A

97.2 (1)

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80
Q

How old are youthful dependents?

A

Below the age 0-15. In the EU 0-18.

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81
Q

Define youth dependency ratio

A

A crude generalisation (1) that gives the number of dependent people ages 0-15(1) per 100 working people (1), the ratio between dependent and working population (1)

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82
Q

What is the calculation for the youth dependency ratio?

A

(Young dependents(%)(1)/ Working population) x 100

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83
Q

Is the youth dependency ratio the same thing as the juvenility index. Explain your answer. (3)

A

No. (1)

Whereas the youth dependency ratio shows the proportion of youthful dependents to the working population, the juvenility index shows the proportion of young people, specifically below 20, (1) in the whole population. (1)

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84
Q

What is the age of old age dependents? (2)

A

In the EU 61+(1), otherwise 65+(1)

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85
Q

Define old dependency ratio (4)

A

A crude generalisation (1) that gives the number of dependent people ages 65+ (1) per 100 working people (1), the ratio between dependent and working population (1)

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86
Q

What can we learn from the old age dependency ratio? (1)

A

How old a population is (1) (strictly the proportion of people above 65)

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87
Q

Define Demographic (1)

A

Relating to population structure.

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88
Q

Define Eurocentric (1)

A

Implicitly regarding European culture as preeminent.

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89
Q

What is the Demographic Transition Model (DTM) (2)

A

Shows the transition from high birth and death rates to lower birth and death rates (1) as a country develops from pre-industrial to industrialized economic systems(1)

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90
Q

What do we learn from the x-axis of the DTM, and what is it’s units? (1)

A

Country’s modernisation (socio-economic change). No unit but lines progress through 5 stages.

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91
Q

What do we learn from the y-axis of the DTM and what is the unit? (3)

A

Country’s birth rate(1), death rate(1), total pop. change. (1)

Per 1000 people per year (1)

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92
Q 
For each stage of the DTM state whether the birth rate, death rate are: 
High 
Low
Very Low
Falling
Falling more slowly
Falling Rapidly 
(10)
A 
1 BR High/ DR High (2)
2 BR High/ DR Falls rapidly (2) 
3 BR Falling/ DR Falling more slowly (2)
4 BR Low/ DR Low (2) 
5 BR Very low/ DR low (2)
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93
Q

Draw the general outline of the DTM (3)

A

1) Birth rate line
(1) Death rate line
(1) Natural increase line

94
Q

What does the gap between the birth and death rate line in stages 2 to 4 show (1)

A

Natural increase (1)

95
Q

For each stage of the DTM describe the natural change (5)

A
  1. Stationary (1)
  2. Rapid increase(1)
  3. Increase slows down (1)
  4. Stationary (1)
  5. Declining (1)
96
Q

What are the features of a civilization is stage 1 of the DTM and why do they occur? (5 points, 7 marks)

A
  1. Birth and death rates equally high and fluctuating (1) due to natural events (drought, disease, famine) in pre-industrial society (1)
  2. High IMR, low life expectancy, slow pop. growth (1)
  3. Society survives with subsistence agriculture (1), and therefore evolves in accordance with Malthusian paradigm (pop. determined by food supply)(1) .
  4. Family planning and contraception nonexistent (1).
  5. Inexpensive to raise children who are major inputs into family business and insurance in old age. (1)
97
Q

What are the features of a civilization in stage 2 of the DTM and why do they occur? (6 points, 9 marks)

A
  1. Birth rate remains high, death rate rapidly falls (1) resulting in population explosion. (1)
  2. Life expectancy increases (1) but children still considered economic asset so birth rate remains high. (1)
  3. Death rate lowered by higher food supply from agricultural improvements (crop rotation, selective breeding). (1)
  4. Death rate and IMR lowered by better sanitation and personal hygiene and improved status of mothers (1)
  5. Results in youthful pop. and big families, increasing pop. momentum. (1)
  6. Population pressure causes rural - urban migration stimulating industrialization (1), virtuous spiral of cumulative causation (1)
98
Q

What are the features of a civilization in stage 3 of the DTM and why do they occur? (5 marks and points)

A
  1. Stabilising death rate, diminishing birth rate (1)
  2. Women’s status increases with increasing employment and education as they are seen as more than just mothers. (1)
  3. Compulsory education and illegal child labour exacerbates cost of raising children,(1) decreasing birth rate ( no longer economic asset)
  4. Improvements in contraceptive technology. (1)
  5. Declining youth dependency ratio, eventually population ageing. Demographic dividend between these two statesis an economic opportunity (1)
99
Q

What are the features of a civilization in stage 4 of the DTM and why do they occur? (4 points, 5 marks)

A
  1. Low, fluctuating birth rate, low stable death rate (low rates of disease, high food production). (1)
  2. Stationary population size. (1)
  3. Low birth rate due to family planning, variety of contraceptives, high female education and employment (1)
  4. Increasing life expectancy (1), but old dependency ratio relatively low. (1)
100
Q

What are the features of a civilization in stage 5 of the DTM and why do they occur? (7 points, 10 marks)

A
  1. Post industrial society, (1) economy dominated by service and high tech industries.
  2. Fertility and birth rate declines due to high status of women ( career over family) (1)
  3. Higher house prices and increasing demand for leisure (1) (associated with higher standards of living) children seen as economic burden. (1)
  4. High elderly dependency ratio, ageing population ( thus also increasing death rate). (1)
  5. Diseases of affluence increases death rate. (1)
  6. Sub replacement level fertility is reached (1) ,negative pop. growth rate. Not immediate due to pop. momentum. (1)
  7. Immigration as solution to dwindling workforce (1). Influx of young adults may push country back to stage 4.(1)
101
Q

What are the advantages of the DTM? (6)

A

Can be applied to all countries, universal.

  1. Flexible timescales. (1)
  2. Enables comparisons between countries (1)
  3. Allows demographers to make predictions about how a country’s pop., BR and DR will change. Can help with pop. management eg. preventing a pop. explosion. (1)
  4. Has somewhat accurately predicted development of countries like the US.(1)
  5. Gives an explanation of how development has occurred.(1)
  6. Dynamic, shows changes through time.(1)
102
Q

Why does the fact the DTM is Eurocentric disadvantage it? Use the Middle East and Russia as examples. (2 points, 4 marks)

A
  1. Doesn’t account for other religions (1) eg. Islam delaying fertility rate decline in Middle East due to religious opposition of birth control. (1)
  2. Doesn’t account for the impact of other cultures(1) , eg. 1980s Russia’s ‘Demographic Catastrophe’ where death rate increased due to diseases of affluence (1)
103
Q

What assumptions does the DTM make about 1. industrialization and 2. the time it takes for a country to develop, and how does this disadvantage it? Use the UK and Taiwan as examples. (2 points, 4 marks)

A
  1. That all countries develop at the same time (1), which does not occur in reality as demonstrated by the rapid economic growth of the Asian Tiger Economies. (1)
  2. That industrialization always leads to a decreased death rate(1), disproved by UK at the beginning of the industrial revolution where worker’s health and sanitation was poor. (1)
104
Q

The DTM is disadvantaged as it ignores many phenomena that may impact population change. What does the DTM not take into account? Use Africa, UK, USA and India as examples (5 points, 9 marks)

A
  1. Doesn’t account for pandemics (1)( African countries stagnated in stage 2 because of AIDS)(1)
  2. Doesn’t account for impact of war(1), eg. ‘Baby boom’ generation in UK after WW2. (1)
  3. Doesn’t consider the impact of migration (1) eg. USA, created by migrants) didn’t pass through early stages. (1)
  4. Doesn’t consider the impact of pro/antinatalist policies(1)
  5. Ignores differences within a country (1)( India’s Kerala’s birth rate compared to Bihar) (1)
105
Q

Define Youthful Population and briefly explain how they occur (1)

A

A pop. with a low median age (1) often due to a high birth rate but low/stable death rate.

106
Q

What does a youthful population look like on a pop. pyramid? (4)

A
  1. Wide base (1)
  2. Narrow Apex (1)
  3. Concave sides. (1)
  4. ‘Expansive’ pyramid.
107
Q

Define Ageing Population and briefly explain how they occur(1)

A

High median age( 1) often due to high life expectancy and low TFI.

108
Q

What does an ageing population look like on a pop. pyramid? Draw diagram and label.

A
  1. Narrow base (1)
  2. Wide apex. (1)
  3. ‘Constrictive’ pyramid. (1)
109
Q

Youthful Population case study introduction:
Uganda
1. What stage of the DTM is Uganda in?
2. What % of Uganda’s pop. are below 15?
3. What is Uganda’s youth dependency ratio?
4. Where is Uganda located physically? (4)

A
  1. Stage 2 of demographic transition model. (1)
  2. 50% of Uganda’s pop. are below 15 (1). 2nd youngest population in the world.
  3. This means there is a high youth dependency ratio of 97 (1)
  4. East Africa(1)
110
Q 
Youthful population case study Causes: 
Examine how the following make Uganda's pop. younger. 
1. Uganda's BR ? 
2. Uganda's IFM?
3. Uganda's female literacy rate? 
4. Uganda's average marriage age? 
5. Uganda's laws on child labour? 
6. Availability of abortion?
(9)
A
  1. BR high at 40 live births per 1000 per year (1)
  2. IFM high at 60 per 1000 live births (1) provokes high TFR of around 6 as compensation.(1)
  3. Female literacy below 60%(1), aren’t aware of contraception or risk of pregnancy (1)
  4. Early marriage age 17(1), adolescents more naive(1) and likely to have more children.
  5. 25% children 5-15 working (1) due to poorly enforced child labour laws results in higher TFR as they’re seen as an economic asset (1)
  6. Lack of medical infrastructure and low physician density means low access to abortion.
111
Q

Youthful population case study:

What are the positive impacts of Uganda’s youthful population? (particularly on the economy) (3 points, 6 marks).

A
  1. When current youth grow there is a window for a demographic dividend(1) as long as the next generation is smaller and youth dependency ratio lower.(1)
  2. Large tax base. (1)
  3. Annual urbanization rate of 5% (1) could develop urban spaces through cumulative causation(1); movement from primary production to more profitable tertiary service jobs(1).
112
Q 
Youthful population case study: 
What are the negative impacts of a youthful pop.?
Consider 
1. Unprotected sex and HIV (2)
2. Women having many children to rear. (1)
3. Poor maternal healthcare. (1)
4. Employment (2)
5. Carrying capacity.(1)
6. Pop. momentum (2) 
Total: (8) 
A
  1. Unprotected sex means that a high 7% (1) Uganda’s pop have HIV/AIDS . 1 million orphans whose parents have died of AIDS. (1)
  2. Female status remains low as women can’t work and have powerful positions as they’re busy child-rearing (1)
  3. Poor maternal healthcare means the many woman who fall pregnant each year are endangered, maternal mortality 350/1000 births (1)
  4. Pressure on country to develop strong job market by time youths have grown to reap demographic dividend(1) and prevent high unemployment which is already high at 20% (1)
  5. Pressure on government to increase carrying capacity to prevent overpopulation. (1)
  6. Pressure to provide enough food/health/jobs (1)worsened by exponentially growing pop. (1)
113
Q 
Youthful Population Case Study.
What policies is the Ugandan government using to manage its youthful population and how are they flawed?  
Consider management of 
1. HIV AIDS +(2) - (2)
2. Pressure on education. +(2) - (2)
3. Pressure for employment +(3) -(1) 
4. Pressure on healthcare +(1) - (1)
A
  1. + Advertising and provision of free condoms (1) and ABC initiative (Abstain, Be faithful, Use condoms). (1)
    • Though 70% (1) Ugandans still don’t use them and increasing uneducated pop. reaching sexual maturity has increased HIV infection rates have increased by 2%. (1)
    • Invest money building schools/ training teachers (1) so there is enough for large young pop. that will grow to form a large, skilled work base (1)
      • 20% less females in secondary education than males (1) that keeps BR high as women without secondary education are twice as likely to use no contraceptives. (1)
  3. +Government encouraging TNCs to build factories (1) in Uganda , improves nation’s infrastructure(1); provides for young people moving into workforce (1).
    • TNCs dettered by country’s political instability. (1)
  4. +Investment in clinics and medical training relieves pressure on healthcare services. (1)
    • Brain drain as newly trained health professionals move to LICs. (1)
114
Q

What is another word for a constrictive population pyramid? (1)

A

Declining

115
Q

In what stage of the DTM do you find a declining population pyramid? (1)

A

Stage 5

116
Q

In what stage of the DTM do you find a late expanding population pyramid? (1)

A

Stage 3

117
Q

In what stage of the DTM do you find a high stationary population pyramid? (1)

A

Stage 1

118
Q

In what stage of the DTM do you find an early expanding population pyramid? (1)

A

Stage 2

119
Q

In what stage of the DTM do you find a low stationary population pyramid?(1)

A

Stage 4

120
Q

Ageing population case study introduction:
Japan.
1. What stage of the DTM is Japan in?
2. What is Japan’s old age index?
3. What is Japan’s elderly dependency ratio?
4. Where is Japan located physically?(4)

A
  1. Stage 5 of the Demographic Transition Model (1)
  2. Old age index of 30%. (1) Oldest population in the world.
  3. This means there is a high elderly dependency ratio of 43. (1)
  4. Group of islands in northeast Asia. (1)
121
Q

Ageing population case study
Japan’s ageing pop. causes:
Examine how the following make Japan’s pop. older
1. Life expectancy, and why it is the way it is (2)
3. TFR (1)
3. Female employment rate and how this affects mother’s mean age at first birth (1)
4. Desire of when to marry, and cultural factors that supplement this to reduce TFR (2)
5. Cost of raising children and why children need the level of education they do. (2)
(8)

A
  1. High LE at 85 (1) due to strong, universal healthcare (1) and nutritious fish/vegetable okinawa diet (1)
  2. Low TFR of 1. 4 (1) substantially ages pop.
  3. 46% of Japanese women (1) are employed resulting in late mean age for mother’s first birth of 30 (1).
  4. Only 60% of women in their 20s want to marry (1), less children overall as only 2% of Japan has kids out of wedlock because of cultural beliefs (1)
  5. Expense of raising/ educating a child in a pricey urban area (1) who are skilled enough to compete in a competitive job market deters parents (1).
122
Q

Ageing population case study:
Japan, impacts
What are the negative impacts of Japan’s ageing population on the economy/ job market, especially on:
1. Retirement age. (2)
2. Government spending and national taxes. (2)
3. Jobs solely meant for young people (2)
4. Businesses for young people.
(6)

A
  1. Elderly working past retirement age of 65 (1) as government does not have funds to support them. Younger workers favored as they’re paid less. (1)
    2 . 6% (1) of government spending is now on elderly care, meaning young need to pay higher taxes(1).
  2. Short staffed military (1) due to shrinking youth pop. which decreases national security. (1)
  3. Shortage of children means that schools are closed down and sometimes converted to retirementf homes for children.
123
Q

Ageing population case study:
Japan, impacts
What are the positive impacts of Japan’s ageing population on the economy? Especially on
1. Business opportunities (2)
2. Job competition (1)
3. Public money to develop industries. (2)
(5)

A
  1. Elderly convenience store Lawson. Inc.(1) that sells adult diapers etc. benefiting from more customers. (1)
  2. Potentially less job competition due to smaller pop. size. (1)
  3. Elderly people have greater disposable income(1), or ‘grey money’. (1)
124
Q 
Ageing population case study: 
Japan, impacts. 
What are the negative impacts of Japan's ageing population on society? Consider
1. Elderly people's social welfare.(2) 
2. Elderly's safety. (1)
3. Impact on rural areas. (1)
(5)
A
  1. 6.5 million 65+ (1)in rural areas isolated as their children migrate to Urban areas like Tokyo. (1).
  2. Elderly deaths go unnoticed for weeks in modern phenomenon called ‘kodoku shi’. (1)
  3. Rural areas emptied and subsequently collapsing by young’s migration to urban areas.(1)
125
Q

Ageing population case study:
Japan, management
What is being done to increase the BR and TFR in Japan to make the population younger?
(2 marks, 4 points).

A
  1. Providing flexible work hours (1) with the Child and Family Care Leave Law that allows parents to take a year off work so they have time to raise children. (1)
  2. Target for 13% of men by 2020 to take paternity leave(1) to change cultural attitudes that make women fel they’ll need to stop work upon having children, so they are not deterred of having them. (1)
126
Q

Ageing population case study:
Japan, management
How is the Japanese government managing the social difficulties faced by the elderly and their carers?
(2)

A
  1. Paro robot seal gives the elderly companionship. (1)

2. Construction of Nagoya’s ‘Caregiver Cafe’ for stressed carers. (1)

127
Q 
Ageing population case study: 
Japan, management
How is Japan managing the difficulties faced in the economy/ job market due to it's ageing population?
Think about: 
1. Improvements in medicine. (1)
2. Elderly people in the workplace. (1)
3 Shortage of workers. (2)
4. Government financially supporting elderly workers.
A
  1. Investment in cell regenerative therapy so people can work longer. (1)
  2. Japan Geriatrics Society wants to increase retirement age to 75 so old people can work and face less discrimination (1)
  3. Use of robots to make up for shortage of workers e.g. Robotic hands for farmers (1) ( no need for immigration that could cause social tensions). (1)
  4. Construction of Long Term Insurance Plan (1) for elderly alleviates pressure off the working population. (1)
128
Q

Define Disposable Income

A

The income remaining after deduction of taxes and social security charges, available to be saved or spent as one wishes.

129
Q

Define Development

A

The increase in the total value of goods and services produced by a country, improving quality of life(1), standard of living(1) and social welfare(1).

130
Q

Define Standard of Living

A

The wealth (1), material goods (1) and necessities (1) available to certain socioeconomic classes in a country (1). Eg. quality of employment, GDP, inflation rate

131
Q

Define Quality of Life

A

General well being of people, including economic, social and political factors. Eg. education, employment, health, levels of pollution, sustainability/ access of resources.

132
Q

Define Human Development Index (HDI) (6)

A

A composite statistic(1) used by the U.N(1) to measure development (1). Considers:

a) Life expectancy at birth (1)
b) Educational provision (1)
c) Purchasing power/ per capita income. (1)

133
Q

Why may development (HDI) not link with population change ( stage in DTM)? Use China (2) and Southern Africa (2) as examples. (4)

A
  1. NIC China’s TFR is as low as that of a HIC (1) but when calculated its HDI is medium. (1)
  2. HIC Southern Africa’s TFR is also lower than expected for a country with a medium HDI (1) due to the impact of HIV/AIDS on BR. (1)
134
Q

Why is there a relationship between high development (particularly regarding Longer Life Expectancy) and population change? (2 points, 3 marks)

A
  1. Decreasing BR, no need to have more children as compensation as easy access to quality healthcare (1) means IFM falls (1)
  2. There will be more elderly dependents but they are supported by pensions(1), not large families.
135
Q

Why is there a relationship between high development (particularly regarding Improving Educational Provision) and population change?

A
  1. Children seen as an economic liability due to their long, expensive education that also means they start work later.
  2. Educated people have a better knowledge of contraception/family planning and earn more so they have a greater incentive to control fertility & spending.
136
Q

Why is there a relationship between high development (particularly regarding increasing purchasing power) and population change? (2)

A
  1. High standard of living conveniences & luxuries in developed countries (holidays, good education, TV(1) means children are expensive to raise, economic liability (1).
137
Q

Define Gross Domestic Product (GDP) (5)

A
  1. The total value (1) of goods (1) and services (1) produced by a country (1) during one year (1)
138
Q

Define GDP per capita (6)

A
  1. The total value (1) of goods (1) and services(1) produced by a country(1) during one year (1) divided by it’s total population. (1)
139
Q

Draw a consumption triangle. (4 marks)

A

3 marks for resources, economic development and population, fourth for three double headed arrows connecting them.

140
Q

Give some examples of the resources a population can use.

A

Mark (1) for basic resources from: clean air & water, food, shelter, energy.

Second mark for some from: education, employment, healthcare, transport facilities.

141
Q

What % of pop. growth is taking place in LICs & MICs?

A

95%

142
Q

Which only reduces after significant changes in development? (1)

  1. Death Rate.
  2. Total Fertility Rate.
A

Answer 2, Total Fertility Rate.

143
Q

With the consumption triangle in mind, explain how population growth affects a country’s resources and economic development. (2)

A
  1. Pop. growth increases resource demand. (1)

2. Pop. growth can stimulate economic development ( larger workforce). (1)

144
Q

With the consumption triangle in mind, explain how a country’s resources impacts pop. size (1) and economic development.(2), using Dubai as an example.
(3)

A
  1. Supports pop. growth, more food/water/ shelter for more people. (1)
  2. Supports economic development(1), eg. high crude oil reserves in Dubai brought massive income and economic development. (1)
145
Q

Define sustainable development

A

Economic development conducted without depletion of natural resources.

146
Q

When (1) and where (1) did most experts conclude that must aim for sustainable development?
(2)

A

1991(1), Rio Earth Summit. (1)

147
Q

Define food security (3)

A

The overall availability of (1); people’s accessibility to(1) and awareness of safe and nutritious food. (1)

148
Q

What are the three aspects of food security? (3)

A
  1. Food availability. (1)
  2. Food access. (1)
  3. Food use/ utilization. (1)
149
Q

What is food availability? (1)

A

Sufficient quantity (1) of nutritious food(1) produced(1) and distributed (1).

150
Q

What is food access? (1)

A

Affordability (1) and allocation (1) of nutritious (1) food.

151
Q

What is food utilization? (1)

A

Whether food is prepared and cooked in a way that is safe and nutritious and safe to eat.

152
Q

What is a food shortage? (1)

A

When the amount of accessible, nutritious food is below pop.’s demand.

153
Q

What is food stability?

A

The ability to obtain food over time.

154
Q

What may cause food shortages? (1)

A

Any selection from animal disease, agricultural disease, droughts, land degradation, pests, tropical cyclones, civil war, low capital investment.

155
Q

How does animal disease lead to food shortages(1)? Give an example of a disease(1) and a country it has affected (1)
(3).

A
  1. Foot and mouth disease (1) reduces dairy and meat yields (1) in Pakistan - country where large amount of food and income comes from cattle. (1)
156
Q

How does agricultural disease cause food shortages? Give an example of a disease(1), where (1) it has caused a food shortage and what can increase the likelihood of the disease occurring(2)
(4)

A
  1. Wheat stem rust (1) can cause massive crop losses and is predicted to spread rapidly through the Middle East and Africa(1). Mono-cultures (1) at greater risk due to reduced genetic diversity. (1)
157
Q

How does human disease cause food shortages? Explain (1) and give examples of such diseases (1)
(2)

A
  1. Malaria (1)/HIV/AIDS reduces farmer’s capacity to work (1)
158
Q

What is soil exhaustion (2) and how does it occur leading to food shortages? (3)
(5)

A
  1. Reduction of nutrients in soil & it’s overall fertility (1) leads to soil erosion and desertification(1) .
  2. Occurs due to intensive farming and over-cropping (1) in a bid to increase agricultural yield though actually decreasing it in a vicious cycle(1) as crops take nutrients that aren’t replaced by manure or fertilizer. (1)
159
Q

How do pests lead to food shortages? Give an example of a type pest (1) and when(1) and where(1) it has caused problems (1).
(3)

A

Locust swarms (1) can eat tonnes of crop a day. Eg. 2005 Niger Locust swarms (1)

160
Q

How do tropical cyclones lead to food shortages? (2). Use an example. (1)
(3)

A

Eg. in Bangladesh’s coastal areas (1) where extreme flooding destroys crops, kills livestock (1) and ruins soil with salt. (1)

161
Q

How does low-capital investment lead to food shortages? (3)

A
  1. Vicious cycle (1) of poor quality farms leading to poor crop yields(1) meaning farmers will never have crop surplus to sell and get money to improve their farm (1)
162
Q

Using an example(1), explain how civil war can result in food shortages (3)
(4)

A
  1. In South Sudan (1) war and the resulting collapsing economy left 100,000 facing starvation (1) as the violence decreased food production (1) and massive prices on basic food items made it less accessible. (1)
163
Q

Explain how food shortages can lead to chronic nutritional deficiencies and stunted growth?

A
  1. Malnutrition leads to marasmus and stunted growth. Grow into weakened adults with smaller working capacity causing less food production and more food shortages.
164
Q

Define famine(1) and explain how it usually occurs (1)

A
  1. Widespread lack of food where people die of starvation(1), usually result of natural disaster that causes huge crop losses. (1).
165
Q

What are the two major consequences of food shortages?

A
  1. Undernourishment.

2. Famine.

166
Q

Define capital investment.

A
  1. Funds invested in a business with the the purpose of furthering its business objectives.
167
Q

Define marasmus

A

Undernourishment causing child’s weight to be significantly low for their age.

168
Q

Define Kwashiorkor

A

Severe form of malnutrition (1), from diet that lacks protein and nutrients (1)

169
Q

Define pellagra

A

Disease causing dermatitis, diarrhea, and mental disturbance (1) ascribed to lack of nicotinic acid.(1)

170
Q 
Food shortages case study: 
Introduction. 
Consider country's: 
1. GDP per capita.(1)
2. Location
A

.1. Swaziland has low GDP per capita of just $4500 in 2010.(1)
2. Land locked country neighboring South Africa.

171
Q

Food shortages case study:
Swaziland.
Examine how the following caused food shortages in Swaziland
1. Unemployment in bordering countries. (2)
2. Fertilizers no longer being subsidized. (1)
3. Prolonged dry spells.(2)
4. Large co-operatives asking Swaziland’s farmers to grow sugarcane rather than Maize. (4)
5. Farmers loaning money from banks to pay for equipment to grow sugar cane. (2)

(11)

A
  1. Economic migrants (1) return home to Swaziland, stopping remittances which could be used as capital investment in farms. (1)
  2. Fertilizers become too expensive, decreasing soil quality and agricultural yield. (1)
  3. Kills many crops during their flowering stage (1), annual maize production is only 140,000,000 tonnes (1).
  4. The 90,000 (1) employed in the business suffer from primary product dependency (1) and are susceptible to world sugarcane prices dropping, meaning Swaziland wouldn’t earn enough to purchase food, with no staple foods like maize as a replacement.(1).
  5. If farmers cannot sell to their key markets/ trade agreements change then they cannot pay back their loans (1), and might not be able to maintain the expensive equipment required to rear their crops(1).
172
Q

Food shortages case study:
Impacts of food shortage on Swaziland:
1. On Farmer’s independence in the 1990s (2)
2. On population’s agricultural skills (2)
3. Country’s dependence on food aid 2000-2010. (1)
4. On Country’s life expectancy (1)

(6)

A
  1. Farmers became dependent on food aid from NGOs and UN WFP ( World Food Program), giving up farming(1). Some even sold the food for money. (1)
  2. Dependency on food aid from UN WFP means children born in 1990s never learned crucial agricultural skills (1), crippling the nation’s agriculture when there was drought. (1)
  3. 2/3 of country’s pop. rely on food aid from 2000-2010 (1).
  4. Life expectancy decreased from 61 in 1990s to 48 in 2010 (1)
173
Q

What was The Green Revolution?(3)

A

The Green Revolution was a set of research and technology transfer initiatives(1) occurring between the 1930s and late 1960s(1)that increased agricultural production.(1)

174
Q

What technology advancements did The Green Revolution include, and how did they increase agricultural production?

  1. 3 marks.
  2. 2 marks.
  3. 2 marks
  4. 2 marks
  5. 2 marks
  6. 2 marks.
  7. 2 marks.
  8. 4 marks

(19 marks)

A
  1. HYV crops ( high yielding varieties)(1), eg. Rockefeller Rice(1). Have higher nitrogen absorbing potential(1).
  2. Better irrigation systems(1) increasing agricultural production as crops can be cultivated in dry season(1).
  3. Chemical fertilisers (1) boost plant growth(1).
  4. Herbicides and pesticides(1) protect plants(1) from pests.
  5. Mechanization of farming(1) means more work can be done quickly(1), boosting yields.
  6. Due to land reform programmes(1), farmers are self employed, pay less rent and make profit for capital investment. (1)
  7. Improvements in rural transport infrastructure (1) allows food to be transported (1) to markets more easily.
  8. GM crops(1), eg. Beta carotene rice(1) has higher levels of Vitamin A(1). Crops more resistant to disease (1)
175
Q

What are the criticisms of the following inventions in The Green Revolution?
1. Pesticides, as well as the use of GM & HYM crops.(2)
2. Monocultures.(1)
3. Mechanization of farming. (2)
4. High Yielding Varieties. (2)
5. Fertilizers. (3)
6. HYV seeds, pesticides and irrigation systems.(2)
7. Increasing use of GM crops (2)
8. GM crops used next to normal plants.(3)
(17 marks)

A
  1. Pesticides and promotion of mono-cultures and HYV reduces biodiversity(1). Cultural upset due to loss of traditional varieties.(1)
  2. Monoculture instead of polycultures of crops gives lower variety of nutrients.(1)
  3. Mechanisation of farming reduces job opportunities in rural areas(1), increasing rates of Urban - rural migration. Pop. pressure in urban areas.(1)
  4. HYV impact carbon cycle(1), increasing greenhouse gas emission. (1)
    5 Eutrophication(1) due to nitrates in fertilizers(1), harm to marine life.(1)
    6 Rising costs(1) of HYV seeds for small farmers in LEDCs, with associated demand(1) of pesticides and irrigation systems.
  5. Fears of ‘super weeds’ (1)that gradually develop resistance(1) against GM crops.
  6. Fear of gene transfer(1) through pollination(1) between strong GM crops and neighboring natural plants, pollutes surrounding argument(1).
176
Q

What happens to the death rate if a pop. size increases the amount of resources ( particularly food) available?(1)

A

It increases

177
Q

Define death control

A

The increase in death rate(1) when overpopulation occurs and carrying capacity is exceeded(1), thus constraining(1)the population.

178
Q

List some constraints on population growth. (6 in total for 6 marks)

A
  1. Poverty.(1)
  2. Famine(1)
  3. Pandemics(1)
  4. War(1)
  5. Natural disasters.(1)
  6. Political instability(1)
179
Q

How does Poverty constrain population growth and give an example of where this is happening. (3)

A

Country can’t afford to improve poor public sanitation, medical infrastructure and low access to doctors(1) increases death rate and means pop. can’t expand (1), e.g in Lesotho with highest death rate in the world of 15 per 1000 people per year.

180
Q

How does famine constrain a population and give an example of where this has occurred. (3)

A

Crops destruction due to natural ( eg. Niger 2005 locust swarms) (1)and anthropogenic factors (soil exhaustion due to over cropping in Punjab, India)(1) leads to starvation increasing death rate. (1)

181
Q

How do Pandemics constrain a population and give examples of where this has occurred (3)

A

More likely to affect the poor, who are undernourished and unable to afford treatment(1), old and young(1). Eg. in Democratic Republic of Congo where DR was so high due to HIV life expectancy decreased by 9%(1)

182
Q

How can War act as a population constraint and give an example of where this has occurred. (2)

A

Occurs due to shortage of resources ( Nazi Germany’s invasions, ‘lebensraum’) (1) - land for Germany’s expanding pop. Wars increase death rate. (1)

183
Q

How do Natural Disasters constrain a population and give an example of where this has occurred.(2)

A

Kill people, eg. Pakistan’s 2010 floods(1) killed 2000(1)

184
Q

How can Political Instability and Corruption constrain a pop. from developing and sustaining itself? (3)

A

Lose out in foreign investment(1). Eg. Chadian government is not using 80% of its revenue from oil to relieve poverty as agreed(1) so TNCs and World Bank (1)didn’t give them funding to refine their own oil(1).

185
Q

What is usually higher in value, primary or manufactured products?(1)

A

Manufactured products.

186
Q

What problems are associated with selling primary products? (2)

A
  • Low (1) and fluctuating(1) prices.
187
Q

What do LICs usually export to LICs?(1)

A

Primary products

188
Q

What do LICs usually import from HICs?(1)

A

Manufactured products.

189
Q

What do HICs usually export to LICs?(1)

A

Manufactured products

190
Q

What do HICs usually import from LICs?(1)

A

Primary products.

191
Q

How are LICs disadvantaged by only relying on one or two primary products for their export trade? Give an example. (2)

A

Cocoa makes up to 80% of Ghana’s export trade(1). If world cocoa prices fall or trade agreements change then all of Ghana’s economy will suffer (1)

192
Q

Define Protectionism(3)

A

Economic policy of restraining trade between countries(1) through methods such as tariffs(1) on imported goods, restrictive quotas(1), and a variety of other government regulations.

193
Q

How do HICs prevent LICs from exporting higher priced economic goods?(3)

A

They employ protectionist policies (1) such as imposing import taxes and tariffs so LICs exported goods are more expensive to the consumer(1). They also subsidize their own businesses so their products are easier to make and more competitive at home and abroad. (1)

194
Q

Define Trade Trap(3)

A

Farmers in LICs have to trade to repay their government’s foreign loans(1). Cannot switch back to subsistence farming(1) as they will be unable to afford fertilizer to make their farms more productive. (1)

195
Q

Define Overpopulation

A

Ecological footprint(1) of a pop. exceeds carrying capacity(1). Characterized by high unemployment(1) and outward migration.(1)

196
Q

Define Underpopulation

A

Country’s population has declined too much to support current economic system. Characterised by high person incomes(1), low unemployment(1) and inward migration.(1)

197
Q

Define Optimum population: (4)

A

An economic concept (1) of a pop. in balance with available resources(1), given current level of technology(1). Example of unstable equilibrium.(1)

198
Q

Why is the concept of Optimum population an unstable equilibrium?(2)

A

As a small decrease in the number of resources or increase in population size (1) can easily disturb the population-resource balance. (1)

199
Q

Define Population Projection(2)

A

Estimates of pop. size or composition in future (`1) based off current data and theories. (1)

200
Q

What different types of population policies are there?(3)

A

Redistribution (internal migration)(1), immigration(1), pro/anti natalist policies.(1)

201
Q

List the pessimistic population theories. (3)

A
  1. Malthusian Law(1)
  2. Ehrlich’s ‘The Population Bomb’ (1)
  3. The Club of Rome’s ‘The Limits to Growth’ (1)
202
Q

List the optimistic population theories. (3)

A
  1. Boserup’s ‘Qays Theory’
  2. Simon’s ‘The Ultimate Resource’
  3. Lomborg’s ‘The Sceptical Environmentalist’
203
Q 
Give the 4 key features of Malthusian Law, including the time of it's conception. 
Time: 1 mark 
1. 2 marks
2. 2 marks
3. 2 marks
4. 4 marks 
5. 1 mark

(12 marks)

A

Time: Late 1700s. (1)
1. Because pop. grows exponentially (1) and resources arithmetically(1) , carrying capacity will be exceeded.
All populations are controlled by: (1)
2. ‘Preventative checks’(1) ( sexual abstinence/ delayed marriage till resources become balanced - but NOT contraception which he didn’t foresee(1))
3 ‘Positive checks’(1), if people don’t do the preventative checks: famine, war, increased DR(1).
4. Crisis point (1) at intersection of lines(1), beyond which positive checks lead to a Malthusian catastrophe(1), the failure of agriculture and a return to sustenance farming (1)
5. Pessimistic theory

204
Q

Draw the general outline(1) of Malthus’s argument re. arithmetic and exponential growth and label correctly. (4)

(5 marks)

A
  1. Correct general outline.
  2. Exponential growth of pop.
  3. Arithmetic growth of resources.
  4. Crisis point at intersection.
  5. Above crisis point is Malthusian Catastrophe.
205
Q

How valid is Malthus’s theory? What are its 3 strengths (5 marks) and 5 weaknesses( 6 marks)?
11 marks

A

STRENGTHS

  1. Use of birth control and family planning(1) (similar to ‘preventative checks’(1)) proves the validity of Malthusian law.
  2. Despite the Green Revolution Malthusian Catastrophe is still a possibility unless humans keep developing technologies(1) and circumnavigate the flaws of agricultural intensification ( soil exhaustion etc.) (1)
  3. If theory was irrelevant there would be no ‘Neo-malthusianism’. (1) ( Ehrlich’s Pop. Bomb)

WEAKNESSES
1. Boserup and Green Revolution proved that pop. levels determine agricultural methods, not vice versa as suggested by Malthus (1)
2. Simon’s argument that the world would increase food production if profitable.(1)
3. Malthusian catastrophe hasn’t happened(1): there is still excess food. (1)
4. Didn’t consider the fact greater pop. is a greater workforce. (1)
5. Preventative checks (which never included contraception) are unnecessary due to it’s invention - Malthus did not foresee medical advancements.
(1)

206
Q

When was Ehrlich’s ‘The Population Bomb’ conceived(1) and what are its 5 main features ( 10)?
(11 marks)

A

Time: 1968(1)

  1. Neo-malthusian(1)
  2. Overpopulation will result in war and environmental disasters. (1)
  3. Believed in anti-natalist policies(1), such as cash incentives for men to sterilise themselves after having 2 children(1) ( replacement level(1)).
  4. Believed in a Triage System (1) countries sufficiently limiting their pop. growth continue to receive food aid(1), those who don’t (gave example of India) would not.(1)
  5. Supported government sterilization of Indian men with 3+ children. (1)
  6. Pessimistic theory(1)
207
Q

What are the three weaknesses of Ehrlich’s ‘The Population Bomb’? (7 marks)

A
  1. Marxist criticism that it is distribution of resources rather than overpopulation (enough food in the world today to feed everyone). (1)
  2. Radical policies ( such as starving a nation for not controlling its pop.) immoral (1)
  3. Incorrect predictions: India’s pop. tripled since 1960s (1), but malnutrition rate has decreased by 50%(1)
208
Q

What are the three main features of the Club of Rome’s ‘Limits to Growth’ argument(5) and when was it conceived(1)?

(6 marks)

A

Conceived: 1972.(1)

  1. ‘Sudden and uncontrollable decline in population’ within ‘100 years’(1) if ‘trends continue in population growth’.
  2. ‘The global population has all that is necessary to create a new form of human society that would last for generations’ (1) - concerned with sustainability. (1)
  3. Calculated with a formula on a computer. (1)
  4. Pessimistic theory (1)
209
Q

What are the 3 strengths (3 marks) and 2 weaknesses(2 marks) of the Club of Rome’s ‘Limit to Growth’ argument?
(5 marks)

A

STRENGTHS.

  1. Not entirely pessimistic, time to improve (within 100 years). (1)
  2. When reviewed in 2008 and 2014 data matched the simulated prediction made in ‘Limits to Growth’. (1)
  3. Constructed from multiple perspectives instead of a single person, global view. (1)

WEAKNESSES

  1. Fail to consider that some resources they deemed necessary may not be consumed as much in the future(1).
  2. Technology/ green revolution argument (1)
210
Q

When was Boserup’s ‘Qays Theory’ conceived of(1) and what are its 3 key features? (5 marks)

(6 marks)

A

Date: 1965(1)

  1. Believed ‘Necessity is the mother of invention’(1) and that humans are a ‘smart race’. (1)
  2. Qays theory posits that population change drives the potency of agricultural intensification(1) so that in moments of pop. pressure production of resources will increase and sustain the pop. (1)
  3. Optimistic theory (1)
211
Q

Draw a graph outlining Boserup’s ideas on the growth of populations and resources and label correctly. ( 3 marks)

A
  1. (1) for correct general outline.
  2. (1) Exponential population line labelled.
  3. (1) Resources line correctly labeled.
212
Q

What are the 2 strengths (2 marks) and 2 weaknesses (2 marks) of Boserup’s Qays Theory?

(4 marks)

A

STRENGTHS
1. Proved by the ‘Green Revolution’.
2. Currently there is excess food to meet global demand, hunger due to poor distribution.
WEAKNESSES
1. Doesn’t consider impact of migration, trade or conquest. (1)
2. Fails to consider the ethical implications of agricultural invention (cloning, cruel GM of animals)(1)

213
Q

When was Simon’s ‘Ultimate Resource’ developed (1 mark) and what are its 3 (7 marks) main features?

(8 marks)

A

Date: 1981 (1)

  1. Optimistic(1)
  2. As resources are depleted, their price will rise(1) and so it will be worthwhile investing money in developing technology(1) that will:
    a) Produce more of this resource. (1)
    b) Produce alternatives. (1)
    c) Re-organise society so we’re no longer dependent on it. (1)
  3. Supply of natural resources essentially infinite. (1)
214
Q

When was Lomborg’s ‘The Skeptical Environmentalist’ conceived of and what are its 3 main features ( 4 marks)?

A

Date: 2002

  1. Challenges environmental concerns. (1)
    a) Overpopulation, pandemics, pollution are the result of economic and social development.(1)
  2. They are area specific and not global concerns. (1)
  3. Pop growth will stabilize when whole world is economically developed. (1)
215
Q

Define Zero Population Growth(3 marks)

A

Number of people in pop. neither increases or declines(1), equal birth and death rates(1), fertility at replacement level.(1)

216
Q

What do pessimists believe is the future of expansive population growth? (1)

A

That a Malthusian Catastrophe will occur at a global scale.

217
Q

How could a HIC society exceed their country’s carrying capacity even at zero population growth?(3)

A
  1. By demanding and consuming resources in an unsustainable way (1)This can lead to overpopulation(!). Not number of people but people’s greed that is the problem. (1)
218
Q

Anti-Natalist Policy Case Study: China
Introduction.
1. The type of country was previously but is now. (1)
2. What is China’s population and where does this rank in the world? (2)
3. How will China’s economy compare to other nations in the coming years? (1)

(4 marks)

A
  1. Was an LIC but now an MIC and NIC. (1)
  2. Largest pop.(1) in the world of 1.3 billion. (1)
  3. Soon to have the world’s largest economy. (1)
219
Q

Anti-Natalist Policy Case Study: China
What three factors made China’s population too big?
(6 marks)

A
  1. Chinese Communist Party(1) in 1950(1) encouraged high BR to support peasant economy and army(1).
  2. Zedong(1) ‘ Of all things in the world, people are the most precious’(1)
  3. Banned contraceptives (1)
220
Q

Anti-Natalist Policy Case Study: China
What were the problems resulting from Zedong’s and the Chinese Communist Party’s decision to increase BR? ( 2 points, 2 marks)

A
  1. Pop explosion of 200 million(1) in decade of 1964-1974(1).
  2. Pressure on resources led to 1960s famine that killed 30 million(1).
221
Q

Anti-Natalist Policy Case Study: China
When was the Late, Long and Few policy introduced(1), what were its initiatives (1) and how successful was it? (1) ( One strength (1), one weakness (1)

(4 marks)

A
  1. 1970(1)
  2. Later first born, longer gaps between children, fewer children overall. (1)
  3. TFR dropped almost by 3. (1)
  4. Despite this pop. projected to reach 2 billion, which would bring mass famine (1)
222
Q

Anti-Natalist Policy Case Study: China

When was the 1 child policy introduced and what were some of its policies?

A
  1. 1979
  2. Couples with 1 child given:
    a) Free healthcare and education for their child.
    b) Better housing.
    c) Longer maternity leave.
  3. Minority ethnics were excluded.
  4. In some rural communities, where parents highly desire male heirs, allowed parents a second child if the first was female.
223
Q

Anti-Natalist Policy Case Study: China

How is the one child policy enforced? (7 points, 8 marks)

A
  1. Stopping benefits if the policy is infringed. (1)
  2. People only allowed to marry from later age(1) ( 22 men, 20 women)(1)
  3. Free contraception and family planning.(1)
  4. ‘The granny-police’ spy on couples in area.(1)
  5. Late abortions for second pregnancy.(1)
  6. Free sterilisation after first child. (1)
  7. Cash fines/ penalties in urban areas, removal of livestock in rural.(1)
224
Q 
Anti-Natalist Policy Case Study: China
What were the positive impacts of China's 1 Child Policy on its people? 
Especially on: 
1. TFR
2. Total number of births. 
3. Women
4. Support ratio
5. Urbanization and economic growth. 
(9 marks)
A
  1. Total Fertility rate dropped by 1 child by 2009 (1)
  2. Prevented 400 million births (1)
  3. Increased opportunities for women - families with only one daughter invest all their resources into them instead of son(1)
  4. A demographic dividend(1), working age pop. increase by 30% between 1995 and 2020(1).
  5. Decreasing pop. growth rate means less land is used for the pop’s food(1). Agricultural spaces become urbanised,(1) creating more jobs in more economically profitable tertiary sector(1). Economic growth rate of 9% annually(1)
225
Q 
Anti-Natalist Policy Case Study: China
What were the negative impacts of China's 1 child policy? 
1. On Rural areas(1)
2. On Urban areas(1)
3. On the gender ratio(2)
4. On Women(1)
5. On children(1)
6. On human rights(1), give an example (1)
7. Internationally. (1)
(9 marks)
A
  1. Unpopular in rural areas where children provided second pair of hands, economic asset.(1)
  2. Rural - Urban migration pressurizes cities, increasing demand for housing, healthcare etc.(1)
  3. Infanticide of baby girls through abortion(1), boys preferred culturally. Ratio of 100 girls to 110 boys in 1990. (1)
  4. High number of girls at orphanages
  5. Isolated children, don’t learn to share. ‘Little emperors’ - spoilt, obese children. (1)
  6. Reports of forced abortions and sterilization, threat to human right of reproduction(1). Abortions as far as 8.5 months along pregnancy in Guangdong with saline solution(1).
  7. ‘Birth tourism’, where mothers have second child in another country (eg. USA, Hong Kong).(1)
226
Q

Anti-Natalist Policy Case Study: China
What are the future negative impacts of China’s 1 child policy?
1. On the future workforce(1)
2. On the boys when they grow(2)
3. On female status(2)
4. On the number of elderly dependents(2)

(7 marks)

A
  1. ‘Little emperors’ will grow to be less effective workforce. (1)
    2 ‘Spare branch’(1) problem of 30 million more young men than women in China due to preference for sons. Unable to find wives, isolation. (1)
  2. Higher number of single men could increase prostitution industry(1), decreasing women’s social status. (1)
  3. ‘4-2-1 problem’(1): Single child will have to support 2 parents and 4 grandparents, high old dependency ratio, almost twice as high as that currently in the west(1).
227
Q

Anti-Natalist Policy Case Study: China

Why (1) and how has the policy been updated recently(2 points, 3 marks)

A

WHY
1. TFR 1.8 below replacement level(1)
HOW
1. Easier for those in rural areas to have children.(1)
2. Parents who are single children allowed two babies(1) ( most of under 35 range are single children, so this is effectively everyone). (1)

228
Q

Pro-Natalist Policy Case Study: France

When (1) and why did France create the ‘Code de la famille’ ( 4 points, 6 marks)

A

WHEN
1. 1939
WHY
1. 21% of pop. over 60, higher old dependency ratio.(1)
2. TFR fallen to 1.7 by 1990s, below replacement level.(1)
3. Smaller workforce can’t provide enough funds for elderly care.(1)( French pay 12.9 billion to pay for social security and health care of old.)(1)
4. 81% of French Women today employed(1), less time for children, mean age at first birth is 28.(1)

229
Q

Pro-Natalist Policy Case Study: France

What policies were introduced with the ‘Code de la famille’? (6 points, 7 marks)

A
  1. Code de la famille gave 20-40 weeks paid maternity leave. (1)
  2. Women with more children receive more rewards, up to €1000 with 3 children. (1)
  3. ‘Family card’ reduces train costs (1) for families with 3+ children, free entrance to public facilities for extracurricular activities. (1)
  4. 100% mortgage and preferential treatment in allocation of 3 bedroom council flats. (1)
  5. Retirement age will increase to 62 by 2018 to increase support ratio.(1)
  6. Child-oriented development policies, e.g provision of day nurseries, construction of recreation grounds. (1).
230
Q

Pro-Natalist Policy Cast Study: France
What are the positives of France’s pro-natalist policy, ‘Code de la famille?’
1. On the TFR(1)
2. The policy’s flexibility(1), give example(1)
3.On poor families. (1)
4. On women (1)
5. On 1 parent families (1)

(6 marks)

A
  1. TFR of 2 today, compared to 1.7 in 1990s. (1)
  2. Policy can be modified (1), eg. original policy banning contraceptives repealed in 1967 to stop spread of STDs. (1)
  3. Subsidies are income based, child care costs nothing for the poor, up to €500 for well off. (1)
  4. Government encourages women to work alongside raising children, feminist policy(1).
  5. Strong support to 1 parent families.(1)
231
Q

Pro-Natalist Policy Cast Study: France

What are the negatives of Frane’s pro-natalist policy, ‘Code de la famille?’ (3 points, 6 marks)

A
  1. U.N estimates France’s pop. will be 69 million by 2030(1), still 6 million below target of 75 million by 2030.(1)
  2. Once ‘baby boom’ generation grows, population will age. Associated problems with ageing populations. (1)
  3. Increasing pop. arguably due to immigration than pro-natalist policies. (Fertility rate for foreign women 1.5 higher than nationals(1)). However, they only represent 7% of the overall population, only increasing the TFR from 1.8 to 1.9(1). This suggests the pro-natalist policies are having a far greater impact. (1)

Human Geography AS (3 decks)

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