Population Flashcards
Dependency ratio formula
(Population 0-19) + (population over 60)
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Population 20-59
Juvenility index
Population 0-19
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Population 20&Over
Old-age index
Population 60 and over
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Population 20-59
Briefly describe the trend of world population change over the last 200 years.
Since 1800 increased by 6-fold.
1.1 billion to 6.1 billion
Will this trend continue to 2050?
Yes - 9 billion by 2050
How do countries collect data about their populations?
In the form of a census
List three types of information typically collected
Employment characteristics, ethnicity and educational attainment
What are the potential problems of census data collection?
Infringement of privacy
Some forms aren’t returned
Political conditions of certain countries make it difficult to complete
How to governments make use of the resulting population data?
To provide a basis for the allocation of resources to services
Measure population change and who’s in what area
Gives a snapshot of diversity
How might businesses and other forms of commerce make use of the resulting population data?
Enables targeted marketing (e.g. Putting more prepared foods in areas where there are a greater number of single adults)
Insurance industry can assess risk more easily
Define birth rate
Measures an areas fertility.
Number of live births per 1,000 people in one year
Define death rate
Number of deaths per 1,000 people in one year
How to BR and DR combine to determine natural pop. change?
If birth rate exceeds the death rate, population will increase. And vice versa!
What is the net migration rate?
The difference between the numbers of in-migrants and out-migrants
Define fertility rate?
Number of live births per 1,000 women aged 15-49 in 1 year.
What fertility rate is required to maintain a steady population growth?
- 1
2. 12
Define infant mortality rate
Number of deaths of children under age of 1 per 1,000 live births per year.
Define life expectancy
The length of time someone is expected to live for.
Define population density
The number of people who live in an area.
Divide the total population by total area of the region.
Example of countries with high birth rate
Mali and Yemen
Example of counties with low birth rate
Bulgaria and U.K.
Why might countries with high death rates or high infant mortality rates also have high birth rates?
A study of sub-Saharan Africa concluded women must have, on average, 8/9 children to be 95% certain of a surviving adult son.
How might local tradition affect fertility?
In many parts of the world, tradition demands high rate of rep production. Intense cultural expectations may override the wishes of a women.
Does adherence to religious doctrine act to increase of decrease fertility? Why?
Increase fertility. Islam and Roman Catholic Church oppose artificial birth control.
However, example such as Italy have shown this isn’t always adhered to.
What impact does education have on fertility?
Education comes with knowledge of birth control and more opportunities in employment. Therefore increased female literacy will control birth rate and youth pregnancies.
Economic factors are important in determining fertility. How does this contrast between less and more developed countries?
Less developed: children are an economic asset. More producers than consumers.
More developed: the other way around. Education is expensive the longer you stay in it. In Eastern Europe slow birth rate because of economic uncertainty.
Name a developing country which used political influence to decrease the rate of population growth
China - one child policy
Characteristics of fertility in a less developed area
Fastest rates of population growth
Fertility rates low only locally, for instance where literacy rates are high
Characteristics of fertility in a more developed area
Fertility rates generally low
Govt. intervenes to increase its countries low fertility rate
Three examples of countries which have a fertility rate below the rate needed to maintain a steady population
Turkey
Iran
Tunisia
Countries with high death rates
Zambia
Liberia
Sierra Leone
Zimbabwe
Why does infant mortality vary between countries?
Depends on level of medical infrastructure
A lack of prenatal and postnatal care, shortage of trained professionals, poor facilities and access lead to high infant mortality rate
Why might rural areas of a less developed country have higher mortality rates than urban areas?
Poor access to sanitation and clean water
Lack of accessibility to health services
Governments know urban areas are more populated so they focus on that area
Are people more willing to control fertility or mortality?
Mortality
Due to medical advances?
Contrasting population characteristics of different urban areas
Which 3 areas?
Byker, Jesmond, Longhorsley
What area of city is Byker?
Inner city suburb
What area of the city is Jesmond?
Suburb
What area of the city is longhorsley?
Rural village
Byker
Kind of housing?
Ownership?
Employment?
Services?
High-density terraces housing: 8% home ownership
5% non-white High proportion 30-60 year olds Av. Income = £310 a week 30% full time employment 9.97% part time
Services:
high level of social services (high levels of abuse)
High proportion of free school meals
Extensive CCTV, street warden scheme
Jesmond
Kind of housing?
Ownership?
Employment?
Services?
Large houses, flats and businesses
•evidence of studentification and gentrification
Lowest pop. Of white British
20-24 year olds high
£520 inckme
2.4% unemployment (relatively low)
Longhorsley
Kind of housing?
Ownership?
Employment?
Services?
35% home ownership
Counter-urbanisation
99.6% British
Economically active families, lots of retired
Average income 650£/week
High car ownership
1.46 unemployment
Services:
1 small village shop - elderly pop.
No police staking - low crime
3 gold courses - lots of retirees
Impacts of population change in rural settlements
Rural pop. decline
Declining services:
•post offices, banks, GPS, shops, transport
•fewer people therefore not enough people to make viable
Social impacts:
•change of structure = ageing pop
Impacts of population change in rural settlements
Rural pop. Increase (counter-urbanisation in rural settlements which have good access to cities)
Positive impacts
Increase in children = fuller or newer school
Increase in profitability of shops and pubs
Improvement in utilities
- gas mains
- internet provision
Increase in value of property
Impacts of population change in rural settlements
Rural pop. Increase (counter-urbanisation in rural settlements which have good access to cities)
Negative impacts
Loss of traditional rural character of villages
Increase pop= congestion and noise
Commuters - small daytime population
Increase house prices therefore original population can’t afford new house prices
Tension between new commuter pop. And inhabitants
Dormitory effect - lifeless, dull during day
