POPULATION Flashcards
1
Q
How to work out doubling time
A
70/annual percentage change in population
2
Q
Dependency ratio
A
% of pop who are dependants/ % of pop who are independents X 100
3
Q
Replacement Level
A
Number of children needed to replace the population - generally 2.1
4
Q
DTM - MALTHUS
A
1798 - essay stating his beliefs about parts of the world being over-populated and unable to feed their people properly
5
Q
DTM - THOMSON
A
1929 outlined the DTM and said that population, development and food supply were all linked
He said the fewer the population the more economic development there is and creates 4 stages before the 5th stage was recently added
6
Q
5 reasons the DTM is not valid
A
- Taken from N America and Europe and there is no proof it works for the rest of the world
- Not all diseases are linked with food supply - HIV doesn’t increase BR despite increasing DR
- Food supply is not linked with economic development, industrialisation is, which leads to food supply - Brazil
- Differences within countries and cities - 14 year difference in LE in Sheffield
- It doesn’t take into account political intervention
7
Q
Describe Stage 1
A
Expansive Concave sides H BR H DR Short LE Rapid fall in each upward age ground due to high DR Rainforest tribe/ The Gambia
8
Q
Describe Stage 2
A
Expansive Straight sides H BR Falling DR Slightly longer LE Rapid natural increase Uganda
9
Q
Describe Stage 3
A
Stationary Convex sides Declining BR L DR Long LE Increasing proportion of over 65s India
10
Q
Describe Stage 4/5
A
Constructive Convex sides L BR L DR Longer LE High dependency ratio UK/Italy
11
Q
Population of Uganda
A
33.4
12
Q
How much of Uganda population is rural
A
87% - evenly spread
13
Q
Population density of Uganda
A
Half of the UK
14
Q
Uganda- growing fast?
A
2nd fastest in the world, 3.65% a year- firmly stage 2
15
Q
Uganda- farmers %
A
82% work in agriculture
16
Q
GDP of Uganda
A
$1300
17
Q
Why is the GDP so low in Uganda
A
Primary products like tea and coffee- worth less as they are not combined with other products and are sold all over the world forcing prices down and are not fixed
18
Q
Is education free in Uganda?
A
Primary education is free in Uganda but with very few secondary schools and the £20 a term for parents who might earn just £200 a year is too much to send all their kids to secondary school
19
Q
How many UNI’s are there in Uganda and how many students get to go to UNI
A
4/16 UNI’s are government funded
1 in 30000 students can go to university
20
Q
What is the fertility rate in Uganda and how many girls further their education beyond 13?
A
17% of girls due to cultural ideas
This leads to a 6.7 fertility rate
21
Q
What years did the G8 cancel Uganda debts
A
2000, 2005 - majority of debts cancelled
22
Q
Since the debt cancellation in Uganda spending of healthcare has increased by what?
A
70% - no more fees for basic healthcare
23
Q
Since the debt cancellation in Uganda spending on education has increased by what?
A
40% - 5 million more at school
24
Q
Since the debt cancellation in Uganda what % of children were in primary education in 2000 to 2009?
A
62% in 2000
93% in 2009
25
Since the debt cancellation in Uganda how many more have access to clean drinking water?
2.2 million --> more girls have time to concentrate on their education
26
UK population and its density
Over 60 million
| 243 per square Km - 15th in the worlds top 100 most populous countries
27
Changing fertility rates in the UK
1965-2.4
now-1.7
First dropped below 2.1 in the 70's due to women empowerment
28
Stat to show women empowerment in the UK
More women now go to UNI than men
29
Median age of UK
2010- 40.5 one of the highest in the world
30
Lots more pensioners in UK?
2.8 million more since the mid 60s
Over 16% now
Over 25% in 2040
31
Structure of economy in UK
- agriculture
- sectors?
1.2% work in agriculture
Knowledge economy - best universities in the world
75% service sector
32
UK GDP
$35200-stage 4
33
Economic impacts of and Ageing population- UK
More pensions to pay and less people to pay for them
Less money for economic growth
Strain on healthcare
Expensive diseases like cancer
34
stat to show the strain on healthcare in the UK due to the oldies
UK average of 8 nights, 13 nights for average person 75+
35
stat to show dependency ratio changes in UK
When pensions were first introduced, there were 22 people working for every retired person, in 2024 there will be less than 3
36
Social impacts of ageing population in the UK
Stretched healthcare
4-2-1
Drop in BR due to a lack of money to pay for children
People are forced to retire later
Housing problems- catering to elderly needs like bungalows
Poverty in the elderly
37
Political impacts of ageing population in the UK
Governments can't please everybody, either they will have to raise tax or spend less money on pensions and raise the retirement age
38
3 benefits of ageing population in the UK
1. Economically over 50s buy 80% of top range cars and cruises - over the last 2 decades over 50s consumption of products has risen 3 times more across Europe than the rest of the population
2. Free childcare
3. Part time and charity work
39
How did migration in the UK change at the beginning of the millennia
Until 2000 more people left the UK than joined
| In 2004 the EU enlarged with 10 more countries who can move here
40
How does immigration benefit the UK
In 2008 70% of migrants were 18-35 - dependency ratio
60% less likely to receive benefits and tax credits
58% less likely to live in social housing
'cost less, contribute more'
Polish shops
41
Problems with UK immigration
€3Bn sent back to Poland from abroad in 2006
Political conflict
Less jobs for British people
42
When and what is the china one child policy
1979 -longer maternity leave, better housing, free education – more than one leads to massive fines, being fired and a bad reputation amongst communities
43
Why was the population of china becoming an issue
Due to the baby boom which followed the 59-61 famine which killed 35 million
44
Population and distribution of china
1.3Bn people - 20% of earth
| 160 cities with more than a million
45
How has the one child policy changed the size of Chinas population
400 million births prevented
1970 - 5.7 FR
2010 - 1.5 FR
46
Exceptions of the one child policy
Lived in rural areas and your first child was a girl or disabled
47
Median age in china
35.2
48
When will Chinas pensioners over take the UK
By 2050 25% of the population will be over 65
49
How has LE changed in China
50 in 1965 to 70 now
50
Retirement in China
2010- 20% of Chinas workers were over 50 and traditionally the Chinese retire as young as 51- a lot of retired Chinese people to support
51
Social impacts of the ageing population in china
Stretched healthcare and education
4-2-1
Drop in BR due to less money to afford kids
People are forced to retire later
52
What caused the gender imbalance in china
More beneficial for Chinese parents to have a boy because he will look after them when they are old leading to illegal abortions and abandonment
53
What is the gender imbalance in china
117:100
54
Single Chinese men?
2020-35 million men of a marriage age with no one to marry leading to prostitution and migration - bare branches
55
Describe the economy in china
Worst fastest growing
Overtook Japan in 2010 as 2nd biggest
Will over take US in 2035 but this depends on population problems
56
What is the Malthusian view
reduction in population is good – less pressure on resources
57
What is the Boserupian view
reduction in population leads to economic slowdown
58
Problem with labour in china
10% economic growth with just 2.7% urbanisation means cities are growing quicker than they can get people to build them
59
Describe the lack of investment in education in china
2% of over 25s are uni educated compared to 25% in more HICs
| Spend 3 times less of GDP on education than the UK
60
Economic problems with an ageing population in china
Labour for economic growth
Lack of education investment
Little emperors
Dependency ratio
61
Australia size, population and its density
6th largest country in world
| 21.5 million- around a third of UK making its population density one of the lowest in the world
62
GDP Australia
Nearly $39000
63
What is unusual about Australia population growth
1.3% population growth which is 4.6 times faster than the UK despite being in the same stage of development
Doubling time of just 40 years
64
Ageing population in Australia?
Marrying late- 32 for men, 29 for women
| Children later- 84- first child was 27 in 2006 its 30
65
In 2005 how did the government encourage fertility rates in Australia
Paid parental leave and baby grants worth nearly £3000
66
How has migration been promoted in Australia
Before 70's- £10 a family from UK - from 50 to 70 1 million emigrated
67
Argument against increasing population in Australia
Fragile environments
Water supply - snow mountain scheme supply water for 60%of food and wine production from dams made in the 50s
Declining soil quality -salinity and erosion
68
5 ways east London a rich prosperous place
1. Canary wharf- average wage of over £100,000
2. Westfield shopping centre- largest in Europe - 8000 jobs
3. Olympic park
4. International rail station
5. £16Bn to be spent to link the area with Heathrow
69
5 Problems with canning town
1. Expensive housing
2. Low incomes- £10000
3. Poor health- 20.7%
4. Low education achievement - 43% of working age adults have no qualifications
5. QOL Queen's mary uni found that 21% are dissatisfied with the area compared with 3% of the UK
70
What is the catch project
Funded by central government since the mid-2000s to create neighbourhoods with improved employment, services and accommodation – Costing £3.7Bn
71
How has the catch project improved canning town - 5 ways
1. 10000 homes replaces tower blocks
2. Skills training
3. Low-cost offices
4. Improved public transport
5. New heath centre library and community centre
72
How has education improved in canning town
1996- 28% of kids received 5 or more GCSE’s above C’s
| 2007 - 56%
73
Explain the negative multiplier
Low income--> low spending in economy -->few business's thrive and high levels of benefits and social housing--> low tax income --> little investment into transport and infrastructure--> unattractive by investors -->low levels of employment --> low income
74
Population of Richmond upon Thames
18000- 91% white compared to 71% of London - one of least diverse boroughs of London
75
Population structure of Richmond upon Thames
Big bulge of 30-44
Fewer 60-84
Large amounts of over 85s
76
Richmond upon Thames- who lives there
Income- £46000
25% postgraduate qualifications
71% in work are managerial or professional
25% of kids attend private secondary schools
77
Explain modern social profiling in Richmond upon Thames
Experian - modern social profiling
New Urban Colonists-26% - young single- spend most money on housing
Cultural Leader -22% - middle aged married and work in law media medicine or banking
Global Connector - 10% middle aged - no children - global occupations like banking
78
Social welfare issues in Richmond upon Thames
8.3% some degree of disability
Detached house 800,000 - 3 times UK average
12% of property is thought of as affordable by the majority of the population
79
What is the problem in Terling?
Services are fighting for survival- doctors is open 5 days a week, pub is closed, prices of milk and grain rose so surrounding farms were sold
80
How much can cottages in terling sell for a why?
£750,000 - 5 minute drive from half an hour trains to London
81
How many commuters from surrounding counties commute to London each day?
650,000
82
Population in Chelmsford and why
1971-58,000
Now- 120,000
- Counter-Urbanisation from London due to cheaper housing and more attractive environment
83
Rural-urban fringe
Transition between rural and urban land uses
84
Local Rural-urban fringe
Urban landscapes like Chelmsford into villages like terling
85
Regional Rural-urban fringe
Major cities like London to less urban areas like Chelmsford
86
Suburbanisation Rural-urban fringe
New housing estates are built around the edges of urban areas
87
Green-belt Rural-urban fringe
Area where little development is allowed to prevent urban sprawl
88
Dormitory Towns Rural-urban fringe
Out side the green belt where commuters live like Chelmsford
89
Rural Landscapes Rural-urban fringe
Where farming still takes place
90
Impacts of Rural-urban fringe on valued landscapes
Villages become more valuable, buildings are listed, planning permission becomes harder
91
Impacts of Rural-urban fringe on simplified landscapes
Land value rises, large agri-businesses take over farms to maximise produce and profit --> less jobs --> habitats are destroyed for further land - hedges
92
Impacts of Rural-urban fringe on disturbed landscapes
Traffic increases, planning permission is easier due to a less attractive environment so housing estates are built
93
Impacts of Rural-urban fringe on neglected landscapes
Less landscape maintenance and derelict properties due to less farming workers to occupy them
94
3 population trend in Cornwall
1. High death rates- lots of people retiring there
2. High inward migration - a lot of families and old people- half of kids in secondary schools weren't born in the county
3. High outward migration by 16-29 year olds de to lack of jobs, uni's and high housing prices - half of all 16-18 years old leave
95
Low income in Cornwall?
Lowest in England and Wales - 25% lower than average
96
3 reasons for economic deprivation in Cornwall
1. Remoteness
2. Decline in traditional jobs
3. Tourism
97
How is Cornwall remote
No motorways
slow trains- 4 hours to London fastest train
One expensive airport
98
decline in traditional jobs in Cornwall?
Dominated by primary jobs until 80s
- Farming- prices- supermarkets
- Fishing- overfishing
- Mining- collapse in tin prices
- Quarrying- technology
99
How is tourism in Cornwall linked with economic deprivation
```
4 million tourists a year
25% of Cornwall directly employers
Seasonal and part time
Dependant on weather
Only a third of money stays in Cornwall
```
100
Problem with social housing in Cornwall?
Only 12% compared to 23% national due to right to buy scheme in the 80s and 90s-causing a lack of affordable housing
101
Problem with tourism and housing in Cornwall?
In coastal communities many homes are 2nd homes or let out seasonally this means the local business suffer
102
4 services and welfare problems in cornwall
1. 72% of rural settlements don’t have a shop
2. 39% of households are more than 2Km away from an ATM
3. Only 14% of rural settlements have a doctor surgery
4. 29% of all rural settlements have no bus service
