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Geography AS > POPULATION > Flashcards

POPULATION Flashcards

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1
Q

How to work out doubling time

A

70/annual percentage change in population

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2
Q

Dependency ratio

A

% of pop who are dependants/ % of pop who are independents X 100

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3
Q

Replacement Level

A

Number of children needed to replace the population - generally 2.1

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4
Q

DTM - MALTHUS

A

1798 - essay stating his beliefs about parts of the world being over-populated and unable to feed their people properly

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5
Q

DTM - THOMSON

A

1929 outlined the DTM and said that population, development and food supply were all linked
He said the fewer the population the more economic development there is and creates 4 stages before the 5th stage was recently added

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6
Q

5 reasons the DTM is not valid

A
  1. Taken from N America and Europe and there is no proof it works for the rest of the world
  2. Not all diseases are linked with food supply - HIV doesn’t increase BR despite increasing DR
  3. Food supply is not linked with economic development, industrialisation is, which leads to food supply - Brazil
  4. Differences within countries and cities - 14 year difference in LE in Sheffield
  5. It doesn’t take into account political intervention
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7
Q

Describe Stage 1

A 
Expansive
Concave sides
H BR
H DR
Short LE
Rapid fall in each upward age ground due to high DR
Rainforest tribe/ The Gambia
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8
Q

Describe Stage 2

A 
Expansive
Straight sides
H BR
Falling DR
Slightly longer LE
Rapid natural increase
Uganda
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9
Q

Describe Stage 3

A 
Stationary
Convex sides
Declining BR
L DR
Long LE
Increasing proportion of over 65s
India
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10
Q

Describe Stage 4/5

A 
Constructive
Convex sides
L BR
L DR
Longer LE
High dependency ratio
UK/Italy
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11
Q

Population of Uganda

A

33.4

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12
Q

How much of Uganda population is rural

A

87% - evenly spread

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13
Q

Population density of Uganda

A

Half of the UK

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14
Q

Uganda- growing fast?

A

2nd fastest in the world, 3.65% a year- firmly stage 2

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15
Q

Uganda- farmers %

A

82% work in agriculture

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16
Q

GDP of Uganda

A

$1300

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17
Q

Why is the GDP so low in Uganda

A

Primary products like tea and coffee- worth less as they are not combined with other products and are sold all over the world forcing prices down and are not fixed

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18
Q

Is education free in Uganda?

A

Primary education is free in Uganda but with very few secondary schools and the £20 a term for parents who might earn just £200 a year is too much to send all their kids to secondary school

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19
Q

How many UNI’s are there in Uganda and how many students get to go to UNI

A

4/16 UNI’s are government funded

1 in 30000 students can go to university

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20
Q

What is the fertility rate in Uganda and how many girls further their education beyond 13?

A

17% of girls due to cultural ideas

This leads to a 6.7 fertility rate

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21
Q

What years did the G8 cancel Uganda debts

A

2000, 2005 - majority of debts cancelled

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22
Q

Since the debt cancellation in Uganda spending of healthcare has increased by what?

A

70% - no more fees for basic healthcare

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23
Q

Since the debt cancellation in Uganda spending on education has increased by what?

A

40% - 5 million more at school

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24
Q

Since the debt cancellation in Uganda what % of children were in primary education in 2000 to 2009?

A

62% in 2000

93% in 2009

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25
Q

Since the debt cancellation in Uganda how many more have access to clean drinking water?

A

2.2 million –> more girls have time to concentrate on their education

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26
Q

UK population and its density

A

Over 60 million

243 per square Km - 15th in the worlds top 100 most populous countries

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27
Q

Changing fertility rates in the UK

A

1965-2.4
now-1.7
First dropped below 2.1 in the 70’s due to women empowerment

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28
Q

Stat to show women empowerment in the UK

A

More women now go to UNI than men

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29
Q

Median age of UK

A

2010- 40.5 one of the highest in the world

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30
Q

Lots more pensioners in UK?

A

2.8 million more since the mid 60s
Over 16% now
Over 25% in 2040

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31
Q

Structure of economy in UK

  • agriculture
  • sectors?
A

1.2% work in agriculture
Knowledge economy - best universities in the world
75% service sector

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32
Q

UK GDP

A

$35200-stage 4

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33
Q

Economic impacts of and Ageing population- UK

A

More pensions to pay and less people to pay for them
Less money for economic growth
Strain on healthcare
Expensive diseases like cancer

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34
Q

stat to show the strain on healthcare in the UK due to the oldies

A

UK average of 8 nights, 13 nights for average person 75+

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35
Q

stat to show dependency ratio changes in UK

A

When pensions were first introduced, there were 22 people working for every retired person, in 2024 there will be less than 3

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36
Q

Social impacts of ageing population in the UK

A

Stretched healthcare
4-2-1
Drop in BR due to a lack of money to pay for children
People are forced to retire later
Housing problems- catering to elderly needs like bungalows
Poverty in the elderly

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37
Q

Political impacts of ageing population in the UK

A

Governments can’t please everybody, either they will have to raise tax or spend less money on pensions and raise the retirement age

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38
Q

3 benefits of ageing population in the UK

A
  1. Economically over 50s buy 80% of top range cars and cruises - over the last 2 decades over 50s consumption of products has risen 3 times more across Europe than the rest of the population
  2. Free childcare
  3. Part time and charity work
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39
Q

How did migration in the UK change at the beginning of the millennia

A

Until 2000 more people left the UK than joined

In 2004 the EU enlarged with 10 more countries who can move here

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40
Q

How does immigration benefit the UK

A

In 2008 70% of migrants were 18-35 - dependency ratio
60% less likely to receive benefits and tax credits
58% less likely to live in social housing
‘cost less, contribute more’
Polish shops

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41
Q

Problems with UK immigration

A

€3Bn sent back to Poland from abroad in 2006
Political conflict
Less jobs for British people

42
Q

When and what is the china one child policy

A

1979 -longer maternity leave, better housing, free education – more than one leads to massive fines, being fired and a bad reputation amongst communities

43
Q

Why was the population of china becoming an issue

A

Due to the baby boom which followed the 59-61 famine which killed 35 million

44
Q

Population and distribution of china

A

1.3Bn people - 20% of earth

160 cities with more than a million

45
Q

How has the one child policy changed the size of Chinas population

A

400 million births prevented
1970 - 5.7 FR
2010 - 1.5 FR

46
Q

Exceptions of the one child policy

A

Lived in rural areas and your first child was a girl or disabled

47
Q

Median age in china

A

35.2

48
Q

When will Chinas pensioners over take the UK

A

By 2050 25% of the population will be over 65

49
Q

How has LE changed in China

A

50 in 1965 to 70 now

50
Q

Retirement in China

A

2010- 20% of Chinas workers were over 50 and traditionally the Chinese retire as young as 51- a lot of retired Chinese people to support

51
Q

Social impacts of the ageing population in china

A

Stretched healthcare and education
4-2-1
Drop in BR due to less money to afford kids
People are forced to retire later

52
Q

What caused the gender imbalance in china

A

More beneficial for Chinese parents to have a boy because he will look after them when they are old leading to illegal abortions and abandonment

53
Q

What is the gender imbalance in china

A

117:100

54
Q

Single Chinese men?

A

2020-35 million men of a marriage age with no one to marry leading to prostitution and migration - bare branches

55
Q

Describe the economy in china

A

Worst fastest growing
Overtook Japan in 2010 as 2nd biggest
Will over take US in 2035 but this depends on population problems

56
Q

What is the Malthusian view

A

reduction in population is good – less pressure on resources

57
Q

What is the Boserupian view

A

reduction in population leads to economic slowdown

58
Q

Problem with labour in china

A

10% economic growth with just 2.7% urbanisation means cities are growing quicker than they can get people to build them

59
Q

Describe the lack of investment in education in china

A

2% of over 25s are uni educated compared to 25% in more HICs

Spend 3 times less of GDP on education than the UK

60
Q

Economic problems with an ageing population in china

A

Labour for economic growth
Lack of education investment
Little emperors
Dependency ratio

61
Q

Australia size, population and its density

A

6th largest country in world

21.5 million- around a third of UK making its population density one of the lowest in the world

62
Q

GDP Australia

A

Nearly $39000

63
Q

What is unusual about Australia population growth

A

1.3% population growth which is 4.6 times faster than the UK despite being in the same stage of development
Doubling time of just 40 years

64
Q

Ageing population in Australia?

A

Marrying late- 32 for men, 29 for women

Children later- 84- first child was 27 in 2006 its 30

65
Q

In 2005 how did the government encourage fertility rates in Australia

A

Paid parental leave and baby grants worth nearly £3000

66
Q

How has migration been promoted in Australia

A

Before 70’s- £10 a family from UK - from 50 to 70 1 million emigrated

67
Q

Argument against increasing population in Australia

A

Fragile environments
Water supply - snow mountain scheme supply water for 60%of food and wine production from dams made in the 50s
Declining soil quality -salinity and erosion

68
Q

5 ways east London a rich prosperous place

A
  1. Canary wharf- average wage of over £100,000
  2. Westfield shopping centre- largest in Europe - 8000 jobs
  3. Olympic park
  4. International rail station
  5. £16Bn to be spent to link the area with Heathrow
69
Q

5 Problems with canning town

A
  1. Expensive housing
  2. Low incomes- £10000
  3. Poor health- 20.7%
  4. Low education achievement - 43% of working age adults have no qualifications
  5. QOL Queen’s mary uni found that 21% are dissatisfied with the area compared with 3% of the UK
70
Q

What is the catch project

A

Funded by central government since the mid-2000s to create neighbourhoods with improved employment, services and accommodation – Costing £3.7Bn

71
Q

How has the catch project improved canning town - 5 ways

A
  1. 10000 homes replaces tower blocks
  2. Skills training
  3. Low-cost offices
  4. Improved public transport
  5. New heath centre library and community centre
72
Q

How has education improved in canning town

A

1996- 28% of kids received 5 or more GCSE’s above C’s

2007 - 56%

73
Q

Explain the negative multiplier

A

Low income–> low spending in economy –>few business’s thrive and high levels of benefits and social housing–> low tax income –> little investment into transport and infrastructure–> unattractive by investors –>low levels of employment –> low income

74
Q

Population of Richmond upon Thames

A

18000- 91% white compared to 71% of London - one of least diverse boroughs of London

75
Q

Population structure of Richmond upon Thames

A

Big bulge of 30-44
Fewer 60-84
Large amounts of over 85s

76
Q

Richmond upon Thames- who lives there

A

Income- £46000
25% postgraduate qualifications
71% in work are managerial or professional
25% of kids attend private secondary schools

77
Q

Explain modern social profiling in Richmond upon Thames

A

Experian - modern social profiling
New Urban Colonists-26% - young single- spend most money on housing
Cultural Leader -22% - middle aged married and work in law media medicine or banking
Global Connector - 10% middle aged - no children - global occupations like banking

78
Q

Social welfare issues in Richmond upon Thames

A

8.3% some degree of disability
Detached house 800,000 - 3 times UK average
12% of property is thought of as affordable by the majority of the population

79
Q

What is the problem in Terling?

A

Services are fighting for survival- doctors is open 5 days a week, pub is closed, prices of milk and grain rose so surrounding farms were sold

80
Q

How much can cottages in terling sell for a why?

A

£750,000 - 5 minute drive from half an hour trains to London

81
Q

How many commuters from surrounding counties commute to London each day?

A

650,000

82
Q

Population in Chelmsford and why

A

1971-58,000
Now- 120,000
- Counter-Urbanisation from London due to cheaper housing and more attractive environment

83
Q

Rural-urban fringe

A

Transition between rural and urban land uses

84
Q

Local Rural-urban fringe

A

Urban landscapes like Chelmsford into villages like terling

85
Q

Regional Rural-urban fringe

A

Major cities like London to less urban areas like Chelmsford

86
Q

Suburbanisation Rural-urban fringe

A

New housing estates are built around the edges of urban areas

87
Q

Green-belt Rural-urban fringe

A

Area where little development is allowed to prevent urban sprawl

88
Q

Dormitory Towns Rural-urban fringe

A

Out side the green belt where commuters live like Chelmsford

89
Q

Rural Landscapes Rural-urban fringe

A

Where farming still takes place

90
Q

Impacts of Rural-urban fringe on valued landscapes

A

Villages become more valuable, buildings are listed, planning permission becomes harder

91
Q

Impacts of Rural-urban fringe on simplified landscapes

A

Land value rises, large agri-businesses take over farms to maximise produce and profit –> less jobs –> habitats are destroyed for further land - hedges

92
Q

Impacts of Rural-urban fringe on disturbed landscapes

A

Traffic increases, planning permission is easier due to a less attractive environment so housing estates are built

93
Q

Impacts of Rural-urban fringe on neglected landscapes

A

Less landscape maintenance and derelict properties due to less farming workers to occupy them

94
Q

3 population trend in Cornwall

A
  1. High death rates- lots of people retiring there
  2. High inward migration - a lot of families and old people- half of kids in secondary schools weren’t born in the county
  3. High outward migration by 16-29 year olds de to lack of jobs, uni’s and high housing prices - half of all 16-18 years old leave
95
Q

Low income in Cornwall?

A

Lowest in England and Wales - 25% lower than average

96
Q

3 reasons for economic deprivation in Cornwall

A
  1. Remoteness
  2. Decline in traditional jobs
  3. Tourism
97
Q

How is Cornwall remote

A

No motorways
slow trains- 4 hours to London fastest train
One expensive airport

98
Q

decline in traditional jobs in Cornwall?

A

Dominated by primary jobs until 80s

  • Farming- prices- supermarkets
  • Fishing- overfishing
  • Mining- collapse in tin prices
  • Quarrying- technology
99
Q

How is tourism in Cornwall linked with economic deprivation

A 
4 million tourists a year
25% of Cornwall directly employers
Seasonal and part time
Dependant on weather
Only a third of money stays in Cornwall
100
Q

Problem with social housing in Cornwall?

A

Only 12% compared to 23% national due to right to buy scheme in the 80s and 90s-causing a lack of affordable housing

101
Q

Problem with tourism and housing in Cornwall?

A

In coastal communities many homes are 2nd homes or let out seasonally this means the local business suffer

102
Q

4 services and welfare problems in cornwall

A
  1. 72% of rural settlements don’t have a shop
  2. 39% of households are more than 2Km away from an ATM
  3. Only 14% of rural settlements have a doctor surgery
  4. 29% of all rural settlements have no bus service

Geography AS (6 decks)

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