Population Flashcards
What is demography?
The study of human populations, including size, structure, and changes over time.
What is population size?
The total number of people living in a specific area.
What is population composition?
The makeup of a population by age, sex, and other characteristics.
What is population distribution?
How people are spread across a space (e.g., urban vs rural).
What is population change?
Growth or decline in population based on births, deaths, and migration.
What is birth rate?
The number of live births per 1,000 people in a year.
What is death rate?
The number of deaths per 1,000 people in a year.
What is natural increase rate?
Birth rate minus death rate (does not include migration).
What is migration?
The movement of people from one place to another.
What is fertility rate?
The average number of children a woman is expected to have.
What is life expectancy?
The average number of years a person is expected to live.
What is age structure?
How a population is divided among different age groups.
What is sex ratio?
The number of males compared to females in a population.
What is a population pyramid?
A graph that shows the age and sex of a population.
What does a wide base in a population pyramid show?
High birth rate and many young people.
What does a wide top in a population pyramid show?
Aging population and longer life expectancy.
What is an expansive pyramid?
Wide base, narrow top – growing population.
What is a stationary pyramid?
Even shape – stable population.
What is a constrictive pyramid?
Narrow base, wide top – shrinking population.
What is internal migration?
Moving within the same country.
What is international migration?
Moving from one country to another.
What is voluntary migration?
Choosing to move for better opportunities.
What is forced migration?
Being forced to move due to war, disaster, or danger.
What is seasonal migration?
Moving based on seasons, often for work.
What is circular migration?
Temporary, repeated movement for work or other reasons.
What is illegal immigration?
Entering or staying in a country without legal permission.
Why do people immigrate illegally?
To escape poverty or danger, or reunite with family.
What are push factors?
Reasons people leave a place (e.g., war, poverty).
What are pull factors?
Reasons people are drawn to a place (e.g., jobs, safety).
What is the epidemiological transition?
A shift from infectious to chronic diseases as main causes of death.
What are the stages of the epidemiological transition?
Pestilence/Famine, Receding Pandemics, Degenerative Diseases, Delayed Degenerative, Possible Return of Infectious Diseases.
What is Malthusian theory?
Idea that population grows faster than food supply, leading to crisis.
What are positive checks in Malthusian theory?
Famine, disease, war – increase death rate.
What are preventive checks in Malthusian theory?
Actions to reduce birth rate, like delaying marriage.
What is population density?
Number of people per unit of land area.
What is physiological density?
Number of people per unit of farmable land.
What is clustering?
People living close together in certain areas.
What is dispersal?
People spread out evenly across a region.
What is census data?
Official information collected about a population, often every 10 years.
What is census data used for?
Planning for schools, services, political representation, business decisions.
What are challenges with census data?
Undercounting, cost, privacy, data may become outdated.
