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APES > POPULATION > Flashcards

POPULATION Flashcards

1
Q

Population Ecology

A

Studies the dynamic of species populations and how these populations interact with the environment

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2
Q

Demography

A

The study of the vital statistic of a population and how they change over time.

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3
Q

Demography studies

A

Population size, population distribution, Age structure, population growth patterns, population reproductive strategies

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4
Q

What effects population size

A

Birth, Death, immigration, emigration

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5
Q

Count all the individuals

A

Direct count

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6
Q

Individuals are counted within a sample area and extrapolated to a larger area

A

Quadrat method

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7
Q

3 types of population distribution

A

Clumped , uniform, and random

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8
Q

Pros for clumped distribution

A

1 increases protection from predators 2 increases chances of meeting 3 decreases workload per individual

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9
Q

Population density

A

The number of individuals in a population particular area or volume

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10
Q

Density dependent limiting factors

A

Biotic factors like disease

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11
Q

Density independent factors

A

abiotic factors like weather

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12
Q

Age structure

A

A summary of the number of individuals of each age in a population

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13
Q

Populations that are made up of mostly elderly people are expected to…

A

decrease

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14
Q

populations that are made up of mostly young people are expected to…

A

increase

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15
Q

Can a population increase its size indefinitely?

A

no, it will eventually run out of space and or resources (limiting factors)

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16
Q

What variable is the intrinsic rate of increase?

A

r

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17
Q

what is the intrinsic rate of increase?

A

The rate at which a population would grow if it had unlimited resources (maximum growth rate biologically possible)

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18
Q

what variable is carrying capacity?

A

K

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19
Q

what is carrying capacity?

A

The maximum population of a given species that a particular habitat can sustain indefinitely without degrading the habitat

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20
Q

the limiting factors (environmental resistance) that determine K?

A

food availability, space, oxygen content, nutrient availability, soil profile, amount of sunlight

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21
Q

Limiting factors/environmental resistance of density independent?

A

hurricanes, tornadoes, drought, flood, habitat destruction

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22
Q

limiting factors/environmental resistance of density dependent factors?

A

competition for resources, predation, disease, behavior, reproductive capacity

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23
Q

overshoot

A

a temporary exceeding of carrying capacity

24
Q

members of populations which exceed their resources will die unless…

A

they adapt or move to an area with more resources

25
Q

Describe stable population growth curve

A

fluctuating slightly above and below carrying capacity

26
Q

Describe an Irruptive population growth curve

A

population explodes and then crash to a more stable level it can happen repeatedly but not in a regular or predictable cycle

27
Q

Describe an cyclic population growth curve

A

populations fluctuate and regular cyclic are boom and bust cycles

28
Q

Describe an irregular population growth curve

A

erratic changes possibly due to chaos or drastic change due to external influences on the population such as climate change

29
Q

Describe r selected species

A

large number of smaller offspring with little parental care - known as opportunities

30
Q

Describe k selected species

A

Fewer, larger offspring with higher invested parental care-

Known as competitors

31
Q

Visually shows the reproductive strategy of the species

A

Survivorship Curves-

32
Q

Survivorship Curve I

A

Late loss populations – most individuals die at old age

age structure has equal numbers of old and young

33
Q

Survivorship Curve II

A

Constant loss populations – individuals are equally likely to die at any age

34
Q

Survivorship Curve III

A

Early loss populations - most individuals die at a very young age
Age structure is made up almost entirely of young

35
Q

Total fertility rate

A

the average number of children born to a woman during her lifetime

36
Q

Replacement Level Fertility-

A

Average number of children a couple must have to replace themselves

37
Q

Doubling Time-

A

Predicted number of years for a population to double

38
Q

To find the doubling time of a population growing at a constant rate, follow the formula:

A

Doubling time = 70/% growth

39
Q

formula for % growth

A

% growth = (crude birth rate – crude death rate)/10

40
Q

POPULATION AGE STRUCTURE-

A

The number of people in young, middle, and older age categories

41
Q

Prereproductive ages

A

(0-14) – greatest predictor of future population growth

42
Q

Reproductive ages

A

(15-44)

43
Q

Postreproductive ages

A

(45 and older) – fastest growing age group

44
Q

A population that is made up of mostly older people will…

A

decline

45
Q

slow decline is _______ where as rapid decline is ________.

A

manageable, problematic

46
Q

Demographic Transition-

A

As countries become economically developed, their birth and death rates tend to decline

47
Q

Preindustrial stage:

A

little population growth due to high infant mortality and high overall death rates

48
Q

Transitional stage:

A

industrialization begins, death rates drops but birth rates remain high

49
Q

Industrial stage:

A

birth rate drops and approaches death rate

50
Q

Postindustrial stage:

A

birth rates drop to or below death rates and population stabilizes or even shrinks

51
Q

ways to Slow Population Growth-

A
  1. Invest in family planning
    Family planning in less-developed countries is responsible for a 55% drop in TFRs
  2. Reduce poverty – high infant and overall death rates associated with poverty are big predictors of birth rates
  3. Elevate the status of women - Women tend to have fewer children if they are:
    Educated.
    Hold a paying job outside the home.
    Do not have their human rights suppressed
52
Q

Impacts of Human Population Growth-

A

We have used technology to alter much of the rest of nature in ways that threaten the survival of many other species and could reduce the quality of life for our own species.
As the human population grows, so does the global total human ecological footprint
Cultural carrying capacity
Total number of people who could live in reasonable freedom and comfort indefinitely, without decreasing the ability of the earth to sustain future generations

53
Q

1

A

The human population is increasing rapidly and may soon bump up against environmental limits
Increasing use of resources per person expands our ecological footprint and puts a strain on the earth’s resources

54
Q

2

A

We can slow population growth by reducing poverty through economic development, elevating the status of women, and encouraging family planning

55
Q

3

A

When the world’s people are not impoverished, do not have their rights suppressed, and have access to education, population growth slows.

56
Q

4

A

When population growth slows, we can slow down environmental degradation.

When poverty is diminished, many of the world’s people will have the luxury to consider environmental problems

APES (2 decks)

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