Population Flashcards
what are the causes of low death rates (low population growth)?
medical and health care –> longer and healthier lives
better nutrition –> sufficient food and water with high levels of income
better hygiene –> with clean food, water and air, people will be less prone to contracting diseases
what are the causes of low birth rates (low population growth)?
later marriages –> have children later, less years to conceive/choose to pursue their career first
fewer marriages –> fewer births, decrease in number of young people and families
preference for small families –> increased cost of raising a child, difficult to balance family and work
what are the causes of declining death rates (high population growth)?
better medical and health care –> lower IMR, higher life expectancy
better hygiene –> less prone to diseases due to an available supply of clean water and sanitation
what are the causes of high birth rates (high population growth)?
early marriages –> frequent pregnancies, with more years to bear children
preference for sons –> sons carry on the family name, continue working on farms since they dont move away from home after getting married, carry out the funeral rites in Indian customs
farm labour –> subsistence farming, cannot aford machinery and rely on family members for labour
protection against old age –> children are seen as security especially when they have no pensions or savings
lack of family planning –> people in LDCs are less educated and have limited access to family planning advice, some have religious beliefs
what does high population growth lead to?
need for resources –> increasing food supplies by irrigation, fertilisers or improved seeds
need for housing –> migration would increase the competition for housing and insufficient land would lead to shanty towns, slums or squatter settlments being built
need for education –> sufficient schools and teachers, which LDCs may lack funds for
need for jobs –> many people competing for limited jobs
environmental problems –> a larger population would generate more waste
what are the solutions for high population growth?
family planning –> carefully consider the cost of raising children and have less
sterilisation –> medical procedures to limit the number of births
better healthcare –> decreased number of deaths, with less need to have more (no need to maintain replacement level by having more children)
raising female literacy –> know about family planning, with less time for family and children and delayed child bearing due to more job opportunities
what does low population growth lead to?
ageing population –> when birth rate and death rate are low, there are more elderly and less youths
higher taxes –> with less people in the population, each working individual would have to pay more for the funding of public projects
smaller talent pool –> with less people to lead and serve the country, there is a need to attract foreign talent
what are the solutions for low population growth?
pro-birth policy –> encouraging more babies
encourage immigration –> attracts skilled professionals and boosts economic development
encourage healthy lifestyle –> higher life expectancy and education on health lowers the cost of healthcare
help people plan for old age –> planning finances through CPF, rising of retirement age, retraining of older employees which reduce the burden on the country’s resources
families to care for elderly –> incentives such as tax subsidies and the priority of larger flats which reduce the burden on te country’s resources
example for early marriages
World Bank and ICRW in 2017 estimated that women who married at age thirteen have on average 26.4% more life births than if they had marries at age eighteen or later
example for need for farm labour
Subsistence farming makes up a high percentage of India’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Birth rates in India are as high as 19.3 births per 1000 people.
example for higher demand for jobs
An estimated 30 million new jobs have to be created in the world if every new person reaching working age is to have a job
example for later marriages
A 2016 report by the Department of Statistics in Singapore reported that the median age at first marriage for brides rose from 29.6 years in 2015 to 28.2 years in 2015
example for fewer marriages
According to the 2017 Marriage and Parenthood survey, 17% of the singles aged 21 to 65 years old indicated that they do not intend to marry, a slight increase from the 14% in 2012
