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History > Popular Culture and the Witchcraze > Flashcards

Popular Culture and the Witchcraze Flashcards

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1
Q

Population increase of Europe from 1500-1600

A

110 million

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2
Q

When were drypoint engravings/printing press invented and by who?

A

Around 1440s by Johannes Gutenberg

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3
Q

Literacy increase in Europe

A

1/3 of Europeans were literate by 1700 in urban areas but priests in the rural areas were usually the only literate person. Improved slowly in southern Europe and women

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4
Q

Support that a print revolution happened

A

More people became literate, affected Church as texts of scientific were forbidden to be read by clergy, print became entertainment, able to spread messages easily - helped protestantism spread. Made books more affordable.

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5
Q

Support against the idea of a print revolution

A

Printing did not undermine the hierarchy and served to preserve the control of the Church, some believe that there was a communications revolution instead due to developed transport and handcopied texts flourished until the late 17th century.

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6
Q

Popular culture - Geographically

A

South - restrictions on women’s freedom, outdoor emphasis
North - indoor emphasis
Rural and urban, mountainous or pastoral region, agricultural and industrial differences
West more economically advanced than east.

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7
Q

Popular culture - Elites

A

Difference between nobles and learned elites - different life styles, privileges, religion
Shared culture between lower classes included festivals and bear/bull-baiting

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8
Q

Popular culture - Middling classes

A

Made up of merchants, professionals and substantial farmers who shared culture with neither the elite or poor

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9
Q

Popular culture - Urban

A

Centres of sophistication, had literacy and diversity, hierarchy still preserved in cities. Split into public and private culture. Increased population due to peasants moving hoping to improve financially.

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10
Q

Popular culture - Common

A

9/10 lived in rural areas, change from serfdom (apart from eastern europe), low literacy, separated by religion; youth culture and gender, taverns centres of entertainment, many holy days

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11
Q

Popular Culture - Gender

A

Affected every aspect of life, women seen as inferior and vulnerable to passions, excluded from education; politics and profession, gathered for socialisation at washing stations, shaped society via gossiping networks

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12
Q

Popular Culture - Hardships

A

No changes in energy sources, dependent on harvest, epidemics devastating and intensified with urbanisation and caused people to find scapegoats, plague and childbirth dangerous regardless of class.

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13
Q

Four classes of people

A

Gentlemen - nobility who own land which they don’t work
Yeoman - owns enough land to be fully dependent
Husbandman - had house, possessed less land which was leased
Citizens/Labourers - freemen in towns and cities who worked for others

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14
Q

Why was enclosure a problem?

A

Arable lands were used up and were inaccessible to the public. Converted to pastured lands which needed less labour increasing unemployment. Enclosed fields without consent. Enclosed coastal areas became vulnerable to invasion.

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15
Q

Who was against carnivals and the feast of fools and why?

A

Educated elite believed it was pagan and unchristian and tried to abolish festivals. Believed it caused a breakdown of order. Their beliefs were further fueled by May Day Riots in 1517 and in the 1520s-30s there were 20 carnivals in Germany turned into anti-Catholic protests. Council of Trent (protestant) set up to stop celebrations of saints but only partly successful.

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16
Q

Carnival

A

Usually in Jan/Feb celebrated through south and central Europe. Celebrated activities before giving it up for Lent. Theme of ‘world turned upside down’ with classes, allowed poor to express their resentment of authority to prevent further action from the poor. Acted as a safety valve.

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17
Q

Feast of Fools

A

Dec-Jan popular across Europe but less in southern Europe. Lord of misrule elected to command people. Mocked priests and danced and drank in church. Young clergy organised festival. 15th century: became frowned upon, died out 17th century. Acted as a safety valve.

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18
Q

Punishment of women

A

Women perceived as a threat to the patriarchy punished including reciting their crimes in a public market or via rough music. In England and France they had ‘skimmingtons’ and ‘charivari’ to publicly shame domineering women

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19
Q

Reasons for a ‘crisis of order’

A

Rapid population growth, vagrancy, war, plague

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20
Q

Calvinists

A

Wants locally translated Bibles which increased literacy, psalms sung instead of hymns, emphasised discipline. Attacked Christmas and midsummer festivals in 1570s Scotland.

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21
Q

Puritans

A

Came to power 1646-1660 in Britain. Banned public amusements. Festivals of misrule and May games banned under Oliver Cromwell. Philip Stubbs (puritan) made list of activities that should be abolished including dancing which included ‘unclean handling’

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22
Q

Martin Luther

A

Critiqued indulgences (paying to shorten time in purgatory before going to heaven) with 95 theses in 1517 which increased his popularity. Wrote books against Catholicism. Comdemned by the Pope and the Holy Roman Emperor. Translated the Bible into German. Believed the Pope is the enemy of God.

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23
Q

German Peasant’s War

A

1524-5 Radicalised Luther’s message however Luther disagreed with their violence. War inspired Anabaptist movement (main radical belief was that adults should choose to be baptised). Condemned by both Protestants and Catholics.

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24
Q

Reformed Protestant

A

Stresses wickedness of idolatry more than Lutheranism. Against celibacy of clergy. Against mass’ objectivity and sees it as a metaphor while Luther upholds mass. Agrees that the Pope is the enemy of God.

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25
Q

How were serious crimes punished?

A

Death, orchestrated to be a public spectacle and acted as entertainment.

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26
Q

Hermetica

A

16th century of treatises on philosophy, astrology, magic and occult arts. Made magic a source of inspiration for scientists and suggested how to use minerals and plants and motivated them to discover substance’s properties

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27
Q

Counter-reformation

A

Ideas of Council of Trent continued by Jesuits who weaponised their ideas. Partly successful in recovering Catholicism. Recovered Poland, Germany, France, Hungary but not North Europe. Able to spread Catholicism to overseas colonies especially across central and south America. Burke argues that it mainly affected the educated and cut off Catholic elite from popular culture.

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28
Q

Challenges to the Protestant Reformation besides the Counter-Reformation

A

Secularism (free from religious qualities and promoted science), individualism (stresses human independence), religious tolerance

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29
Q

Burke’s argument

A

Believes between 1500-1800, people became more politically aware and interested. Supported by increased rebellions and violence against tax officials.

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30
Q

Percentage of women accused of witchcraft compared to men

A

Over 75% in most regions

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31
Q

Why were women seen as weaker

A

Story of Adam and Eve showed women as likely to succumb to diabolical temptation. Malleus Maleficarum said women were more gullible, lustful and prone to infidelity.

32
Q

Where were male witches common and why

A

In Iceland, Estonia and Finland. Hunts sometimes got out of control and confessing witches were forced to name accomplices.

33
Q

Transition of magic from positive to negative view

A

Magic common belief early modern society, well established place for cunning men and wise women who did white magic in society before witchhunts. Idea of diabolical pact emerged 1420s and by 16th century witches associated with maleficium, sabbats and devil

34
Q

Difference between possession and witchcraft

A

Possession was when a demonic spirit invaded the body, altered movements and personality. Distinguished from witchcraft by their responsibility of actions. In England, the connection between the two became synonymous. Witches often persecuted for causing possession of other people.

35
Q

Papal bull about witchcraft

A

1484 Pope Innocent VIII declared witchcraft an exceptional crime, allowing torture

36
Q

Societal structure that made rise of witchhunts possible

A

Belief of witches emerged late fifteenth and early sixteenth century. Furthermore, communities needed scapegoats to maintain social cohesion. View of women. Hallucinogenic drugs commonplace in markets, bread often contaminated by plants when harvest failed and starvation resulted in hallucations

37
Q

Factors which encouraged likelihood of witchhunts

A

Lack of religious homogenity, translated Bible meant more people read that witches should be sentenced to death. Elites wanted to impose conformity and preserve hierarchy. Witches often in rural communities and accusers often knew accused, masking disputes. Legal professionals gaining from witch trials. Catastrophe e.g. war (English Civil War and Thirty Years War), drought, harvest failures

38
Q

When was the reformation?

A

1520-1650

39
Q

Inquisitorial system in Scotland

A

Before 1590, witches tried in judicial courts. After 1590, witch trials approved by privy council or parliament. Wanted to strengthen central control but did not have judicial capacity.

40
Q

Inquisitorial system in England

A

Central justice over capital crimes, strict central procedures = low conviction rate
Torture prohibited and controlled by privy council
Rules relaxed during Civil War -> Hopkins unsupervised.

41
Q

Inquisitorial system in France

A

Parliament of Paris most centralised gov in France, handled most witchcraft cases, required that capital sentences of witches had to appeal to them - dismissed 36% cases and confirmed 24% cases.

42
Q

Inquisitorial system in Germany

A

No central control, 2000 territories with own courts, Imperial Reichstag passed laws, half of all prosecutions of witches took place in Germany

43
Q

Torture

A

Used to gain info/confessions. People were aware that it could be unreliable. Rules that were usually in place (e.g. establishing commitment of crime before torture, testimonies under torture not used) were relaxed for witchcraft. Torture often implicated others and accomplices named, starting chain-reaction hunts. Areas with torture - up to 95% conviction. Areas without torture - below 40% conviction. People preferred to confess and be executed than be tortured.

44
Q

Secular Courts

A

Started participating in witch-hunting after 1560 as many countries had laws on witch-craft. Intensified witch-hunts. Allowed to execute where ecclesiastical courts couldn’t

45
Q

Ecclesiastical courts

A

Prosecuted heretics but could not inflict bodily harm, referring them to secular courts. Weakened by late 16th century, reform led to decline in papacy’s control except in Spain and Italy where witchcraft persecutions were kept relatively low

46
Q

Free confessions explanations

A

Felt guilty due to social pressure and belief of false memories, mental instability, drug-induced hallucinations especially from mouldy rye bread which’s poisoning induced hallucination

47
Q

Methods of witch testing

A

Water in pail shimmered when witch walked by, witch can’t recite prayer without faltering, devil’s mark said to be insensitive to pain and pricked with needle to be tried, floating in holy water = witch and sinking = innocent

48
Q

Capital punishments

A

Burnt in countries that viewed witchcraft as heresy and sometimes strangled before they were burnt. In England, witches were hung.

49
Q

Scotland witchcraft statistics

A

4000 accused, 2500 executed. Had 5x the average executions than in Europe. Most severe out of Protestant Europe. 85% accused were women often in their 40s

50
Q

Scottish witch accusation process

A

Pre-trial investigation in local church court which couldn’t execute. Imprisoned and tortured suspects. Given to ad hoc local courts which tried 9/10 witches. Most trials authorised centrally

51
Q

Mary Queen of Scots on Witchcraft

A

Mother of James I/VI passed Scottish Witchcraft Act in 1563

52
Q

When did Jamies I write Demonologie

A

1597

53
Q

Nordic region witchcraft

A

1200 recorded deaths and mostly tried in secular courts. Access to Malleus Malificarum and mostly biased towards women except for Iceland. In Denmark witchcraft made illegal in 1617.

54
Q

Blakulla trials in Darlarna

A

1668-76 Sweden, more than 100 women, children and some men killed for visiting Blakulla. Twice as many women than men in Darlarna due to army conscription. Most accused were from middle class families. Caused local authorities to declare state emergencies and decreased hunts

55
Q

Polish witchcraft

A

Involved in milk-theft, Malleus Malificarum translated into polish 1614. In Wielkopolska, 96% women. Witchcraft illegal in 1776 (failed to prevent hunts, Barbara Zdunk executed 1811 in modern Poland). Mostly done in secular courts. Burnt - catholic country.

56
Q

Kleczew, Wielkopolska case study

A

Worst outbreak of panic in Poland. Lord of the manor was willing to accept accusations of women being witches as true and would pay for costs of cases. Drew in people from up to 15 miles, inflated number of trials

57
Q

Witchcraft in France

A

Mostly female accused and comprised of 3/4 witchcraft defendants tried in parliament. Black death killed 1/3 population and most populated country in Europe until 1795. High protestant population in south and catholic in north. Decline driven by legal reforms limiting torture and scepticism of judges.

58
Q

Witchcraft in the Netherlands

A

Lack of centralised system however some parts e.g. Friesland required evidence to accuse, torture and death penalties for witchcraft was banned. 164-200 people killed overall in witch hunts. Out of 164 documented, 155 were women. Around 40,000-60,000 accused. Had periods of high inflation and famine however wages rose as fast as prices. First country to discontinue executions. Last execution in 1609.

59
Q

Witchcraft in Italy

A

Mostly occurred during Renaissance. Mainly took place by papal inquisitors and some in secular courts. Was a capital crime and relied on two EWT or confession. Used torture. Played a significant role in the development of belief of diabolic witchcraft including Matteuccia’s trial which was the earliest account of a witches’ sabbath

60
Q

Witchcraft in Russia

A

Russian Orthodox Church showed witchcraft as heretical. Trials conducted under ecclesiastical courts. Severe punishments for witchcraft. Less intense than Western Europe. 3/4 of cases accused men. Used torture.

61
Q

When was torture restricted by the papacy?

A

1623

62
Q

Wave motion of witch hunts

A

In Ortenau, the hunt came in 3 waves over the span of 1627-1630

63
Q

Why did witch hunts decline?

A

Judicial officials became suspicious especially after more elites were accused. Sometimes popular pressure stopped hunts as they would boycott the hunts.

64
Q

Trier

A

1581-1593 caused by poor harvest, power handed to the religious authorities from council increasing heretical crimes, Jesuit college established creating those who accused witches and used statement of children. 306 witches denounced and snowballed into a further 1500 prosecutions. 1000 executions

65
Q

Würzburg

A

1626-1631 highly influenced by Prince-Bishop Ehrenberg. Affected all parts of society, even priests and the Prince-Bishop’s nephew. Only came to an end after Ehrenberg’s death. 900 executions

66
Q

Bamberg

A

1626-1631 influenced by Prince-Bishop von Dornheim who was nicknamed the ‘witch-bishop’. Built ‘witch-house’ for the accused. Influenced by 30 years war, famine, plague, snowballing and Catholic minority of elite ruling over Protestants. Von Dornheim would confiscate victim’s assets to pay for trial making the hunts become about money. 600-900 executions

67
Q

Cologne

A

1626-1634 controlled by Prince-Elector Ferdinand who was educated in Trier during their hunts. Caused by series of crop failures. Witch-commissioners appointed. 2000 executed

68
Q

St Bartholomew Day Massacre

A

1572, protestants slaughtered by Catholics in Franch causing influx of French immigrants to England

69
Q

Peace of Aubsburg

A

1555, intended to bring an end to religious wars in Central Europe by dividing the numerous German states between Catholic and Lutheran authority

70
Q

Defenestration of Prague

A

1618, protestants attending assembly defenestrated, no serious injury inflicted but marked one of the opening phases of the Thirty Years War

71
Q

Denmark’s involvement in the Thirty Year War

A

Joined 1625, repelled by Wallenstein’s army of 100,000 mercenaries and withdrew 1929

72
Q

King of Bohemia during Thirty Years War

A

Ferdinand II from 1617, was a Catholic and many feared that he would re-Catholicise Bohemia. The Thirty Years War began in Bohemia. Issued Edict of Restitution that restored Catholics all land confiscated by the Protestants since 1552.

73
Q

The Battle of White Mountain

A

1620, Ultimate collapse of Bohemian Protestantism and the end of the Thirty Years War for Bohemia

74
Q

The Treaty of Westphalia

A

1648, allowed the fragmentation of the Holy Roman Empire into more than three hundred sovereign states

75
Q

Period of von Dornheim’s rule as prince-bishop

A

1923-32

76
Q

Stop of Bamberg witch-trials

A

Witch-hunts in Bamberg ceased in 1931 after Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II opposed them - 1 year later, the advance of Swedish and Saxon armies caused von Dornheim to flee from Bamberg

77
Q

Counter-reformation linked with hierarchy

A

Protestantism viewed as a threat to the social and political order

History (4 decks)

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