Pope Ch. 3

Question 1

4 Ethics Theories

Answer 1

Utilitarianism
Kantian Ethics
Feminist Ethics
American Indian Ethics

Question 2

Utilitarianism

Answer 2

Developed by Epicurus, Jeremy Bentham, John Stuart Mill, Katarzyna de Lazari-Radek, and Peter Singer among others. A form of consequentialism, meaning what matters is outcomes. The most ethical outcomes are those that maximize the well-being of the greatest number of people.

Question 3

Kantian Ethics

Answer 3

Immanuel Kant. What matters is good intention or good will.

Question 4

Feminist Ethics

Answer 4

5 Themes:

1. Women and their experiences have moral significance.
2. Attentiveness and subjective knowledge can illuminate moral issues.
3. A feminist critique of male distortions must be accompanied by a critique of all discriminatory distortions.
4. Feminist ethics engage in analysis of the context and attend to the power dynamics of that context.
5. Feminist ethics require action directed at achieving social justice.

Question 5

American Indian Ethics

Answer 5

12 essential concepts:

1. All things are sacred.
2. Life is cyclical, not linear.
3. Everything is connected.
4. Events in life are lessons.
5. Respect and honoring are essential to true or long-lasting relationships.
6. Relevant healing places emphasis on social, historical, and political contexts.
7. Relevant healing encourages balance, harmony, and resilience.
8. Individuality is valued by how it improves the community.
9. Sustainability is essential for all of us to survive and thrive.
10. Mystery, awe, wonder, intuition, and miracles occur naturally in everyday life.
11. The best way to understand one’s place and identity is in the context of past, present, and future within one’s community.
12. Compartmentalism misses the complexity, mystery, and beauty of the Whole.

Question 6

4 mechanisms that hold therapists and counselors accountable

Answer 6

1. Professional ethics committees
2. State licensing boards
3. Civil (e.g., malpractice) courts
4. Criminal courts

Question 7

Civil Disobedience

Answer 7

When an individual breaks a law considered to be unjust and harmful but does so openly, inviting the legal penalty both to demonstrate respect for the system of law and to call society’s attention to the supposedly unjust law.

Question 8

Why civil disobedience is generally not an option for therapists and counselors

Answer 8

Confidentiality requirements. Our options (instead) include frequent, open, and honest discussion––in graduate courses, internship programs, case conferences, professional conventions, and informal meetings with colleagues.

Question 9

The 6 major sections of the first APA ethics code, formally adopted in 1952 and published in 1953

Answer 9

1. Ethical standards and public responsibility
2. Ethical standards in professional relationships
3. Ethical standards in client relationships
4. Ethical standards in research
5. Ethical standards in writing and publishing
6. Ethical standards in teaching

Question 10

Current APA Ethics Code

Answer 10

Contains an introduction, a preamble, five general principles, and specific ethical standards. The preamble and general principles are aspirational goals to guide psychologists toward the highest ideals of psychology. The specific ethical standards are enforceable rules of conduct.

Question 11

5 General Principles of the Current APA Ethics Code (in abbreviated form)

Answer 11

1. Beneficence and nonmaleficence
2. Fidelity and responsibility
3. Integrity
4. Justice
5. Respect for people’s rights and dignity

Question 12

8 aspirational guiding principles of the new (not yet official) APA Ethics Code

Answer 12

1. Beneficence and nonmaleficence
2. Human and civil rights
3. Integrity
4. Interrelatedness of people, systems, and the environment
5. Professionalism and responsibility
6. Respect for the welfare of persons and peoples
7. Scientific mindedness
8. Social justice