Pop Quiz #1 Flashcards
What layer of the nervous system do the neural crest cells arise from
Ectoderm layer
At what week do the cells of the ectoderm start to line up for their migration to their future anatomical destinies
Week 3 ish
Most cells of the PNS arise from which cells
Neural Crest
Most of the neurons of the CNS aris from what portion of the ectoderm
Neural Tube
What is the name of the groove that starts to form longitudinally on the lateral sides) in the embryonic spinal cord and up into the medulla and the pons
Sulcus Limitans
Cell bodies of the ____ ____ will become sensory nerve nuclei of the spinal cord and some cranial nerve nuclei
Alar Plate
Cell bodies of the ____ ____ will become the cel bodies for the motor nuclei of the spinal cord and cranial nerves—-> Lower Motor Neuron
Basal Plate
What are the primary vesicles of the neural tube
Prosencephalon
Mesencephalon
Rhombencephalon
The Prosencephalon, divides into what secondary vesicles
Telencephalon
Diencephalon
The Telencephalon becomes what structure(s)
Cerebral Hemispheres
The Diencephalon becomes what structure(s)
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
The Mesencephalon, divides into what secondary vesicle
None, it does not divide into a secondary vesicle
The Mesencephalon becomes what structure(s)
Midbrain
The Rhombencephalon, divides into what secondary vesicles
Metencephalon
Myelencephalon
The Metencephalon becomes what structure(s)
Pons
Cerebellum
The Myelencephalon becomes what structure(s)
Medulla
Spinal Cord
When Gray matter covers a surface, it is referred to as a _______
Cortex
What is the term that refers to a collection of nerve cell bodies and dendrities WITHIN the CNS
Nuclei
What is the term that refers to a collection of nerve cell bodies and dendrities OUTSIDE the CNS
Ganglia
White matter is made up of what
myelinated axons
The myelin sheath is composed of ______ so it appears white
lipids
Myelinated axons located in White matter are referred to as ____
Tracts
What portion of the neuron is the center of the nerve cell, receiving all the electrical signals through dendrites
Cell body (Soma)
What portion of the neuron carries the electrical signal away from the cell body
axon
What portion of the neuron brings the action potential to the nerve cell body
Dendrite
What portion of the neuron contains synaptic vesicles which release neurotransmitters
Axon terminals
What is another name for Axon terminals
Terminal Bouton
How many different types of neurons are there
5
Which type of neurons account for the most by far
Interneurons
Neurons and glial cells arise from what
Neural Tube
What are two examples of glial cells
Micro
Macro
Which type of glial cells are phagocytes which arise from outside the nervous system and are embryologically unrelated to the other cell types in the Nervous system
Microglia
T/F
Microglia function as a part of the immune system
T
_____ are thought to be activated in a number of disease processes, like MS, AIDS related Dementia, Alzheimers and Parkinsons
Microglia
Because microglia are thought to be activated in a number of disease processes, like MS, AIDS related Dementia, Alzheimers and Parkinsons. It has been suggested that these conditions might be ____ related disorders
Immune
Which type of glial cells have three diferent types for the CNS, for the PNS, and others
Macroglia
Which macroglia are relatively small cells that cover the axons with Myelin
Oligodendrocytes (CNS)
Schwann (PNS)
Oligodendrocytes are found in the ________
Schwann Cells are found in the _______
CNS
PNS
Oligodendrocytes surround ________ axonal internode(s)
Several
Schwann Cells surround ________ axonal internode(s)
Only one
Which of the glial cells are star shaped and are the most numerous
Astrocytes
Which glial cells are inside the nucleus
Macroglia
Which glial cells are highly permeable to K+ and help maintain proper K+ Ion conentration in the extracellular space between neurons
Astrocytes
What is the largest and uppermost division of the brain, consisting of right and left cerebral hemispheres
Telencephalon
What is another term for the Telencepalon
Cerebral Cortex
The Telencephalon (Cerebral Cortex) consists of how many lobes
4
What are the names of the four lobes of the cerebral cortex (Telencephalon)
Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Occipital
Which lobe of the Cerebral Cortex/Telencephalon is responsbile for motor responses, thinking and reasoning, problem solving, memory, emotion and motor for speech
Frontal Lobe
What specific part of thinking and reasoning does the frontal lobe control
Executive Functions
What is the name of the motor for speech area of the brain and which side is it most commonly located
Broca’s area
Left side
The Pre-central Gyrus is located in what lobe
Frontal
What is the pre-central gyrus also known as
Voluntary Motor Cortex
T/F
The Pre-central gyrus only extends to the middle of the cerebral cortex
F
It crosses through the middle to the right side
This area of the frontal lob is motor to speech, usually located on the left side and is affected by strokes to the middle cerebral artery
Broca’s area
Strokes to the middle cerebral artery typically effect what form of communication
speech
When there is damage to the left side of the frontal lobe and the patient experiences difficulty speaking what is that known as
Broca’s or Expressive Aphasia
Which lobe of the cerebral cortex, houses the primary sensory cortex, it also interprets movement and orientation and conscious awareness
Parietal Lobe
What is the primary sensory cortex located
Post-central gyrus
Which lobe of the cerebral cortex has the function of auditory stimuli, auditory speech processing, speech motor patterning and memory
Temporal Lobe
What area of the temporal lobe specifically processes auditory speech
Wernicke’s Area
What area of the Temporal Lobe is important in lanuage development and responsible for comprehension of speech and when damaged this area experiences receptive or sensory aphasia
Wernicke’s
What condition likes to attach Wernicke’s area making it difficult to understand written and spoken languages and producing meaningful speech
Dementia
What portion of the brain has main components of the Thalamus and Hypothalamus
Diencephalon
What is a dumbbell shaped mass of gray matter made up of many nuclei
Thalamus
Geniculate bodies are made up of Lateral and Medial bodies, which portion is responsible for visual information and which portion is responsible for auditory information
Lateral-Visual
Medial-Auditory
What portion of the diencephalon serves as the major relay station for sensory & motor impulses on their to/from the cerebral cortex
Thalamus
What portion of the diencephalon links the nervous system to the endocrine system
Hypothalamus
What portion of the hypothalamus is the stalk leading to the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland
Infundibulum
T/F
The Hypothalamus links mind and body (arousal mechanisms and sleep/wake cycles)
T
Which gland of the nervous system is located above the corpora quadrigeminal of the midbrain, serves as the body’s biological clock and produces melatonin
Pineal Gland
What portion of the nervous system connects the two cerebral hemispheres
Corpus Callosum
What portion of the nervous system is involved in very complex networks that modulate the descending motor pathways
Basal Ganglia
What is intimately associated with the Basal Ganglia and is the source of dopamine used throughout the CNS
Substantia Nigra
What portion of the brain performs Sensory, Motor and reflex functions
Brainstem
Which tract of the brainstem, delivers light touch, pain and temperature to the spine and the thalamus
Spinothalamic
Which tract of the brainstem, delivers complex touch, proprioception, vibration via the fasciculi Cuneatus and Gracilis (Spinal Cord) and Lemniscal System (Brain Stem)
Posterior Column
Which tract of the brainstem, is an efferent tract that sends motor signals to the Corticobulbar and Voluntary motor (Upper Motor Neuron axons)
CorticoSpinal
Which tract of the brainstem, delivers involuntary (relfexive posture) tracts to the spine
ReticuloSpinal
Which tract of the brainstem, delivers pain reflexes to the brain
SpinoReticular
Where are CN II, III, IVish located in the brain
Midbrain
Where is the midbrain located above_____ and below____
Pons
Cerebrum
The corpora quadrigemina is a landmark, it forms the upper part of the midbrain and is composed of two inferior ______ and two superior _______
Colliculi
Colliculi
Which Colliculi relay Auditory and which relay Visual information
Superior- Visual
Inferior- Auditory
Which portions of the nervous system does the rhombencephalon give rise to
Pons
Medulla
Where are CN IV ish, V, VI, VII, VIIIish located in the brain
Pons
The Pons is located above the _______ and below the _______
Medulla
Midbrain
Where are CN VII ish, IX, X, XI, XII located in the brain
Medulla
What is the area where the brainstem transitions to the spinal cord
Medulla Oblongata
What spinal tracts are located in the Medulla and what does it house
Corticospinal
Voluntary Motor and Upper Motor neuron axons
What is another name for the corticospinal tracts
Pyramidal
What provides motor information to the Cerebellum and auditory perception
Olive
What part of the brain means tiny but is the second largest part of the brain
Cerebellum
What portion of the brain contains more neurons than the rest of the nervous system
Cerebellum
What portion of the cerebellum has internal white matter and a distinctive patter like th veins of a leaf
Arbor Vitae
The longer tracts of the Cerebellum have fibers that enter or leave by way of what three pairs of cerebellar peduncles
Superior
Middle
Inferior
What are the two current concepts of the Reticular Activating System (RAS)
Arousal System for the Cerebral Cortex
Crucial for maintaining consciousness
What is a “net” work of neurons located throughout the brainstem that project up into the hypothalamus
RAS
What does the RAS mediate
Sleep/wake cycle
Cardiovascular Regulation
Somatic Motor Control
Pain Modulation
+/- reward behaviors
What is considered a part of the RAS associated with physiological responses to stress and anxiety and is associated with Norepinephrine
Locus Ceruleus
What protion of the RAS is responsible for the production of Serotonis used throughout the CNS
Raphe Nucleus
Locus Ceruleus——–>____________
Raphe Nucleus——–>____________
Norepinephrine
Serotonin
What portion of the nervous system is heavily involved with emotion, motivation, reward, memory, drives, and addictive behaviors
Limbic System
What two neurotransmitters are associated with the Limbic system
Dopamine and ACTH
The sensory neurons and pathways are divided into how many different components
three
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
What are the two sensory pathways associated with the nervous system
Posterior Columns (Spinal Cord)
Spinothalamic pathway
Which sensory pathway has the medial lemniscal (brainstem) system that senses complex touch, proprioception, vibration
Posterior Columns
Which sensory pathway senses light touch, pain & temperature
Spinothalamic
The motor conduction system has ____ neuron system
two
Upper
Lower
Where are the cell bodies of the upper motor neuron found
Pre-central gyrus
Where are the cell bodies of the lower motor neuron found
Ant portion of the spinal cord
Which motor tracts supply the head and neck
Cortico-Bulbar
Which motor tracts supply from the neck and below
Corticospinal
Approximatel ___% of the fibers decussate in the lower medulla in ____ _______
90
Pyramidal Decussation
The PNS consists of ____ motor neurons and sensory nerves, __ pairs of spinal nerves and __ paired Cranial Nerves
lower
31
12
T/F
Cranial Nerves are considered part of the CNS
F
They are considered PNS
