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A&P 1 > Pop Quiz #1 > Flashcards

Pop Quiz #1 Flashcards

1
Q

What layer of the nervous system do the neural crest cells arise from

A

Ectoderm layer

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2
Q

At what week do the cells of the ectoderm start to line up for their migration to their future anatomical destinies

A

Week 3 ish

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3
Q

Most cells of the PNS arise from which cells

A

Neural Crest

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4
Q

Most of the neurons of the CNS aris from what portion of the ectoderm

A

Neural Tube

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5
Q

What is the name of the groove that starts to form longitudinally on the lateral sides) in the embryonic spinal cord and up into the medulla and the pons

A

Sulcus Limitans

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6
Q

Cell bodies of the ____ ____ will become sensory nerve nuclei of the spinal cord and some cranial nerve nuclei

A

Alar Plate

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7
Q

Cell bodies of the ____ ____ will become the cel bodies for the motor nuclei of the spinal cord and cranial nerves—-> Lower Motor Neuron

A

Basal Plate

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8
Q

What are the primary vesicles of the neural tube

A

Prosencephalon
Mesencephalon
Rhombencephalon

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9
Q

The Prosencephalon, divides into what secondary vesicles

A

Telencephalon
Diencephalon

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10
Q

The Telencephalon becomes what structure(s)

A

Cerebral Hemispheres

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11
Q

The Diencephalon becomes what structure(s)

A

Thalamus
Hypothalamus

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12
Q

The Mesencephalon, divides into what secondary vesicle

A

None, it does not divide into a secondary vesicle

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13
Q

The Mesencephalon becomes what structure(s)

A

Midbrain

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14
Q

The Rhombencephalon, divides into what secondary vesicles

A

Metencephalon
Myelencephalon

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15
Q

The Metencephalon becomes what structure(s)

A

Pons
Cerebellum

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16
Q

The Myelencephalon becomes what structure(s)

A

Medulla
Spinal Cord

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17
Q

When Gray matter covers a surface, it is referred to as a _______

A

Cortex

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18
Q

What is the term that refers to a collection of nerve cell bodies and dendrities WITHIN the CNS

A

Nuclei

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19
Q

What is the term that refers to a collection of nerve cell bodies and dendrities OUTSIDE the CNS

A

Ganglia

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20
Q

White matter is made up of what

A

myelinated axons

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21
Q

The myelin sheath is composed of ______ so it appears white

A

lipids

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22
Q

Myelinated axons located in White matter are referred to as ____

A

Tracts

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23
Q

What portion of the neuron is the center of the nerve cell, receiving all the electrical signals through dendrites

A

Cell body (Soma)

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24
Q

What portion of the neuron carries the electrical signal away from the cell body

A

axon

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25
Q

What portion of the neuron brings the action potential to the nerve cell body

A

Dendrite

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26
Q

What portion of the neuron contains synaptic vesicles which release neurotransmitters

A

Axon terminals

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27
Q

What is another name for Axon terminals

A

Terminal Bouton

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28
Q

How many different types of neurons are there

A

5

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29
Q

Which type of neurons account for the most by far

A

Interneurons

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30
Q

Neurons and glial cells arise from what

A

Neural Tube

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31
Q

What are two examples of glial cells

A

Micro
Macro

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32
Q

Which type of glial cells are phagocytes which arise from outside the nervous system and are embryologically unrelated to the other cell types in the Nervous system

A

Microglia

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33
Q

T/F

Microglia function as a part of the immune system

A

T

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34
Q

_____ are thought to be activated in a number of disease processes, like MS, AIDS related Dementia, Alzheimers and Parkinsons

A

Microglia

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35
Q

Because microglia are thought to be activated in a number of disease processes, like MS, AIDS related Dementia, Alzheimers and Parkinsons. It has been suggested that these conditions might be ____ related disorders

A

Immune

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36
Q

Which type of glial cells have three diferent types for the CNS, for the PNS, and others

A

Macroglia

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37
Q

Which macroglia are relatively small cells that cover the axons with Myelin

A

Oligodendrocytes (CNS)
Schwann (PNS)

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38
Q

Oligodendrocytes are found in the ________
Schwann Cells are found in the _______

A

CNS
PNS

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39
Q

Oligodendrocytes surround ________ axonal internode(s)

A

Several

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40
Q

Schwann Cells surround ________ axonal internode(s)

A

Only one

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41
Q

Which of the glial cells are star shaped and are the most numerous

A

Astrocytes

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42
Q

Which glial cells are inside the nucleus

A

Macroglia

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43
Q

Which glial cells are highly permeable to K+ and help maintain proper K+ Ion conentration in the extracellular space between neurons

A

Astrocytes

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44
Q

What is the largest and uppermost division of the brain, consisting of right and left cerebral hemispheres

A

Telencephalon

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45
Q

What is another term for the Telencepalon

A

Cerebral Cortex

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46
Q

The Telencephalon (Cerebral Cortex) consists of how many lobes

A

4

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47
Q

What are the names of the four lobes of the cerebral cortex (Telencephalon)

A

Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Occipital

48
Q

Which lobe of the Cerebral Cortex/Telencephalon is responsbile for motor responses, thinking and reasoning, problem solving, memory, emotion and motor for speech

A

Frontal Lobe

49
Q

What specific part of thinking and reasoning does the frontal lobe control

A

Executive Functions

50
Q

What is the name of the motor for speech area of the brain and which side is it most commonly located

A

Broca’s area
Left side

51
Q

The Pre-central Gyrus is located in what lobe

A

Frontal

52
Q

What is the pre-central gyrus also known as

A

Voluntary Motor Cortex

53
Q

T/F
The Pre-central gyrus only extends to the middle of the cerebral cortex

A

F
It crosses through the middle to the right side

54
Q

This area of the frontal lob is motor to speech, usually located on the left side and is affected by strokes to the middle cerebral artery

A

Broca’s area

55
Q

Strokes to the middle cerebral artery typically effect what form of communication

A

speech

56
Q

When there is damage to the left side of the frontal lobe and the patient experiences difficulty speaking what is that known as

A

Broca’s or Expressive Aphasia

57
Q

Which lobe of the cerebral cortex, houses the primary sensory cortex, it also interprets movement and orientation and conscious awareness

A

Parietal Lobe

58
Q

What is the primary sensory cortex located

A

Post-central gyrus

59
Q

Which lobe of the cerebral cortex has the function of auditory stimuli, auditory speech processing, speech motor patterning and memory

A

Temporal Lobe

60
Q

What area of the temporal lobe specifically processes auditory speech

A

Wernicke’s Area

61
Q

What area of the Temporal Lobe is important in lanuage development and responsible for comprehension of speech and when damaged this area experiences receptive or sensory aphasia

A

Wernicke’s

62
Q

What condition likes to attach Wernicke’s area making it difficult to understand written and spoken languages and producing meaningful speech

A

Dementia

63
Q

What portion of the brain has main components of the Thalamus and Hypothalamus

A

Diencephalon

64
Q

What is a dumbbell shaped mass of gray matter made up of many nuclei

A

Thalamus

65
Q

Geniculate bodies are made up of Lateral and Medial bodies, which portion is responsible for visual information and which portion is responsible for auditory information

A

Lateral-Visual
Medial-Auditory

66
Q

What portion of the diencephalon serves as the major relay station for sensory & motor impulses on their to/from the cerebral cortex

A

Thalamus

67
Q

What portion of the diencephalon links the nervous system to the endocrine system

A

Hypothalamus

68
Q

What portion of the hypothalamus is the stalk leading to the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland

A

Infundibulum

69
Q

T/F
The Hypothalamus links mind and body (arousal mechanisms and sleep/wake cycles)

A

T

70
Q

Which gland of the nervous system is located above the corpora quadrigeminal of the midbrain, serves as the body’s biological clock and produces melatonin

A

Pineal Gland

71
Q

What portion of the nervous system connects the two cerebral hemispheres

A

Corpus Callosum

72
Q

What portion of the nervous system is involved in very complex networks that modulate the descending motor pathways

A

Basal Ganglia

73
Q

What is intimately associated with the Basal Ganglia and is the source of dopamine used throughout the CNS

A

Substantia Nigra

74
Q

What portion of the brain performs Sensory, Motor and reflex functions

A

Brainstem

75
Q

Which tract of the brainstem, delivers light touch, pain and temperature to the spine and the thalamus

A

Spinothalamic

76
Q

Which tract of the brainstem, delivers complex touch, proprioception, vibration via the fasciculi Cuneatus and Gracilis (Spinal Cord) and Lemniscal System (Brain Stem)

A

Posterior Column

77
Q

Which tract of the brainstem, is an efferent tract that sends motor signals to the Corticobulbar and Voluntary motor (Upper Motor Neuron axons)

A

CorticoSpinal

78
Q

Which tract of the brainstem, delivers involuntary (relfexive posture) tracts to the spine

A

ReticuloSpinal

79
Q

Which tract of the brainstem, delivers pain reflexes to the brain

A

SpinoReticular

80
Q

Where are CN II, III, IVish located in the brain

A

Midbrain

81
Q

Where is the midbrain located above_____ and below____

A

Pons
Cerebrum

82
Q

The corpora quadrigemina is a landmark, it forms the upper part of the midbrain and is composed of two inferior ______ and two superior _______

A

Colliculi
Colliculi

83
Q

Which Colliculi relay Auditory and which relay Visual information

A

Superior- Visual
Inferior- Auditory

84
Q

Which portions of the nervous system does the rhombencephalon give rise to

A

Pons
Medulla

85
Q

Where are CN IV ish, V, VI, VII, VIIIish located in the brain

A

Pons

86
Q

The Pons is located above the _______ and below the _______

A

Medulla
Midbrain

87
Q

Where are CN VII ish, IX, X, XI, XII located in the brain

A

Medulla

88
Q

What is the area where the brainstem transitions to the spinal cord

A

Medulla Oblongata

89
Q

What spinal tracts are located in the Medulla and what does it house

A

Corticospinal
Voluntary Motor and Upper Motor neuron axons

90
Q

What is another name for the corticospinal tracts

A

Pyramidal

91
Q

What provides motor information to the Cerebellum and auditory perception

A

Olive

92
Q

What part of the brain means tiny but is the second largest part of the brain

A

Cerebellum

93
Q

What portion of the brain contains more neurons than the rest of the nervous system

A

Cerebellum

94
Q

What portion of the cerebellum has internal white matter and a distinctive patter like th veins of a leaf

A

Arbor Vitae

95
Q

The longer tracts of the Cerebellum have fibers that enter or leave by way of what three pairs of cerebellar peduncles

A

Superior
Middle
Inferior

96
Q

What are the two current concepts of the Reticular Activating System (RAS)

A

Arousal System for the Cerebral Cortex
Crucial for maintaining consciousness

97
Q

What is a “net” work of neurons located throughout the brainstem that project up into the hypothalamus

A

RAS

98
Q

What does the RAS mediate

A

Sleep/wake cycle
Cardiovascular Regulation
Somatic Motor Control
Pain Modulation
+/- reward behaviors

99
Q

What is considered a part of the RAS associated with physiological responses to stress and anxiety and is associated with Norepinephrine

A

Locus Ceruleus

100
Q

What protion of the RAS is responsible for the production of Serotonis used throughout the CNS

A

Raphe Nucleus

101
Q

Locus Ceruleus——–>____________
Raphe Nucleus——–>____________

A

Norepinephrine
Serotonin

102
Q

What portion of the nervous system is heavily involved with emotion, motivation, reward, memory, drives, and addictive behaviors

A

Limbic System

103
Q

What two neurotransmitters are associated with the Limbic system

A

Dopamine and ACTH

104
Q

The sensory neurons and pathways are divided into how many different components

A

three
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary

105
Q

What are the two sensory pathways associated with the nervous system

A

Posterior Columns (Spinal Cord)
Spinothalamic pathway

106
Q

Which sensory pathway has the medial lemniscal (brainstem) system that senses complex touch, proprioception, vibration

A

Posterior Columns

107
Q

Which sensory pathway senses light touch, pain & temperature

A

Spinothalamic

108
Q

The motor conduction system has ____ neuron system

A

two
Upper
Lower

109
Q

Where are the cell bodies of the upper motor neuron found

A

Pre-central gyrus

110
Q

Where are the cell bodies of the lower motor neuron found

A

Ant portion of the spinal cord

111
Q

Which motor tracts supply the head and neck

A

Cortico-Bulbar

112
Q

Which motor tracts supply from the neck and below

A

Corticospinal

113
Q

Approximatel ___% of the fibers decussate in the lower medulla in ____ _______

A

90
Pyramidal Decussation

114
Q

The PNS consists of ____ motor neurons and sensory nerves, __ pairs of spinal nerves and __ paired Cranial Nerves

A

lower
31
12

115
Q

T/F
Cranial Nerves are considered part of the CNS

A

F
They are considered PNS

A&P 1 (1 decks)

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