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Biochem > Polysaccharides > Flashcards

Polysaccharides Flashcards

1
Q

What bonds are between glucose and fructose monomers in sucrose

A

alpha 1,2 glycosidic bonds

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2
Q

In what form and where is glycogen found in cells

A

In the form of granules in the cytosol in many cell types

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3
Q

what types of cell have the highest concentration of glycogen

A

hepatocytes

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4
Q

What are the types of bond between glucose in the straight chains and what types at the branch points

A

straight = alpha-1,4-glycosidic

branch points = alpha-1,6-glycosidic

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5
Q

why does glycogen need two enzymes for degradation

A

one to hydrolyse alpha 1,4

one for alpha 1,6

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6
Q

What does glycogen phosphorylase do

A

it breaks up glycogen into glucose-1-phosphates

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7
Q

What does phosphoglucomutase do

A

converts glucose-1-phosphate into glucose-6-phosphate

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8
Q

Where does glycogen phosphorylase stop working in a glycogen chain and what can make it work again

A

as it only works on linear chains of glycogen, it immediately stops four residues away from the branch point, needs a debranching enzyme

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9
Q

What polysaccharides is starch made up of

A

Amylose and amylopectin

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10
Q

What are the structures of amylose and amylopectin

A

both have glucose monomers
amylose = alpha 1,4 linkages
amylopectin = alpha 1,6 linkages every 24-30 glucose monomers = coiled molecule

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11
Q

what is maltose made of and how is it obtained

A

Maltose is a disaccharide
Obtained by enzyme-catalyzed hydrolysis of starch
Consists of two D-glucopyranoses.

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12
Q

What are the monomers in galactose and what bonds hold them together

A

Lactose = disaccharide

made of beta-D-galactose and beta-D-glucose monomers bonded using beta 1-4 glycosidic linkage

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13
Q

What are Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and where are they found

A

Polysaccharides present on the animal cell surface and in the extracellular matrix.

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14
Q

What are GAGs made up of

A

Repeating disaccharide units. unit is made up of an amino sugar and either a glucosamine or galactosamine

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15
Q

What is the simplest GAG

A

Hyaluronic acid

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16
Q

What makes hyaluronic acid the simplest GAG

A

the disaccharide units are nonsulfated
all disaccharide units are identical
not usually covalently linked to a core protein

17
Q

What is a glycoprotein

A

A macromolecule composed of a protein and a carbohydrate

18
Q

What is N-glycosylation for a glycoprotein

A

When the addition of sugar chains happens at asparagine

19
Q

What is O-glycosylation for a glycoprotein

A

The addition of sugar chains at hydroxylysine, hydroxyproline, serine, or threonine.

20
Q

What are proteoglycans

A

Proteoglycans represent a special class of glycoprotein that are heavily glycosylated.

21
Q

What do proteoglycans consist of

A

They consist of a core protein with one or more covalently attached glycosaminoglycan chain(s).

22
Q

What charge do GAGs normally have and why

A

normally negative due to sulphate and ironic acid groups

23
Q

where are proteoglycans normally found

A

in the animal extracellular matrix

24
Q

List as many properties of GAGs as possible

A

Long, linear polysaccharides

Composed of repeating disaccharide units : (amino sugar – uronic acid)n

Negatively charged, hydrophilic

Commonly sulphated

Covalently - linked to proteins to form Proteoglycans

Cell surface and extracellular locations (heparin in secretory granules)

Multifunctional – structural role in the extracellular matrix and basement membranes

  • space-filling in cartilage (imparts shape and compressive resilience)
  • modifiers/activators of effector proteins eg growth factors, proteases
25
Q

Name 2 amino sugars and 2 uronic acids that can make up the disaccharide units in GAGs

A

N-acetylglucosamine
N-sulphated glucosamine
N-acetylgalactosamine

Glucuronic acid
Iduronic acid

26
Q

What is chondroitin sulphate made of and what is its main function

A

Chondroitin sulfate is composed of a chain of alternating sugars N-acetyl-galactosamine and glucuronic acid.
Chondroitin sulfate is a major structural component of cartilage and provides much of its resistance to compression.

27
Q

What is heparin and how is it used

A

highly sulphated glycosaminoglycan used as an injectable anticoagulant

28
Q

What is bacterial peptidoglycan made of

A

linear chains of alternating amino sugars, N-acetyl glucosamine (NAG) and N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)

29
Q

what type of acid is muramic acid and what is the structure of muramic acid

A

Sugar acid

Its an ether (R-O-R’) of lactic acid and NAG

Biochem (5 decks)

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