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Biology Topic 1A > Polysaccharides > Flashcards

Polysaccharides Flashcards

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1
Q

What polysaccharides do we need to know about?

A
  • Starch
  • Glycogen
  • Cellulose
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2
Q

What do we need to know about the three polysaccharides?

A

The relationship between their structures and functions.

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3
Q

Where do cells get energy from?

A

Glucose.

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4
Q

What are polysaccharides?

A

Carbohydrates.

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5
Q

What are polysaccharide molecules made from?

A

Large numbers of their monomers (monosaccharides).

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6
Q

When is a polysaccharide formed?

A

When more than two monosaccharides are joined together by condensation reactions.`

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7
Q

How are polysaccharides broken down?

A

By hydrolysis reactions

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8
Q

Within what type of organism is starch relevant?

A

Within plants.

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9
Q

Why is starch relevant to plants?

A

Because plants store excess glucose as starch.

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10
Q

What happens when plants need more energy?

A

They break down starch to release the glucose.

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11
Q

What is starch made of?

A

Two polysaccharides of alpha glucose.

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12
Q

What two polysaccharides of alpha glucose is starch made from?

A
  • Amylose

* Amylopectin

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13
Q

What is the structure of amylose?

A
  • Long
  • Unbranched
  • Chain of alpha glucose
  • Coiled (like a cylinder)
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14
Q

What is the structure of amylopectin?

A
  • Long
  • Branched
  • Chain of alpha glucose
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15
Q

Why is amylose good for storage?

A

Its compact, due to its coiled structure. (you can fit more in a small space).

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16
Q

How does amylose have a coiled structure?

A

Because of the angles of its glycoscidic bonds.

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17
Q

Why is amylopectin good for storage?

A

Glucose can be released quickly, due to its side branches.

18
Q

How is glucose released easily in amylopectin?

A

Because the enzymes that hydrolyse the molecule can get at the glycoscidic bonds easily.

19
Q

Why is starch itself good for storage?

A

Because it is insoluble in water thus is doesn’t affect water potential.

20
Q

Why is starch being insoluble in water good for storage?

A

Because it doesn’t cause water to enter cells by osmosis.

21
Q

Within what type of organism is glycogen relevant?

A

Animals.

22
Q

Why is glycogen relevant to animals?

A

Animals store excess glucose as glycogen.

23
Q

What is the structure of glycogen?

A
  • Long
  • Branched
  • Chain of alpha glucose
24
Q

What molecule is glycogen similar to?

A

Amylopectin, except it has lots more side branches coming off it.

25
Q

Why is glycogen good for storage?

A
  • Stored glucose can be released quickly.

* Compact molecule.

26
Q

What does glycogen look like?

A

image

27
Q

What does amylose look like?

A

image

28
Q

What does amylopectin look like?

A

image

29
Q

Within what is cellulose relevant to?

A

Cells (cell walls).

30
Q

Why is cellulose relevant to cells?

A

Because it provides structural support for cell walls.

31
Q

How does cellulose provide structural support for cell walls?

A

Because they form strong fibres called microfibrils.

32
Q

What is the structure of cellulose?

A
  • Long
  • Unbranched
  • Chain of beta glucose
33
Q

How does cellulose form microfibrils?

A
  • Because when the beta glucose molecules bond, they form straight cellulose chains.
  • These chains are linked together by hydrogen bonds.
34
Q

What does cellulose look like?

A

image

35
Q

How do you test for the presence of starch in a sample?

A

The iodine test for starch.

36
Q

What does the iodine test, test for?

A

Starch

37
Q

How do you carry out the iodine test for starch?

A

Add iodine dissolved in potassium iodide solution to the sample.

38
Q

What result occurs when starch is present during the iodine test?

A

The sample changes from browny-orange to a dark bluey-black colour.

39
Q

What happens when starch is not present in the sample?

A

The sample stays browny-orange.

40
Q

What does the iodine test for starch look like?

A

image

Biology Topic 1A (8 decks)

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