Polypharmacy Flashcards
What is polypharmacy defined as?
Being prescribed more than 4 medications
What proportion of older patients are affected by polypharmacy?
Over 1/3
What can polypharmacy result in?
- Increased risk of side effects
- Increased risk of drug-drug interactions
- Therapeutic cascade
- Increased risk of medications not being reviewed thoroughly
What is meant by the therapeutic cascade?
A drug is prescribed and causes an adverse effect. This adverse effect is misinterpreted as a new medical condition, causing the prescription of another drug, and the cycle continues
What things are considered to be ‘inappropriate prescribing’?
- Prescribing drugs that are contraindicated
- Prescribing a drug with an inappropriate dose or duration
- Prescribing a drug that is likely to adversely affect prognosis
- Failure to use a drug that could improve patient outcomes
Why is inappropriate prescribing more common in older adults?
- Higher prevalence of chronic disease
- Higher levels of polypharmacy leading to an increased risk of drug-drug and drug-disease interaction
- Age related physiological changes
In what things are there age-related physical changes that affect drugs?
- Distribution
- Hepatic metabolism
- Renal elimination
Are age-related changes in the GI tract clinically significant in relation to drugs?
No, because they do not affect the absorption of most drugs
What age-related changes cause changes in the distribution of drugs?
- Total body fat increases
- Total body water decreases
- Serum albumin decreases
What is the effect of the increase in total body fat with ageing on drugs?
Increases the volume of distribution for fat soluble drugs
What is the effect of the decrease in total body water with ageing on drugs?
Decreases the volume of distribution of water soluble drugs
What is the effect of the decrease in serum albumin with ageing on drugs?
Increases the effects of albumin-bound drugs as levels of unbound drugs increase as a consequence
What happens to hepatic metabolism with age?
Reduces
Why does hepatic metabolism of many drugs reduce with age?
Because of reduced liver volume and enzymes activity
What is the potential result in the reduction of hepatic metabolism with age?
Can cause toxic accumulation
What should be done to prevent toxic accumulation of drugs due to reduction in hepatic metabolism with age?
Reduce dose or increase dosing interval