Polymers and Life Flashcards
Describe carboxylic acids.
Strong enough to form salts with bases. React with carbonates to form water and carbon dioxide.
Describe phenols.
Form salts with metals in a redox reaction.
Describe esters.
Produced via condensation reactions. Reversed by ester hydrolysis.
Which reaction produces polyesters?
Addition reactions.
Describe amines.
Form hydrogen bonds with water. Amines with small groups are soluble. The lone pair can be used in dative covalent bonding.
How is nylon named?
According to the number of carbons in monomers.
What is produced when an ester is hydrolysed?
Carboxylic acid + alcohol.
What is produced when an ester is hydrolysed by an alkali?
Produces a carboxylate salt, C2H5COO-.
What is produced in the acid hydrolysis of an amide?
A carboxylic acid and an ammonium ion. A secondary amide produces a carboxylic acid and an amine salt.
What is produced in the alkaline hydrolysis of an amide?
A carboxylate ion and an amine.
Describe an amino acid and its function as a zwitterion.
Bifunctional compound. In alkaline conditions, COO- ion. In acidic conditions, NH3+ ion.
Acts as a buffer.
Found at the anode with an increase in pH. Carboxylic acid is found at the cathode with a decrease in pH.
Describe adenine and guanine.
Purines, double ringed.
Describe thymine and cytosine.
Pyramidines, single ringed.
How are adenine and thymine joined?
Two hydrogen bonds.
How are guanine and cytosine joined?
Three hydrogen bonds.
Describe optical isomerism.
Non-superimposable. Chiral carbon. Enantiomers.
Describe the use of enzymes in diabetes.
Reagent strips containing glucose oxidase, indicator, peroxidase and a buffer.
What is the rate determining step of an enzyme-catalysed reaction?
EP->E+P
Zero order.
Describe a competitive inhibitor.
A molecule which fits into the active site, but does not catalyse the reaction.
Describe pharmacophores.
For example: Captropril fits into the active site of ACE, preventing catalysis. This is a pharmacophore.
Pharmacophores can be modified by changing functional groups, which increases effectiveness or reduces side effects. They interact with receptor sites.
Describe NMR.
Odd numbers of subatomic particles cause nuclei to behave like magnets. Isotopic nuclei are charged and have a spin which creates a magnetic field. Energy can be used to change the spins. Nuclei oppose or line up with the magnetic field. Nuclei opposing have higher energies. Measured by the TMS peak.
Describe 13C NMR.
Measures the number of different carbons, the number of carbon environments and the relative ratio.
Describe 1H NMR.
Measures the number of hydrogen environments, the number of hydrogens in each environment, the nature of the environment, and the number of hydrogens on adjacent carbons (n+1, where n is the number of subpeaks).
