POLS241 Exam Prep Readings Flashcards
Readings
Osterhammel’s Ch. 8 and Nkrumah (orange)
Gellner, Barrington and Marx
Defronzo - Ch. 1 (grey)
Content Readings
Schmitter and Karl; Huntington (orange)
Geddes; Stepan and Linz
D. Harvey; Rodrik; Bourguignon (grey)
Describe democratizaiton of Egypt as case study.
Important dates:
1882 – 1956 British occupation
◦ 1923 – 1956 Egypt as multiparty constitutional monarchy
◦ 1928 – Hasan Al-Bana founded the Muslim Brotherhood (MB) “Sunni revivalist Islamic organization, focused primarily on issues of domestic social and political reform and nonviolence records of participating in electoral politics.”
◦ 1952 – Free Officers Revolution
-Gamal Abdel Nasser (1956-1970): Arab nationalism and socialisism, Nasser abolished political parties through strongman rule and had a campaign of repression against MB (main rival unit).
-Sadat (1970-1981): Transisiton to democratization, produced economic policies (privitization, removing social services and increased foreign investment) that came hand in hand with political reforms (New parties law, emphasis on personal freedoms and creation of supreme court).
-Mubarak (1981-2011): Relative tolerance to neo-authoritarianism, continued multiple party system although Mubarak maintained control through hegemony, making National democratic party uncontested althuogh opposition forces could practise politics to embarass regime.
-2000s: Political opening through regional factors like Bush doctrine, invasion of Iraq and political oppisition of MB. This was reversed, and in 2007 the regime produced de liberalization and constrained political freedom, giving mubarak authority to refer to civilians suspected of terorrism in militairty tribunals (MB failed to win single seat).
-End of 200s: Mubarak regime unsustainability became visible causing egyptian revolution in 2011, he then stepped down.
-2012: MB Islamist party leads election results, approving draft constitution however Mohammed Morsi was removed by by militairy and Abdual Fattah al-sisi wins election, returning to authoritarinism (huge rights crisis in terms of human rights)
-Not a democratic transition but a democratic situation
Describe democratizaiton of Sudan as a case study.
Under British colonial rule (1899-1956), weakneing state capacity.
First and second civil war (1955-2005):
-First war: Failure to accomadate souths demand for decentrialization, by 1871 government signs Abbis Abab to grant south self-government.
-Second war: Began in 1983 when Nimerie contravened agreement, Sudans peoples liberation movement/army ends in 2005.
First democratic period (1956-58): Parliamentary government, unionist and Umma party dominate parliment, disagreements of souths problems (economy, foreign policy) make government ineffective.
First militairy period (1958-1964): Makes Islam and Arabic official language and religion, escalates war in south.
Second democratic period (1964): Revolution brings about new elections, Umma led government.
Second militairy rule (1969-1985): Nimerie comes to power-communist and socialists, signs Addis ababa agreement by 1983 he changes south’s borders and implements Shariah law.
Third democratic period: 1985 reolution ousts nimerie, elections are held and Umma forms several governments (fails to deal with civil war, Shariah law or eocnomic situation)
Third militairy period (1989-2019): Omar al Bashir causes secession of south sudan, genocide in Darfur.
2019 revolution: outs al-bashir, establishes transitional government, coup in OCT 2021, negotiations and protests ongoing.
