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POLS2401- exam #2 Flashcards

1
Q

What makes Marxism is a critical theory?

A

critical theories are meant to confront ideologies and deconstruct them, marxism does this my criticizing capitalism and its oppression of citizens

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2
Q

Who is Marxism named after?

A

Karl Marx

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3
Q

What are the two classes in Marxism?

A

transnational proletariat (working class) and bourgeoisie (the elites)

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4
Q

What is the unit of analysis used in Marxism

A

social class; meaning that Marxists primarily analyze society through the lens of class relations and the struggles between different social classes

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5
Q

Where did capitalism and the state system emerge out of?

A

they emerged based on historical conditions and social relations

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6
Q

How does Marxism criticize capitalism?

A

Marxist believe that history moves based on economic relations/interactions and that states were created simply to help further the economic status of the already elite

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7
Q

How are culture and politics shaped, according to Marxists?

A

they are all shaped by economic relations/ties

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8
Q

What is the role of the state for economic elites, according to Marxists? (Role of imperialism)

A

states are meant to further elites’ capitalist profit.

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9
Q

World Systems Theory – know all the three concentric circles and respective examples. (world systems vs. states)

A

periphery, semi-periphery, and the core

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10
Q

What do feminists say about violence in the private sphere vs. public sphere?

A

the two are not mutually exclusive. they say that what happens inside the house is impacted by what happens outside and vice versa.

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11
Q

Why do feminist criticize mainstream IR theories?

A

there is a lack of female representation, so those theories tend to be more focused on “masculine” concepts

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12
Q

Gender vs. sex  how do they influence social roles of men and women? Links to domination vs. subordination?

A

Gender is a social construct, whereas sex is a biological fact. they influence the roles of men and women bc of the stigma and social norms surrounding their certain sex. women are meant to be subordinates and men are “meant” to dominate and be above women.

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13
Q

How do gendered expectations impact power relations? How can it be linked to the state (think of masculine norms/characteristics)

A

men expect women to stay at home and be all soft, so when they try and obtain a position of power they are don’t believe that they are right for the job. they would rather have a man for the job because this pre-conceived notion that men are more suitable for a position of power rings in their head.

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14
Q

Examples of masculine vs. feminine gender norms

A

the color pink and blue, men being strong and women being weak, men being providers and women being caregivers

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15
Q

What is protection myth?

A

it is basically the idea that during war women and children are the groups that are mainly protected, but its a myth because they make up the majority of casualties because they end up being targets for the other army to send a message of “hey you cant protect the most ‘vulnerable’ “

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16
Q

Why is it important to pay attention to women’s experiences during conflicts?

A

for many years women basically had targets placed on them and became victims of SA during war, but it wasn’t until 2002 that the Rome Statue made it so that rape was a war crime

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17
Q

What does traditional peacekeeping entail?

A

process used by the UN to stop the fighting between parties, basically just wanted to give power back to the state

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18
Q

Why has traditional peacekeeping sometimes failed for women?

A

women were underrepresented and they were still being SA’ed, and many of the peackeepers were male and were charged with harassing the women they were meant to help

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19
Q

What are international organizations?

A

an organization with an international scope, operates across international borders, and consists of at least 3 states

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20
Q

Why are international organizations created?

A

help us to deal with specific global issues

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21
Q

What are the liberalist vs. realist argument about international organizations?

A

liberals believe that IO’s give us common purposes and common goals which allow us all to come together and work together to solve problems, build trust via interdependence. realist believe that states with influence will use these organizations to reflect their interests

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22
Q

What are the three types of IO’s?

A

Intergovernmental organizations, International non-governmental organizations, and hybrid international organizations

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23
Q

Explain what IGOs are and give an example

A

Consists of govts of states (at least 3), usually established through treaties, focused on one area of trade.
Example: the UN

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24
Q

Explain what INGOs are and give an example

A

they operate in many different countries but are not controlled by the countries & are not formed by the countries, they are private organizations.
Example: Habitat for Humanity

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25
Q

Explain what Hybrid IOs are and give an example

A

combination of states and other non-state actors, bring in experts from different fields and try to find solutions to global problems
Example: International Labor Organization

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26
Q

Explain - Scope vs. domain

A

Scope is basically the issue area that the organization covers and Domain includes members and who is part of that international organization.

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27
Q

Example of small scope, big domain

A

World Trade Organization
(scope:trade, domain:global)

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28
Q

Example of big scope, small domain

A

The European Union (EU)
(scope:trade, security, immigration|| domain: Europe)

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29
Q

Example of small scope, small domain

A

NAFTA
(scope: trade || domain: U.S.,Canada, and Mexico)

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30
Q

example of big scope, big domain

A

The United Nations (UN)
(scope: all human dimensions || domain: global)

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31
Q

Are IOs supranational entities? Why or why not?

A

They are not because they do not govern its member states

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32
Q

If there is any one IO that comes close to being supranational, which is it?

A

The EU because although its member states have sovereignty, there are certain rules they must follow that are set by the EU

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33
Q

How can IOs shape the world? (the Red Cross and its links to the Geneva Conventions.)

A

they can help to develop international norms and influence how wars are conducted. they also bring awareness to certain global issues that are not being advocated for

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34
Q

what are the UN’s ties to sovereignty

A

it respects sovereignty as a central element of international politics, it does not go against the right of countries to exercise their own free will

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35
Q

What conference led to the UN’s establishment?

A

San Francisco conference (1945)

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36
Q

What is the UN’s constitution?

A

The UN Charter

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37
Q

What is the UN’s link to the League of Nations?

A

The UN was created because the states that were previously involved with the League of Nations believed that they should try again and learn from their mistakes to create an organization that would help them resolve global issues

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38
Q

How many member states does the UN have?

A

193 member states

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39
Q

What are the 5 main organs of the UN?

A

the General Assembly,
the Security Council,
the Economic & Social Council,
the Trusteeship Council,
the Secretariat and the International Court of Justice

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40
Q

function of the general assembly (UN)

A

the parliament of the UN, limited power, includes all 193 members, however decisions made are NOT binding

41
Q

function of the security council (UN)

A

creates binding resolutions between states and decides whether to use military action in crisis

42
Q

function of the ecosoc (UN)

A

coordinate the economic and social work of the UN, consults with NGOs, they do a lot of data collection on social/economic issues and share with other members of the UN. coordinates with non governmental organizations both within countries as well as across the globe

43
Q

function of the trusteeship council (UN)

A

(***doesn’t exist anymore)
helped former colonies transition into full fledged members of the international community in the form of Independent States

44
Q

function of the secretariat (UN)

A

main administrative engine, it deals with logistics and planning? this position holds limited political power. this is the data center of the UN and it sets the agenda for UN meetings

45
Q

function of the International Court of Justice (UN)

A

the supreme court of the UN, has 15 members, resolve disputes between states, participation in voluntary,

46
Q

Why is the Security Council considered the most powerful organ of the UN?

A

it is the only organ of the UN that can authorize military action, it has 5 permanent member states that can veto any decision trying to be made even it has 9/15 members to agree with the proposition, and once a decision has been made it is binding, meaning that countries have to follow through

47
Q

Who are the P-5 (permanent members of the SC)?

A

China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United
States

48
Q

What is the notion of traditional sovereignty?

A

states have authority over their borders, they are the highest authority in the land, they can use force if necessary, and they are also seen as the legitimate representation of the people living within the borders of that state

49
Q

According to humanitarian intervention and its approach of sovereignty, what is its role when it comes to its citizens?

A

if you failed to protect your own people, then you lose the right to soverieignty and open yourself up to humanitarian intervention by the international community

50
Q

Why is the idea of the “state as protector of its citizens” important in the discussion of humanitarian intervention?

A

bc states are responsible for protecting its citizens, but if they cannot or do not want to protect them from harm then the international community can step in and intervene for the protection of that states people

51
Q

What is conditional sovereignty? How does it challenge the idea of traditional sovereignty?

A

if they are unwilling or unable to protect its own citizens from mass harm, then the state cannot enjoy sovereignty

52
Q

What is humanitarian intervention?

A

getting involved in other state’s business to take care of their people because they cant

53
Q

Does the international community have a responsibility to intervene militarily for humanitarian purposes?

A

yes, it rests on the notion of a threefold responsibility, which is to prevent mass killings or mass suffering of human beings. To react if such things take place and to help rebuild

54
Q

What is R2P?

A

The doctrine of responsibility to protect

55
Q

What was the conference that led to the emergence of R2P?

A

The International Commission on intervention and state sovereignty (ICSS 2002) which was held in Canada

56
Q

Does R2P require Security Council approval (and what makes this problematic)?

A

It does not require security council approval, because that would be almost impossible to obtain, but it raises a lot of questions of what to do in such situations

57
Q

R2P’s three-fold responsibility

A

the notion of a threefold responsibility, which is to prevent mass killings or mass suffering of human beings. To react if such things take place and to help rebuild

58
Q

What is the 1st pillar of R2P?

A

1.) the primary responsibility of the state to protect its population from genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing and crimes against humanity

59
Q

What is the 3rd pillar of R2P?

A

3.) International community has responsibility to take to timely and decisive action to protect populations from the four crimes through diplomatic, humanitarian and the piece means

59
Q

What is the 2nd pillar of R2P?

A

2.) the international community has the responsibility to assist and encourage states to fulfill their duty to protect

60
Q

Is the international community responsible for protecting human lives? How do you address sovereignty within this discussion?

A

there is not a clear cut answer for this, but

61
Q

What are some criticisms of humanitarian intervention?

A

It gives other states the opportunity to use humanitarian intervention as a smoke screen so that they can make a regime change that is more friendly to them

62
Q

Central features of HR?

A
63
Q

What are: international regimes?

A

everything that we understand as part of all the aspects that regulate our behavior internationally as states

64
Q

Explain human rights according to the UN?

A

Human rights are rights inherent to all human beings, whatever our nationality, place of
residence, sex, national or ethnic origin, color, religion, language, or any other status. We
are all equally entitled to our human rights without discrimination.

65
Q

International Bill of HR (What conferences does it include)

A

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948),
The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (1966), and The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1966)

66
Q

Civil and political rights & social, economic, and cultural rights – what do they include? What are they?

A

civil and political rights : legal protection against the state, protection from unjust arrest, right to vote.

social, economic, and cultural rights: access to essential goods and services, equal social and cultural participation, right to food, housing, healthcare, education

67
Q

How do we hold states accountable for HR? (bilateral efforts)

A

offer incentives to developing countries so that they enforce HR measures

68
Q

How do we hold states accountable for HR? (multilateral efforts)

A

reports, reviews, complaints, and investigations of these government systems

69
Q

IR they and HR —>Liberal, Realist, constructivist, critical approaches

A

liberals endorse human rights, realist emphasize national interests and simply believe that HR is a tool to pursue individual interests of the state. constructivism they assess that it is a new norm, a new expectation of behavior that still continues to evolve today. Critical perspectives some states think this is just a western norm being forced onto other states even though they dont realize that it is a norm

70
Q

Are human rights universal?

A

They unfortunately are not

71
Q

How do we reconcile human rights and national interests?

A
72
Q

Popular protests: what are they? why do they occur?

A

mass groups of people demanding political change, they occur bc they people are not content with the government in place

73
Q

What is the ultimate goal of popular protests?

A
74
Q

implications of the end of the Cold War (***think of the impact of the end of ideological competition)

A

there was a rise of ethnic, religious, and sectarian conflicts

75
Q

What were the color revolutions?

A

revolutions that ocurred in post communist countries

76
Q

Common links between the countries that underwent color revolutions?

A

they had all gradually transitioned into some form of democracy

77
Q

What were some of the overarching causes of these movements (color revs)?

A
78
Q

What was the aim of the color protests?

A

bring about changes in the government by using peaceful nonviolent means

79
Q

What was Ukraine’s “Orange Revolution” about?

A

Viktor Y. was trying to stay in power and there were protests to get him out of office bc of voter intimidation

80
Q

In Ukraine’s “Orange Revolution” what was the role of geopolitics (The West vs. Russia)

A
81
Q

What was anti-color insurance?

A

former communist countries passed some regulations to prevent their nations from being removed. they started attacking civil society and political activist.

82
Q

What was the “Umbrella Revolution”?

A

protests by the people of Hong Kong against the rule of China

83
Q

What was the aim of the “Umbrella Revolution”?

A
84
Q

What was the Occupy movement?

A

protests against income inequality. 2 million americans lost their homes but instead of the government helping them they helped the banks that made them lose their homes because of poor choices

85
Q

What was the aim of the Occupy movement?

A
86
Q

The Arab Spring – where did it begin?

A

an engineering graduate in Tunisia is selling fruit out of a cart because he cant find a job gets his cart taken away by law enforcement, so he sets himself on fire

87
Q

What were some motivations of the movements (the arab spring)?

A

the people were fed up with their govts lack of action and felt that the govt wasn’t representing them well

88
Q

FAO’s definition of global hunger; UN Hunger Report’s definition

A

FAO: an uncomfortable or painful physical sensation caused by insufficient consumes, consumption of dietary energy. It becomes chronic when the person does not consume a sufficient amount of calories on a regular basis to lead a normal, active and healthy life

UN: periods when populations are experiencing severe food insecurity

89
Q

What is food security?

A

not having access to sufficient food, or food of an adequate quality, to meet one’s basic needs

90
Q

What does the “bottom-up” approach on global hunger mean?

A

focuses on individual experiences of people to understand hunger

91
Q

Causes of global hunger

A

poor harvests, rising prices, food deserts

92
Q

What countries are most impacted by food importing countries?

A

those countries that rely on food importation

93
Q

Why is there a rise of hunger in urban areas?

A
94
Q

What is the structural problem of hunger?

A

it is not about availability, but rather having the means to pay for food and there is a unequal distribution of supply so that areas with money have more and areas with less money have none

95
Q

How did Brazil succeed in tackling hunger in the early 2000s

A
96
Q

How can adulterated food (like milk) impact hunger and food security?

A

In 2008 there was melamine was found in milk formula in China which made the babies very sick, the parents began to distrust the formula in China so they would travel to neighboring countries and buy formula there bc they had different regulations. The countries like Hong Kong and Japan began to set a limit on how much could be purchased and the prices got jacked up

97
Q

Connections of food security with low wages

A

people are being underpaid and cannot afford groceries

98
Q

Connections of food security with land dispossession

A

farmers are now planting cash crops like tobacco, coffee, and sugar which are easily produced but are not edible. so now there is less food being produced

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