POLS exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what are civil liberties

A

Protections of citizens from improper governmental action

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2
Q

What are civil rights?

A

The rules the government must follow in how they can treat people. mainly focusing on participation in political and social life

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3
Q

Establishment Clause

A

Clause in the First Amendment that prohibits the government from establishing a religion

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4
Q

Free Exercise Clause

A

Clause in the First Amendment that protects a citizen’s right to believe and practice any religion

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5
Q

Lemon test

A

Test that defines the relationship between government and religion, requiring a secular purpose, no advancement or inhibition of religion, and no excessive entanglement Lemon vs. Kurtzman

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6
Q

Clear and present danger test

A

Test that determines if speech presents a clear and present danger to society

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7
Q

Exclusionary Rule

A

Ability of courts to exclude evidence obtained in violation of the Fourth Amendment mapp v ohio

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8
Q

Miranda v. Arizona

A

Supreme Court case that established the requirement for law enforcement to inform individuals of their rights (Miranda rights)

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9
Q

Gideon v. Wainwright

A

Supreme Court case that incorporated the right to counsel into the Fourteenth Amendment

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10
Q

Eighth Amendment

A

Prohibits excessive bail, excessive fines, and cruel and unusual punishment

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11
Q

Right to Privacy

A

Not expressly stated in the Bill of Rights, but protected by the Third, Fourth, and Fifth Amendments

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12
Q

Equal Protection Clause

A

Clause in the Fourteenth Amendment that requires equal protection for all persons

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13
Q

Brown v. Board of Education

A

Supreme Court case that declared segregation in public education to be unconstitutional

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14
Q

Affirmative Action

A

Policy or program designed to redress historic injustices and promote diversity

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15
Q

Slaughter-House cases

A

14th amendment applies to state actions, not private actions

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16
Q

Fourth Amendment

A

Protection against unreasonable search and seizure

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17
Q

Sixth Amendment

A

Right to a speedy and public trial, right to confront witnesses

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18
Q

Fifth Amendment

A

Right to remain silent, protection against double jeopardy and self-incrimination

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19
Q

Second Amendment

A

Right to bear arms for maintaining local public order

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20
Q

Texas vs. Johnson

A
  • Texas creates a law that any venerated object cannot be burned or defaced
    • Johnson burns a flag in front of a convention center
    • he’s taken to jail
      • claims his freedom of speech is being attacked
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21
Q

Citizens United vs. Federal Election Commission-”Free speech is very expensive”

A
  • money=speech
    • political contributions to a campaign is speech as you are supporting certain ideas
    • the more money you have the more speech you have
22
Q

Map vs. Ohio

A
  • guy escapes from prison in Ohio, woman takes him in
  • police show up to her home and see drugs, so they force themselves in
  • they don’t find the escapee but arrest her for the drugs and pornography discovered
    • they obtained evidence in violation of the fourth amendment
23
Q

Korematsu vs. United States -”violated due process through incarceration without trial/clause”

A

ordered all Japanese Americans west of Colorado had 24 hours to dispose of their property and move to internment camps until the war was over

24
Q

Plessy vs. Ferguson

A

racial segregation laws did not violate the U.S. Constitution as long as the facilities for each race were equal in quality, a doctrine that came to be known as “separate but equal”.

25
Q

Brown v. board

A

separating children in public schools on the basis of race was unconstitutional. It signaled the end of legalized racial segregation in the schools of the United States, overruling the “separate but equal” principle set forth in the 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson case.

26
Q

Griswold vs. Connecticut

A

the Supreme Court ruled that a state’s ban on the use of contraceptives violated the right to marital privacy. The case concerned a Connecticut law that criminalized the encouragement or use of birth control.

27
Q

Obergefell vs. Hodges

A

the Court held that states must allow and recognize same-sex marriages under the Due Process and Equal Protection Clauses of the Fourteenth Amendment. In his majority opinion, Justice Kennedy concluded that the fundamental right to marry cannot be limited to heterosexual couples

28
Q

Lau vs. Nichols

A

under the Civil Rights Act of 1964, a California school district receiving federal funds must provide non-English-speaking students with instruction in the English language to ensure that they receive an equal education.

29
Q

de jure segregation

A

racial segregation due to a law or official policy

30
Q

de facto segregation

A

Racial segregation that is not a direct result of governmental policy

31
Q

intermediate scrutiny

A

The test used by the Supreme Court in gender discrimination cases which places the burden of justifying a law or policy use mainly on the government.

32
Q

initiative

A

A process by which citizens may petition to place a policy proposal on the ballot for public vote

33
Q

Insider Strategies

A

Directly influencing decision makers and pursuing advocacy through courts

34
Q

Selective Benefits

A

Benefits provided only to group members to entice them to join and contribute

35
Q

Political Entrepreneurs

A

Leaders who organize groups and accrue benefits in return

36
Q

Regulations on Lobbying

A

Reporting spending, limits on gifts, and registration as lobbyists

37
Q

Political Action Committees (PACs)

A

Private groups that raise and distribute funds for election campaigns

38
Q

Pluralism

A

Theory that all interests are free to compete for influence in the government

39
Q

Interest Group

A

Organized group that makes policy-related appeals to government

40
Q

Pull and Push

A

Government collecting information on impact and individuals/groups seeking benefits

41
Q

Outsider Strategies

A

Educating the public and campaigning/contributing to candidates

42
Q

Lobbying

A

Influencing the policy process through persuasion of government officials

43
Q

Lobbyists

A

Individuals who provide information and ensure group concerns are heard

44
Q

Independent Expenditures

A

Groups spending money on voter education, not coordinated with a campaign

45
Q

Hard Money

A

Funds contributed directly to a candidate or party

46
Q

Soft Money

A

Funds spent on party-building activities, not directly contributed to a candidate

47
Q

legal barriers

A

Barriers that make it difficult for third parties to emerge.

48
Q

Candidate Service Providers

A

Parties provide services to candidate organizations such as money, voter lists, campaign advice, and coordination of expenditures.

49
Q

National Committee

A

Committee that raises money and enhances party’s image or brand name.

50
Q

National Convention

A

Convention that nominates presidential candidate and sets party platform.

51
Q

Collective Action

A

Building campaign organizations and finding power within a major party.

52
Q

Collective Choice

A

Parties facilitate action and incentivize members to work together.