POLS exam 2 Flashcards
what are civil liberties
Protections of citizens from improper governmental action
What are civil rights?
The rules the government must follow in how they can treat people. mainly focusing on participation in political and social life
Establishment Clause
Clause in the First Amendment that prohibits the government from establishing a religion
Free Exercise Clause
Clause in the First Amendment that protects a citizen’s right to believe and practice any religion
Lemon test
Test that defines the relationship between government and religion, requiring a secular purpose, no advancement or inhibition of religion, and no excessive entanglement Lemon vs. Kurtzman
Clear and present danger test
Test that determines if speech presents a clear and present danger to society
Exclusionary Rule
Ability of courts to exclude evidence obtained in violation of the Fourth Amendment mapp v ohio
Miranda v. Arizona
Supreme Court case that established the requirement for law enforcement to inform individuals of their rights (Miranda rights)
Gideon v. Wainwright
Supreme Court case that incorporated the right to counsel into the Fourteenth Amendment
Eighth Amendment
Prohibits excessive bail, excessive fines, and cruel and unusual punishment
Right to Privacy
Not expressly stated in the Bill of Rights, but protected by the Third, Fourth, and Fifth Amendments
Equal Protection Clause
Clause in the Fourteenth Amendment that requires equal protection for all persons
Brown v. Board of Education
Supreme Court case that declared segregation in public education to be unconstitutional
Affirmative Action
Policy or program designed to redress historic injustices and promote diversity
Slaughter-House cases
14th amendment applies to state actions, not private actions
Fourth Amendment
Protection against unreasonable search and seizure
Sixth Amendment
Right to a speedy and public trial, right to confront witnesses
Fifth Amendment
Right to remain silent, protection against double jeopardy and self-incrimination
Second Amendment
Right to bear arms for maintaining local public order
Texas vs. Johnson
- Texas creates a law that any venerated object cannot be burned or defaced
- Johnson burns a flag in front of a convention center
- he’s taken to jail
- claims his freedom of speech is being attacked