Polity Flashcards

Question 1

Q

Article 3

Answer

A

not a CAA

Question 2

Q

Article 214

Answer

A

HCs for states

Question 3

Q

110 (1)

Answer

A

Money Bill

Question 4

Q

171

Answer

A

composition of MLC

Question 5

Q

amendments in preamble

Answer

A

42nd AA, 1976 - ISS

Question 6

Q

266

Answer

A

Consolidated Fund of India; Public Account of India

Question 7

Q

85

Answer

A

President - max. gap 6 months - 2 sessions

Question 8

Q

166 (3)

Answer

A

Governor - discretionary power - make rules for the more convenient transaction of business

Question 9

Q

XII Schedule - under what? how many items? which amendment?

Answer

A

Urban Local Government; 18 functional items; 74th AA, 1992

Question 10

Q

cases related to CAA

Answer

A

caa Sahi aur Galat Kanoon ke beech khada hai

Question 11

Q

article for the special session

Question 12

Q

327

Answer

A

parlia laws to regulate elections

Question 13

Q

RPA, 1951

Answer

A

procedure to perform various functions, eg. preparing electoral roll

Question 14

Q

Money Bill matters

Answer

A

TB-MAC-RPA-I

Question 15

Q

228

Answer

A

HC can transfer any matter from subordinate court to itself

Question 16

Q

Kanhaiyalal vs. R.K Trivedi Case, 1985

Answer

A

SC on powers of ECI

Question 17

Q

267

Answer

A

Contingency Fund of India

Question 18

Q

21 - related case & ruling

Answer

A

Menaka Gandhi Case, 1978 - DPL instead PEBL in cases involving Article 21

Question 19

Q

102 (1)

Answer

A

Disqualification grounds for MP

Question 20

Q

371 (2)

Answer

A

Governor - Maharashtra and Gujarat - special responsibility - development boards

Question 21

Q

102 (1)

Answer

A

4 Disqualification grounds for MP (O, U, I, N)

Question 22

Q

169

Answer

A

power to Parlia creation & abolition of MLC

Question 23

Q

280

Answer

A

Central Finance Commission

Question 24

Q

SC Articles

Answer

A

124 - 147

Question 25

Q

326

Answer

A

universal adult suffrage

Question 26

Q

SC Advocates on Record Association Case, 1993

Answer

A

2nd Judges Case - collegium system introduced

Question 27

Q

MCC first time

Answer

A

1991, T.N Sheshan

Question 28

Q

MCC first time implemented

Answer

A

1991, T.N Sheshan

Question 29

Q

25th AA, 1971

Answer

A

new article 31 C inserted

Question 30

Q

60

Answer

A

oath of President - by CJI

Question 31

Q

325

Answer

A

single electoral roll

Question 32

Q

233

Answer

A

appointment of judges to subordinate courts

Question 33

Q

5 to 11

Answer

A

citizenship

Question 34

Q

163 (1)

Answer

A

Governor - discretionary power - deviation from CoM as provided in Constitution

Question 35

Q

163 (1)

Answer

A

Governor - discretionary power - deviation from CoM as provided in Constitution

Question 36

Q

Citizenship - Birth

Answer

A

[26 Jan 1950 - 1 July 1987) - irrespective parents
[1 July 1987 - 3 Dec 2004) - citizen - mother or father
{3 Dec 2004) - both citizen or at least one and other not illegal migrant

Question 37

Q

Citizenship - Descent

Answer

A

[26 Jan 1950 - 10 Dec 1992) - father citizen
[10 Dec 1992 - 3 Dec 2004) - citizen - mother or father
{3 Dec 2004) - either one citizen + Affidavit + Registered with consulate

Question 38

Q

102 (2)

Answer

A

disqualification MP - anti-defection

Question 39

Q

Lily Thomas Case, 2013

Answer

A

conviction sentence more than 2 yrs.; debarred contesting elections 6 yrs.

Question 40

Q

226

Answer

A

writ jurisdiction of HC - both FR and legal right

Question 41

Q

RPA (Amendment), 1988

Answer

A

EVM introduced
Registration mandatory for political parties
Debarred from contesting elections - 4 cases - Foreign exchange Act, NSA, women, preventive detention law
punishment for electoral malpractices

Question 42

Q

324

Question 43

Q

Cases related to the Doctrine of Eclipse

Answer

A

Bhikaji Narayan Case, 1955; Deepchand Case, 1959; Ambika Mill Case, 1974

Question 44

Q

XI Schedule

Answer

A

Panchayats - 243 G - 29 functional items

Question 45

Q

234

Answer

A

recruitment to the judicial services other than the district judges

Question 46

Q

Balwant Rai Mehta Committee

Answer

A

Democratic Decentralization

Question 47

Q

Acting Judge - HC

Answer

A

appointed by President to fill the temporary vacancy

Question 48

Q

Reappointment of Judges Case, 1998

Answer

A

3rd Judges Case;
expansion of collegium;
JR applicable to the opinion of CJI only on the basis of procedural irregularities;
binding on President

Question 49

Q

243 M

Answer

A

Panchayats - exempted areas

Question 50

Q

25 to 30

Answer

A

PMT dene se pehle you need to say I Love Education

Question 51

Q

130

Answer

A

regional benches of SC

Question 52

Q

Ad-hoc Judge SC

Answer

A

CJI with the consent of President asks sitting HC judge eligible to become SC judge to fill a quorum for a particular case

Question 53

Q

FRs available against individuals

Answer

A

17, 21, 23

Question 54

Q

235

Answer

A

control over subordinate courts

Question 55

Q

Oath HC Judge

Answer

A

Governor; incase of Delhi to President

Question 56

Q

Directives outside DPSPs

Answer

A

335, 350 A, 351

Question 57

Q

Lok Adalat

Answer

A

P.N Bhagwati - informal dispute settlement mechanism

Question 58

Q

Lok Adalat

Answer

A

P.N Bhagwati - informal dispute settlement mechanism

Question 59

Q

124 (2)

Answer

A

appointment SC judge

Question 60

Q

328

Answer

A

state legislature regulate election laws where the Parlia has not

Question 61

Q

cases related Preamble

Answer

A

bollywood ke preamble, KRK LIC karva le

Question 62

Q

243 I

Question 63

Q

163 (2)

Answer

A

Governor - discretionary power - the final say

Question 64

Q

243 L

Answer

A

application to UTs

Answer 62

A

Absolute
Pocket
Suspensive

Answer 63

A

single member territorial constituency

Answer 64

A

no interference of courts in elections except in accordance with election petitions

Answer 65

A

233 to 237

Answer 66

A

Shankari Prasad Case
15(4) added
IX scheuled added

Answer 67

A

Shankari Prasad Case
15(4) added
IX schedule added

Answer 68

A

Financial bill including money matters as listed in 110 (1) and general legislation

Answer 69

A

impeachment of President
procedure:

Resolution (supported by 1/4 of total) –> 14 days notice –> resolution taken up –> to e passed 2/3 of total –> investigating House –> Pres defend directly or lawyer –> if passed by 2/3 total –> impeached

Answer 70

A

Doctrine of Eclipse

Answer 71

A

1st Judges Case, President not bound by the advise

Answer 72

A

taxation power

Answer 73

A

1/3 - elected by members of local bodies
1/3 - elected by elected MLAs
1/12 - elected by graduates of at least 3 years
1/12 - elected by teachers of at least secondary grade
rest nominated by the Governor - Art, Science, Social Service, Literature & Cooperative Movement

Note: min. LC membership = 40; max. = 1/3 of total MLAs

Answer 74

A

Financial Bill (II) - money matter only incidental

Answer 75

A

SC - the court of record

Answer 76

A

rulings admissible as evidence

2. contempt of court jurisdiction

Answer 77

A

rulings admissible as evidence

2. contempt of court jurisdiction

Answer 78

A

214 - 231

Answer 79

A

73rd AA, 1992

Answer 80

A

Part IX is not applicable, as it is, to the Schedule V areas. However, they are extended to these areas under Panchayats (Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act or PESA Act, 1996. PESA or Part IX not applicable to VI Scheduled Areas, as they have their own autonomous governing councils.

Schedule V areas are:

Andhra Pradesh
Telangana
Chattisgarh
Gujarat
HP
Jharkhand
MP
Maharashtra
Odisha
Rajasthan

VI Scheduled Areas:

Assam (3)
Meghalaya (3)
Tripura (1)
Mizoram (3)

Answer 81

A

Regular Elections
Basic planning unit - District - Zila Parishad point of democratic decentralization;
a post of District Development Commissioner - CEO of Zila Parishad
because of bureaucratization - “grass without roots”

Answer 82

A

2 tier - Mandal panchayat & Zila Parishad
Zila Parishad - the executive body
official participation of political parties at all levels
Nyaya Panchayats
Minister of Panchayati Raj in State CoM
reservation - SC/ ST
Constitutional Recognition

Answer 83

A

5 yrs.

If dissolved - remaining term - only if term > 6 months - else optional

Answer 84

A

grants from Centre - CFC Recomm.
devolution from state - SFC Recomm.
loans/ grants from state
Centre Scheme - programme specific allocation
tax and non-tax revenue generation

Answer 85

A

as HC judge

Answer 86

A

Vth Scheduled areas:

Andhra Pradesh
Telangana
Chattisgarh
Gujarat
HP
Jharkhand
MP
Maharashtra
Odisha
Rajasthan

Answer 87

A

self-rule - tribals;
preserve tribal culture;
admin in line with the traditional practices;
preserve their autonomy

Answer 88

A

Andhra Pradesh
Telangana
Chattisgarh
Gujarat
HP
Jharkhand
MP
Maharashtra
Odisha
Rajasthan

Answer 89

A

Assam (3)
Meghalaya (3)
Tripura (1)
Mizoram (3)

Answer 90

A

intoxicant
minor forest produce
alienation of land
money lending to STs

Answer 91

A

states to follow the framework provided by PESA

Answer 92

A

judicial tribunals - to adjudicate controversies related to elections, dissolution of PRIs, etc.
Constitutional Recognition
Nyaya Panchayats
Regular elections
Make gram panchayats more viable - village reorganization

Answer 93

A

constitutional recognition
5 yr. fixed tenure
3 tier system
direct elections at all 3 levels
reservation - SC/ ST/ women
levy collect and appropriate tax
establishment of SFC and SEC
list of subjects to be specified in the Consti

Answer 94

A

74th AA, 1992

Answer 95

A

Central Council of Local Government

Answer 96

A

243 P to 243 ZG

Answer 97

A

added XII Schedule

Answer 98

A

lord Mayo - financial decentralization - 1870

lord Ripon - father of urban local government in India - 1882 resolution

Answer 99

A

municipal council
municipal committee
municipal board
borough municipality
city municipality

Answer 100

A

in big cities - Delhi, Mumbai, etc.
in states - by state law
in UTs - by Parliament Act
can be one common act or separate acts for each municipal corporation in a state

Answer 101

A

function based and not area based
- to undertake activities in domain of other urban local govt.

	- egs.
		Urban Development Authorities
		Water supply and sewerage boards
		Housing Boards
		Electricity Boards

autonomous bodies independent of the local urban governments

Answer 102

A

2 types:

fast-developing town due to industrialization
the town does not fulfill necessary conditions for the municipality - but imp acc. to the state govt.

Answer 103

A

small town
semi-municipal authority
ltd. no. of civic functions
- drainage
- roads
- street lighting
- conservancy
created by separate act of state legislature
may be wholly elected/ nominated or partly elected/ nominated

Answer 104

A

for the civilian population in the cantonment area
cantonment area
- the delimited area where the military forces are permanently settled
under the provisions of Cantonment Act, 2006
controlled by the Union Defence Ministry
total = 62 cantonment boards
- categorized into 4 categories acc to the civilian population

Answer 105

A

estd. by large PSUs to provide civic amenities to its staff
enterprise appoints a town administrator
no elected members

Answer 106

A

in port areas
for 2 purposes
- manage and protect ports
- provide civic amenities
created by an act of Parliament
both elected and nominated members
Chairman is an official

Answer 107

A

added by 74th AA, 1992
18 items deal with Article 243 W
Few items:

regulation of land use
planning for socio-economic development
urban forestry, protection of the environment
slum improvement
regulation of slaughterhouse
promotion of cultural, educational and aesthetic aspects
roads and bridges

Answer 108

A

Nagar Panchayat
Municipal Council
Municipal Corporation

Answer 109

A

by Governor with regard to certain factors:

population of the area
density of population
revenue generated for local administration
percentage of employment in nonagricultural activities
economic importance or such other factors as governor may deem fit

Answer 110

A

must
for 1 or more wards
population of 3 lacs or more
as per state legislature
- composition and territorial area of WC
- manner in which seats will be filled
- provision of new committees other than WC

Answer 111

A

consolidation of plans of panchayats and municipalities

Answer 112

A

consolidation of plans

Answer 113

A

Tax
Non-tax
Grant
Devolution
Loans

Answer 114

A

244 and X

Answer 115

A

Vth Scheduled Area; if President directs

2. 20 members - 3/4 ST MLAs

Answer 116

A

President - alter the territory

Governor with the assent of President - regulate laws applicable here

Answer 117

A

can appoint commission - examine & report
can dissolve any district or regional council - on the recommendation of the above commission
form regional council within an autonomous district
- if different no. of tribes in one district
alter boundaries

Answer 118

A

the state has executive authority
governor
district council
district & regional council
Village Councils or Village courts

Answer 119

A

formed by ADC or ARC
- to settle disputes b/w 2 or among diff tribes
- under the jurisdiction of HC
- jurisdiction of HC specified by the governor

Answer 120

A

administer the area under their jurisdiction - require the assent of the governor
functions
- collect land revenue
- impose certain specified taxes

Answer 121

A

30 members
4 nominated by governor
pleasure of the governor
26 elected - adult franchise
holds office for 5 yrs.
functions
- primary schools, market, etc
- regulates - money lending and trading by
non tribals but to exercise this it requires the
assent of governor

Answer 122

A

First Past the Post Electoral System - largest no. of valid votes
Proportional Representation Electoral System - whole country single electoral constituency, only political parties can contest. Seats filled by the parties in the Parliament in proportion to the votes obtained by them.
List Electoral System - fixed %age of seats filled by FPPE; rest filled through PRES.
2 Ballot System - the candidate has to secure more than 50% votes; if no majority obtained then 2nd round of voting b/w only the top 2 candidates.
Single Transferrable Vote System - each elector allowed to mark as many preferences as are on a single ballot papaer - distribution of excess votes and elimination of the candidate who secured the last.
Followed in lower House of Australia, Indian President, and VP.

Answer 123

A

Returning Officer
Presiding Officer
Civil Servant in elections
Election Observer

Answer 124

A

RPA, 1951
should be eligible to cast his vote by post - authorize a family member
categories allowed to cast vote by post
a. CS on election duty
b. defense personnel posted in forward area
c. Indian diplomat posted abroad

Answer 125

A

no legal sanction - SC approval
comes into force when the election schedule is announced by President or Governor:
- normally 3 weeks in advance of the election notification
operational till the official results
Examples of conduct
a. govt. - no welfare measure to be announced
b. no officer transfer/ appoint linked with elections - prior approval of ECI
c. the ruling party - cannot link official work and election work
d. ban on the use of official vehicles - except CM and PM
e. ECI - the power to de-recognize pol party

Answer 126

A

voter list
pol parties
- registration
- recognition
allots symbols
election schedule
102 (1) - advises President & Governor - disqualification of MPs, MLAs & MLCs
expresses opinions in SC & HC - hearing of corrupt electoral practices

Answer 127

A

President
Vice President
LS & RS
MLAs & MLCs

Answer 128

A

min. 6 % valid votes (LA) AND min. 2 seats in LA
min. 3 % seats in LA OR min 3 seats in LA; whichever is more
min. 6% valid votes from the state in LS AND 1 seat in LS from the state
1 seat in LS for every 25 seats OR the fraction thereof allotted to the state in LS
8% of valid votes polled in the state at a general election to the LS

Answer 129

A

min. 6 % valid votes in min. 4 states (LS or LA elections)
AND min. 4 seats in LS from any state(s).
min. 2% seats in LS from at least 3 states
recognized as a State Party in at least four states

Answer 130

A

symbol
free airtime for election campaign
- Doordarshan
- All India Radio
subscription from voters not reqd for the nomination papers
chance to regain status
- 10 yrs.
- only symbol can be used

Answer 131

A

Background
- 2007
- To examine center-state relations
Articles 355 & 356
- sought to localize the emergency provisions under Articles 355 and 356.
- The Center should try to bring only the specific troubled area under its jurisdiction and that too for a brief period, not more than three months.
Concurrent List Subjects
- The Centre should consult states before introducing bills on the concurrent subjects through the inter-state council.
President’s Pocket Veto
- President’s decision to use his Pocket veto power is communicated to the State within six months.
Appointment and Removal of Governors
- Recommendations regarding the appointment of Governors:
  a. The incumbent should have stayed away from active politics even at the local level for at least two years prior to his appointment.
  b. The state chief minister should have a say in the governor’s appointment.
  c. Committee to appoint Governors comprising of:
  i. Prime Minister,
  ii. the Home Minister,
  iii. Speaker of the Lok Sabha, and
  iv. the concerned state Chief Minister.
  v. Even the Vise President can be involved in the procedure.
  - Recommendations regarding the removal of Governors:
    a. The Doctrine of Pleasure should be deleted from the Constitution.
    b. Only a resolution by the state legislature should remove the governor.
    c. provision for the impeachment of the governor by the state legislature.
```
- It supported the right of the governor to sanction the prosecution of ministers against the state government’s advice.
```
Article 253
- The states should be involved more in such treaties.
Amendment of the Communal Violence Bill
- It said that the central forces be allowed to deploy forces in the state without the state’s consent for a short period in case of communal violence.
- Such deployment should not exceed a week’s time and post-facto consent is to be sought from the state.

Answer 132

A

Article 370
suggested its not a transitory provision - in response to “one all-India political party” that demanded the deletion of Article 370

Matters of legislation
A. Concurrent subject
The union should occupy only that field of concurrent subjects which are in the larger interest of the nation - the States’ views must be ascertained through inter-Governmental Councils in such cases

  B. Article 252
 parliamentary law should not be perpetual but for a specific period and not more than a period of 3 years

   C. On receipt of a resolution from a State recommending creation or abolition of a Legislative Council - the same will be presented before the Parliament within a reasonable time.

    D. Residuary powers
 regarding taxation should remain with Parliament - other subjects to be placed in the concurrent list

Inter-Governmental Councils
- establishment of permanent Inter-State Council
- the Inter-State council was established in 1990
Article 258
A. A258 says - the power of the Union to confer powers, etc on states in certain cases
B. “Federalism is more a functional arrangement for cooperative action than a static institutional concept.
C. a tool by the liberal use of which cooperative federalism can be substantially realized in the working of the system.
Article 356
- use very sparingly and as a matter of last resort
- material grounds to be made an integral part of the proclamation:
  i. this would improve parliamentary control over the President’ Rule
  ii. Governor’s report must be a ‘speaking document’
- Before that, a warning should be issued
The economic development of the backward regions in a planned manner - the separatist tendencies will be automatically controlled.
PRIs
- enacting any law on the Panchayats is exclusive power vested in the states and rather than adding a new chapter in the Constitution, there should be a uniform law, applicable throughout India.
- this is in contrast to L.M Singhvi Committee recommendation

Answer 133

A

can only be introduced in LA

2. same way as LS money bill

Answer 134

A

can only be introduced in LA
intro by LA - passed and sent to LC - LC got 4 options:A. pass the Bill, sent for Governor approval
B. reject
C. does not act for 3 months after receiving the Bill
D. suggest amendments
- if LA accepts amendments - Bill is passed
- if LA rejects amendments - has to be passed by LC within 1 month

In the case of A), B) & C) - comes back to LA - if retransmits Bill - LC has to pass within 1 month

Answer 135

A

can be intro in either LA or LC
intro by LC - passed and sent to LA - if rejected the Bill lapses.
intro by LA - passed and sent to LC - LC got 4 options:A. pass the Bill, sent for Governor approval
B. reject
C. does not act for 3 months after receiving the Bill
D. suggest amendments
- if LA accepts amendments - Bill is passed
- if LA rejects amendments - has to be passed by LC within 1 month

In the case of A), B) & C) - comes back to LA - if retransmits Bill - LC has to pass within 1 month

Answer 136

A

can be acquired by a Foreigner who is ordinarily a resident in India for 12 years

Answer 137

A

The individual in the territory is given an option for opting for Indian citizenship.

Answer 138

A

Renunciation
- voluntarily surrender
- but GoI may not accept
Termination
- by an act of law
Deprivation
- if obtained by fraud, concealing of facts, illegally communicated or traded with the enemy during war
- residing out of India continuously for the last 7 yrs. then can be deprived

Answer 139

A

law of soil

Answer 140

A

law of blood

Answer 141

A

NRIs
OCIs
PIOs

Answer 142

A

meaning - the action of discontinuing a session of parliament w/o dissolving it.
Procedure:
- Presiding Officer - declares adjournment sine die
- President issues a notification
President can prorogue the House while in session.
All pending notices lapse, other than those for the introduction of Bills.

Answer 143

A

Minimum no. of members to transact any business - required for each House - includes presiding officer
minimum - 1/10th
if no quourum - presiding officer adjourns or suspends the House until quorum

Answer 144

A

1st hour of every sitting - mentioned in Rules of Procedure
questions are usually addressed to ministers but can also be addressed to the private members

Answer 145

A

informal device - questions can be raised w/o any prior notice
Indian innovation - since 1962
It’s the time gap b/w Question Hour and the Agenda

Answer 146

A

Substantive
Substitute
Subsidiary - Ancilliary, Superseding, Amendment

Answer 147

A

raised by a member when proceedings not following normal Rules of the House
the question should be within the cognizance of the Speaker
It only related to the interpretation and enforcement of the Rules of the House or such Articles of the Constitution that regulates the business of the House
the parliamentary proceedings are suspended
No debate is allowed on the point of order

Answer 148

A

the issue should be of sufficient public importance
Speaker can take it up in the House 3 days in a week
No formal motion or voting on it.

Answer 149

A

2-hour discussion
2 days in a week - by Speaker
No formal motion or voting
Indian innovation, since 1953
Urgent public importance

Answer 150

A

the debate is cut short and the matter is put to vote.

Answer 151

A

for breach of parliamentary privileges

2. purpose is to censure the minister

Answer 152

A

calling the attention of the Minister
mentioned in the Rules of Procedure
since 1954
seeks an authoritative statement - urgent public importance

Answer 153

A

to draw the attention of the House on a matter of urgent public importance
needs support of 50 members to be admitted
Discussion: minimum of 2.5 hours
involves an element of censure - thus only LS, not RS can introduce

Answer 154

A

Article 75 - CoM collectively responsible to the LS

2. need the support of 50 members to be admitted

Answer 155

A

Unlike No-Confidence Motion, it needs to:

state the reason for its adoption
can be moved against the individual minister or CoM
aim: to censure CoM for specific policies and actions
CoM need not resign if motion is passed (passed by which majority?)

Answer 156

A

The first session after each general election, and first session of every fiscal year.
President outlines the programmes and achievements of the preceding year and the ensuing year.
Must be passed, else government stands censured.
Questions and debates can be raised by the members.

Answer 157

A

The motion admitted by the Speaker but no date fixed for the discussion.

Answer 158

A

Refer handmade flashcards

Answer 159

A

Budget Session
- President is the presiding officer
- Vote of Thanks
Monsoon Session
Winter Session
Special Session - convened by the President on the advice of CoM - transact one or more specified business.

Answer 160

A

means small break or recess within an ongoing session of the Parlia
the session does not end
by presiding officer

Answer 161

A

adjourned for an indefinite period - no date specified for reconvening

Answer 162

A

Passed by both the Houses but returned by the President for the recommendation
Passed by both the Houses however President’s assent is pending
Bill was notified for a joint sitting before the dissolution of the LS
Bills pending in RS, which were not put into LS

Answer 163

A

funds contributed by the general public - used to rehabilitate the victims of natural calamities
subject to the audit by CAG

Answer 164

A

3 years -

preceding (exact receipts and expenditure),
ongoing (estimated receipts and expenditure),
upcoming (proposed receipts and expenditure)

Answer 165

A

Finance Bill

Contains -
demand for grants
charged expenditure

Answer 166

A

grant in advance
1/6th of the total proposed expenditure
for 2 months can be for more
passed by LS w/o discussion after the general discussion on Budget is over

Answer 167

A

amount of demand reduced to Rs. 1
if passed the government stands censured
cannot be brought by the ruling party

Answer 168

A

to bring economy in expenditure
to reduce the amount of demand by a specified amount
can be moved by any member of LS
does not amount to the defeat of the government

Answer 169

A

to bring attention to a specific grievance in the area of governance
if passed the amount can be reduced by Rs. 100

Answer 170

A

80% of the demand in grants, in the budget, clubbed together and w/o discussion it’s voted upon.

Answer 171

A

Blank cheque

Answer 172

A

statutory recognition by an Act of 1977,
min 10% seats in LS
provides constructive criticism/ alternative government

Answer 173

A

Assistant floor leader
For each party
ensures attendance/ discipline/ securing support on an issue (for or against)

Whip - just a convention.

Answer 174

A

mentioned in the Rules of House/ not in Constitution
- same for L.O.O
PM or nominated by the PM
can nominate deputy leader

Answer 175

A

52nd CAA, 1985; and Xth Schedule

Answer 176

A

Distribution of seats to RS in different states

Answer 177

A

MP, MLA, MLC

Answer 178

A

independent member - if joins a party after elections
nominated member - joins a party after the expiry of 6 months from becoming an MP.
legislative member - resigns party
legislative party member - disobeys whip and is not condoned by the party within 15 days.

Answer 179

A

Binding only in:

confidence/ no-confidence motion
vote of thanks
money bill

Answer 180

A

If a member goes out of the party as a result of a merger with another party. A merger takes place when 2/3 rd of the members of the party have agreed to such a merger.
A member after being elected as a presiding officer of the House gives up his membership of the party or rejoins it after he ceases to hold that office.

Answer 181

A

the decision of presiding officer regarding anti-defection is subject to JR.

Answer 182

A

disqualification powers shall be vested with President/ Governor, who acts in consultation with ECI.

Answer 183

A

- requires written recommendation of CABINET
- needs to be approved by a special majority by the Parliament within 1 month
- if LS is dissolved during this 1 month period but the RS has approved the NE within 1 month; then the newly constituted LS has to approve the NE within 30 days of its first sitting.
6 months; extension requires the approval of the Parliament in the same manner.

Answer 184

A

automatic revocation - if any House does not approve further continuation within 1 month or thereafter
proclamation of revocation - issued by the President on the advice of CoM - can be done anytime
special powers to LS - at least 10% members of LS give notice to President (if LS is not in session), or the Speaker (if the LS is in session), with an intention to revoke the NE, then special sitting convened within 14 days by the President to vote. Requires a simple majority.

Answer 185

A

can be increased one year at a time

Answer 186

A

distribution of finances between Center-state cease to be in operation

Answer 187

A

358 - 19 - war/ external aggression

359 - 20, 21 - internal rebellion

Answer 188

A

44th AA, 1978

Answer 189

A

8 cases:

Armed Rebellion instead of internal disturbance
written recommendation of the Cabinet to the President
to be approved within 1 month after the proclamation by a special majority (earlier it was 2 months and simple majority)
Once approved remains in operation for 6 months and requires further approval to extend (earlier NE applicable till revoked by the President)
LS - special powers in the matter of removal of NE
FR u/A 19 can only be suspended when NE on the grounds of war & external aggression
FRs u/A 20 & 21 can never be suspended
Continuation of President Rule u/A 356 has been restricted to max. 3 years.

Answer 190

A

Grounds of Imposition of President’s Rule

Answer 191

A

there is a NE operational through India or in a part of that state.
ECI certifies that conditions in the state are not conducive for holding free & fair elections.

Answer 192

A

President (can) assumes all executive functions
President (can) authorize the Parliament with the power of legislation.
President cannot assume the powers of the HC within the state.
Parliament can authorize the President to spend money out of the Consolidated Fund of the State.

Answer 193

A

Pres decision = CoM satisfaction
President’s Rule subject to JR - Report can be declared ultra vires
The report of the Governor should be a speaking document.
Support to CM to be tested on the floor of the House
If the report found ultra vires - Court can revive CoM and restore LA
The dismissal of the CoM & Dissolution of LA should not be done simultaneously.

Answer 194

A

Financial Emergency

Answer 195

A

Revenue distribution b/w the Centre and the state ceases to be in operation.
Union can give directions to the state w.r.t maintenance of their finances.
The union government can direct the state to reduce the salary & allowances.
Salary & allowances of all or any union government functionaries can be reduced, including the charged expenditures.

Answer 196

A

Performance evaluation system

Answer 197

A

38 promote the welfare, by securing social order spread by justice (S, E & P) - minimize inequalities in income, status, facilities & opp.
39
a) Means of livelihood
b) Equitable distri. of material for common good
c) Prevention of conc. Of wealth & MoP
d) Equal pay for equal work – men & women
e) Prevention of health of workers and children from abuse
f) Healthy development of children
39 A equal access to justice and free legal aide to poor
40 Organisation of village panchayats
41 secure the right to work & edu.; public assistance in unempl., old age, sick & disable
42 Provision for just and humane conditions of work and maternity relief
43 secure living wage, etc. for workers
43 A promote participation of workers in the management of industries
43 B promote voluntary formation, autonomous functioning, democratic control and professional management of cooperative societies
44 UCC
45 free and comp. edu for children
46 promotion of edu. & eco. Interests of SCs, STs & ors. Weaker sections
47 raise the level of nutrition, the standard of living, improve public health, the prohibition of intoxicating drinks and drugs except for medicinal purposes
48 Organisation of agriculture & animal husbandry, the prohibition of slaughtering of cows, calves, milch and draught animals
48 A protection & improvement of enviro., safeguarding forests & wildlife
49 protection of monuments and places and objects of national importance
50 separation of judiciary from the executive in the public services
51
a) Promote intn’l peace and security
b) Just and honorable relations
c) Foster respect for intn’l law and treaty obligations
d) Encourage settlement of intn’l disputes by arbitration

Answer 198

A

check mind palace

Answer 199

A

Agar hum social order or justice ko secure karenge toh welfare promote hogi & inequalities kam hogi.
Aisa karne ke liye hume:
a. Livelihood ke means dene honge
b. Resources ka equal distribution karna hoga
c. Conc. of wealth & MoP ko prevent karna hoga
d. Bohot imp hai ki men & women ko equal kaam ke liye equal pay mile.
e. Hum women & children ki health prevent karni hai from any kind of abuse.
f. Tahi bacho ki healthy development hogi.
Ab socho just in case, ye unhe nahi milta hai toh unke paas equal justice & free legal aide hona chaiye hai so that who apne right ke liye fight kar sakein.
Poor aur hi zyada strengthenb honge agar woH village panchayats organize karenge.
Ab Panchayat ki responsibility ban jayegi unke liye equal work & edu secure karna. Sirf itna hi nahi balki kuch certain cases mai public assistance provide karna.
But zaroori hai ki jahan who kaam karein wahan just & humane conditions honi chaiye aur unhe maternity relief milna chaiye.
Kaam toh woh cottage industries mai karenge na.
Ab hume workers ka participation bhi increase karna hai industries management mai.
Iske liye hum promote karenge cooperative socities ka voluntary formation, autonomous functioning, democratic control and professional management.
Ab hume sab logo ka at large sochte hue UCC lana hai.
Aur who tab tak nahi aayega jab tak log uski importance na samjhe, jo who sirf education se samjh payenge. Isliye State ne free & compulsory education provide kardi.
Jab bhi edu ki baat hoti hai toh hume realize hota hai ki hume SC/ ST & other weaker sections ko educationally & socially promote karna hai.
Unka nutrition, standard of living and health improve karni hai, toh intoxicants prohibit karna hoga.
Ye possible hai agar hum organize karvate hai agriculture & animal husbandry. Hmari duty ye bhi banti hai ki hum slaughter prohibit karein.
Ab since slaughter prohibit karein hai toh environment ko bhi improve karna hai and forest & wildlife ko safeguard karna hai.
Protection ki baat chal rhi hai toh hmari responsibility hai monuments & objects of national importance ko protect karna.
Hum dhang se protect kar rhe hai ya nahi iske liye executive & judiciary ka separate hona imp hai tabhi pata lagega.
India ki international policy hmesha ye rahiye ki
a. International peace & security ko promote karna
b. Just & honorable relations maintain karna
c. Foster respect for international laws & treaty obligations ke liye
d. Aur iske liye international disputes ko arbitration se settle karna important hai.

Answer 200

A

Protection against arrest and detention.

2 Parts -

Arrest under ordinary law
Arrest under preventive detention law

22 confers 4 rights on a person who is arrested or detained under ordinary law:

Right to information of grounds of arrest
entitlement to consult a lawyer
Person to be produced before the judicial magistrate within 24 hours, excluding the time of journey.
To be released after 24 hours unless the judicial magistrate authorizes further detention

Answer 201

A

definition of law

Answer 202

A

doctrine of severability

Answer 203

A

Right to Equality

Article 14: Equality before the law and equal protection of laws

Equality before law (British origin)&raquo_space; No man is above law irrespective of his rank or position
Equal protection of the law (US origin)&raquo_space; Among equals, the law should be equal & equally administered
Exception: President, Governor, Foreign diplomats

Article 15: Right against Discrimination

No discrimination on the basis of caste, race, religion, sex or place of birth only
No discrimination w.r.t access of shops, hotels & public places including bathing Ghats
Empowers state to make special provisions for the advancement of SC & ST (including their admission in educational institutions&raquo_space;> Public & private both)
Empowers state to make special provisions for women & children
added by 93rd AA, 2005. Reservation to backward classes in educational institutions both private (aided or unaided) and public. Only minority educational institutions listed in Schedule V and VI are exempted from this provision.

Article 16: Equality of opportunity

Equality of opportunity to all citizens for employment under state office
No discrimination against citizens only on the grounds of religion, sex, caste, descent, place of birth, or residence in the matter of public employment.
parliament may by law regulates the extent by which it would be possible to depart from article 16. Example providing residence as a ground or qualification in certain categories.
Special provisions for reservation of employment for backward classes if the class is not adequately represented in the public service. However, need to satisfy two conditions for this:
- the class should be socially and educationally backward.
- the class shall not be adequately represented in the public service.

–> Mandal Commission was formed in response to it, which was challenged in Indira Sawhney Case, 1992 popularly known as Mandal Judgement.

–> 16(4A) added in response to it through 77th AA, 1995, which provided reservation to SC and ST even in the promotion.

The state can prescribe religion as a qualification of getting employed in certain categories of public employment.

Article 17: Abolition of untouchability
- Untouchability offense act, 1955 was amended and renamed as civil rights protection act in 1976

Article 18: Abolition of titles

Prohibits the state to confer titles to anyone citizen or non-citizen&raquo_space; Exception: Military; Academic distinction
Prohibits a citizen of India from accepting any titles from any foreign states
A foreigner holding any office of profit or trust under the state is not to accept any titles from foreign states without the consent of the president

Answer 204

A

Right to Freedom

(Article 19): Right to Freedom 
The Right to Freedom guarantees to the citizens of India six Fundamental Freedoms: 
1) Freedom of Speech and Expression, 
2) Freedom of Assembly, 
3) Freedom to form associations, 
4) Freedom of Movement, 
5) Freedom to reside and to settle, and 
6) Freedom of the profession, occupation, trade, or business.

Article 20: Protection in respect of conviction for offenses

Article 21: Protection of Life & Personal Liberty

Article 21 – A: Right to education (Added by 86th amendment) – Absolute right

The state shall pass free & compulsory education to all children of age 6 to 14 years
Only elementary education, not higher education

Article 22: Protection against arrest & detention

Answer 205

A

Right against Exploitation

Article 23 prohibits traffic in human beings, women, children, beggars or other forced labor militate against human dignity.

Article 24 prohibits employing children below the age of 14 years in any hazardous profession. This right followed the human rights concepts and United Nations norms.

Answer 206

A

The right to property to minority EI though the state can take the property in the public interest by giving due compensation.

Answer 207

A

Dr. B.R. Ambedkar - Article 32

Answer 208

A

denial of admission - religion, race, caste or language

Answer 209

A

The right to move SC for the enforcement of rights conferred by this part.

Answer 210

A

Writ jurisdiction of SC - a concept taken from the UK

Answer 211

A

Parliament has the power to confer the writ jurisdiction to any other body too.

under this Administrative Tribunal Act, 1985 was passed.

Answer 212

A

A32 cannot be suspended as otherwise provided by the Constitution

Answer 213

A

means to have the body.

principle of locus standi does not apply here.

Answer 214

A

means a command to do or not to do.

to a public authority.
cannot be issued against a public authority having discretionary powers
cannot be used against the Governor or the President

Answer 215

A

means quash - used to kill/ quash a judgment, direction, or order issued by a judicial or quasi-judicial body.

Answer 216

A

against a judicial or quasi-judicial body

- to prevent from performing a certain task/ action.

Answer 217

A

by what authority

- to ensure that a person holding a public office is authorized or qualified to do so.

Answer 218

A

Cases:
• C – Champaran Dorairajan Case, 1954:
- FRs > DPSPs
- but FRs can be amended

• G – Golaknath Case, 1967
- FRs cannot be amended for the implementation of DPSPs

• Parliament enacted :
o 24th CAA, 1971 – power & procedure to amend the
Constitution
o 25th CAA, 1971 – inserted a new Article 31C
[DPSPs 39(b) & 39(c) > FRs (14, 19, 31)] –such
laws cannot be challenged

• K – Keshavananda Bharati Case, 1973
- upheld 31C
- unconstitutional provision - such laws cannot be
challenged

• 42nd AA, 1976 extended the scope of Article 31C to
all FRs

• M - Minerva Mills Case, 1980
- held the extended provision - unconstitutional
- gave the Theory of Harmonization and balance
b/w FRs & DPSPs, which is considered to be a
part of the Basic Structure of the Constitution

Answer 219

A

if Parliament enacts a law to give effect to two DPSPs, u/A 39(b) & 39(c), and in the process violate FRs u/A 14, 19 & 31, then it cannot be held unconstitutional merely on this ground

Answer 220

A

Article 44 Secure for all citizens a uniform civil code throughout the country
Article 45 Provide early childhood care and education for all children until they complete the age of six years
Article 48 Organise agriculture and animal husbandry on modern and scientific lines
Article 49 Protect monuments, places, and objects of artistic or historic interest which are declared to be of national importance
Article 50 Separate the judiciary from the executive in the public services of the State
Article 51
- a. Promote international peace and security and maintain just and honorable relations between nations
- b. Foster respect for international law and treaty obligations
- c. Encourage settlement of international disputes by arbitration

Answer 221

A

Article 40 Organise village panchayats and endow them with necessary powers
and authority to enable them to function as units of self-government
Article 43 Promote cottage industries on an individual or co-operation basis in rural areas
Article 43B Promote voluntary formation, autonomous functioning, democratic control and professional management of co-operative societies
Article 46 Promote the educational and economic interests of SCs, STs, and other weaker sections of the society and to protect them from social injustice and exploitation
Article 47 Prohibit the consumption of intoxicating drinks and drugs which are injurious to health
Article 48 Prohibit the slaughter of cows, calves and other milch and draught cattle and to improve their breeds

Answer 222

A

Article 38 - Promote the welfare of the people by securing a social order through justice—social, economic and political—and to minimize inequalities in income, status, facilities, and opportunities
Article 39 - Secure citizens:

2a. Right to adequate means of livelihood for all citizens
2b. Equitable distribution of material resources of the community for the common good
2c. Prevention of concentration of wealth and means of production
2d. Equal pay for equal work for men and women
2e. Preservation of the health and strength of workers and children against forcible abuse
2f. Opportunities for the healthy development of children

Article 39A Promote equal justice and free legal aid to the poor
Article 41 In cases of unemployment, old age, sickness and disablement, secure citizens:
Right to work
Right to education
Right to public assistance,
Article 42 Make provision for just and humane conditions of work and maternity relief
Article 43 Secure a living wage, a decent standard of living and social and cultural opportunities for all workers
Article 43A Take steps to secure the participation of workers in the management of industries
Article 47 Raise the level of nutrition and the standard of living of people and to improve public health

Answer 223

A

Part IV and 36 to 51

Answer 224

A

Part IVA and 51(a) to 51(k)

Answer 225

A

Inclusion of a separate chapter on FDs in the Constitution.
It stressed that the citizens should become conscious that in addition to the enjoyment of rights, they also have certain duties to perform as well.

Answer 226

A

249 - RS resolution passed by the special majority - in the national interest - 1-year validity - can be renewed by RS resolution
250 - under NE
252 - 2 or more states request - such a law can repeal-only by the Parlia
253 - under international treaty obligation
356 - President’s Rule

Answer 227

A

352 - NE
3 - change of territorial extent of states - not a CAA
Schedule VII - does not cover residuary list
248 - residuary powers
256 & 257 - railways & communications
155 - Governor
312 - AIS
324 - ECI
148 - CAG
seat distribution to states in RS - Schedule IV - Asymmetrical & Nominated seats

Answer 228

A

54 and 55 - election of President - whip is not issued
73 and 162 - Union & state executive powers
228 - HCs in UTs
Chapter IV Part AV - SC
Chapter V Part VI - HCs
Chapter I Part XI - legislative relations between Centre & state
Schedule VII
Representation of states in RS
368

Answer 229

A

Reservation of 27% for government jobs &
promotions at all levels for OBCs in public service.
Mandal Case (1992) or Indira Sawhney Case
a. rejected the additional 10% reservations for
poorer sections of higher castes
b. OBC creamy layer to be excluded
c. no reservation in promotions
d. total reserved quota limit 50%
e. carry forward rule in case of backlog vacancies is
valid. But it should not violate the 50% rule.
f. a permanent statutory body should be established
to examine complaints of over and under inclusion
in the list of OBCs.

86th AA, 2000 - empowers the State to consider the unfilled reserved vacancies of a year to be filled up in any succeeding year or years. - Thus. ending the 50% ceiling on the reservation in backlog vacancies.

Answer 230

A

Mandal Case/ Indira Sawhney Case, 1992
SC observations - reservations in jobs - upheld on few conditions
16 (4A) - reservation in promotions - 77th AA, 1995
Nagaraj Case, 2002

Answer 231

A

Champakam Dorairajan Case, 1951 
Golaknath Case, 1967
24th CAA, 1971 and 25th AA, 1971
Keshavananda Bharati Case, 1973
Minerva Mills Case, 1980

Answer 232

A

intro 16 (4A)

Answer 233

A

inferred by the SC/ court of law

Answer 234

A

an exception to 19 (1)(c)

restrictions to form associations - security forces, civil servants associated with security forces

Answer 235

A

security
public order
interest of STs

Answer 236

A

kind of visa for some parts of Arunachal Pradesh and Kashmir

Answer 237

A

97th AA, 2007

Answer 238

A

361 - immunities to President/ Governor
361 A - publication of a substantially true report
105 - immunities to MP
194 - immunities to MLA
31 C -to implement 39 (b) and 39(c) - where 31 C comes in Article 14 goes out, acc to SC

Answer 239

A

86 AA, 2002

Answer 240

A

Reasonable Restrictions
a. Sovereignity and integrity of India
b. Security
c. Friendly relations with foreign states
d. Public order
e. Decency
f. Contempt of court
g. Incitement to an offense
a. 144 CrPC – health/ safety/ public order
b. 141 IPC - of more than 5 people
a. Right to strike not an FR
b. Right to obtain recognition of an association, not
an FR
c. Article 33 – security forces/ civil servants
associated with the security forces
a. Public order
b. Security
c. Interest of STs

Answer 241

A

Ex post facto

Double Jeopardy, not applicable in
1. departmental proceedings - because they are not of judicial nature

Self Incrimination not applicable in

pieces of evidence - material objects, thumb impression, specimen signature, a blood sample
civil proceedings, or ones not of criminal nature

Answer 242

A

86th AA, 2002

Answer 243

A

According to SC, Article 22 not applicable when arrested under:

court order
civil arrest
failure to pay the income tax
Deportation of an alien

According to SC, Article 22 is applicable only on criminal and quasi-criminal proceedings or some activity prejudicial to the public interest

2:2 :: P:P (prohibition - preventive detention)

Answer 244

A

265 - tax to be collected only as per law
300 A - no deprivation of the right to property
301 - trade, commerce, and intercourse - free
326 - universal adult suffrage

Answer 245

A

expression State includes Delhi and Puducherry

Answer 246

A

Yes, eg. in 1967 - Rajasthan MLAs

Answer 247

A

Rotation - LS and RS Secretary-General

Answer 248

A

5 years
any no. of times
- Vacancy - election to be held within 6 months.
  Meanwhile, VP holds office.
- Absence - VP holds office until he resumes.

Answer 249

A

42nd AA, 1976 - aid and advice binding on President

44th AA, 1978 - can request to reconsider advice - ut still binding

Answer 250

A

74
78
78 (c)
85
Right to warn and encourage the CoM

invite the leader of any party to form the government when no clear majority (individually or in coalition)

dissolution of LS - bound y CoM advice - only if CoM enjoys majority

caretaker government

Answer 251

A

123 - President
213 - Governor

An ordinance has a retrospective effect. subject to JR.

Needs to be approved by both the Houses within 6 weeks of reassembly.

Answer 252

A

not issued

Answer 253

A

35 yrs,
eligible to become a member of RS,
no office of profit

Answer 254

A

President
VP
Governor
Minister of Union
MoS

Answer 255

A

supported by 20 seconded by another 20

Answer 256

A

14 days notice to VP before a resolution is passed by RS (the then majority, i.e. effective) - then to be agreed by the LS (simple majority).

No grounds mentioned.
The investigation is done in accordance to rules of RS, and not Constitution.

Answer 257

A

emoluments, allowances, privileges

Answer 258

A

Include 3 types of Ministers:

Cabinet Ministers
Minister of State
Deputy Minister

Answer 259

A

They have the right to attend the meetings - not invited but informed

Answer 260

A

Second Rank ministers
Can also be given an independent charge
attend the meetings of the CoM only if invited

Answer 261

A

Junior most ministers
No independent charge
Invited for meetings
assist Cabinet Ministers & MoS

Answer 262

A

members of the ruling or coalition party
appointed by the PM
NOT the members of CoM
assist the members of CoM  in the Parliament and the Committees
oath is conducted by the PM

Answer 263

A

ministers individual responsibility to President

Answer 264

A

collective responsibility of CoM to LS

Answer 265

A

Inner Cabinet

Answer 266

A

notional form of the cabinet formed by the opposition party

Answer 267

A

formed during the transitional phase of the country’s political system
it is a full-fledged government

Answer 268

A

• Concept from Germany

• Opposition Party introduces 2 motions
simultaneously

• First motion expresses a lack of confidence of the
House in the present CoM

• And the second motion expresses the confidence of
the House in the leader of the opposition

Answer 269

A

first law officer/ lawyer of UoI
qualification - SC judge
can take Pvt. practice
not a government servant - nor a full-time counsel
appointed by President
right to have an audience
same immunities as MP
retainer not salary
AG Office - office of profit
convention - resigns when government changes
constitutional post
SG/ ASG - statutory post

Answer 270

A

max. seats - 250; 12 nominated; 4 are elected from the UTs - Delhi & Puducherry

every 2 years 1/3rd of the members retire.

Open Ballot system by the system of Proportional Representation Single Transferrable Vote System

Answer 271

A

elected by the elected MLAs of the respective state

Answer 272

A

citizen
not less than 30 yrs.
must be registered voter in any of the LS constituency
make and subscribe to oath or affirmation before the person as prescribed by the election commission

Answer 273

A

citizen
not less than 30 yrs.
must be registered voter in any of the LS constituency
make and subscribe to oath or affirmation before the person as prescribed by the election commission

Answer 274

A

Same for Speaker and Deputy Speaker:

removed by a resolution passed by a majority of all
the members of LS - but such resolution can be
moved only after 14-days notice
he cannot preside when such removal is under
consideration, however, he can speak and take part in
the proceedings of the House.

Answer 275

A

takes charge of Office from previous Speaker immediately before the first meeting

administers oath from President

conducts oath of newly elected MPs

preside over the election to the office of Speaker

Answer 276

A

Vice President

Answer 277

A

Speaker takes oath only as an MP in front of protem Speaker, he is later elected to the post of Speaker - no oath as a Speaker

Answer 278

A

nominated by Speaker; max - 10

for when the speaker or deputy speaker absent only - not vacancy; if vacancy - then the President appoints;

under Rules of Lok Sabha

Answer 279

A

nominated by Chairman

for when the chairman or deputy chairman absent only - not vacancy; if vacancy - then the President appoints;

under Rules of Rajya Sabha

Answer 280

A

Chairman
President (Chairman can only be removed from his office in his capacity as the Vice President)
Deputy Speaker
Speaker

Answer 281

A

Money Bill
Joint Sitting
Require a resolution and 14 days notice before the removal procedure begins
Parliamentary Committees

Answer 282

A

Speaker - can vote in the first instance but cannot vote to break a tie
Deputy Speaker - can vote in the first instance but cannot vote to break a tie
Chairman - cannot vote at all
Deputy Chairman - can vote in the first instance but cannot vote to break a tie

Answer 283

A

Constitutional
Rules of the House
4 conditions:
a. Appointed/ Elected by the House, OR,
nominated by the presiding officer
b. Works under the direction of the presiding officer
c. Presents a report to the presiding officer
d. Has a secretariat provided by the LS or RS
Committees that do not fulfill the above 4 conditions

Answer 284

A

appointed/ elected y the House OR nominated y the presiding officer
works under the direction of p.o
presents reports to the p.o
personal secretariat provided by the LS/ RS

Answer 285

A

Parliamentary and Consultative

Answer 286

A

Standing - permanent and continuous

2. Ad-hoc - temporary/ cease to exist when work is done

Answer 287

A

Financial Committee
1. 1 Public Accounts Committee
2. 2 Estimates Committee
3. 3 Public Undertakings
Departmental Standing Committee
Committee to Inquire
1. 1 Petitions
2. 2 Privileges
3. 3 Ethics

Answer 288

A

22 members - 15 (LS); 7 (RS)
proportional representation by means of single transferrable vote system
term - 1 yr.
the minister cannot be a member
Chairman - appointed by Speaker; under convention since 1967 - Chairman from Opposition

Answer 289

A

examines public expenditure - examines the annual
audit report of the CAG
Yes

Answer 290

A

Examines the CAG report from 2 dimensions:

Legal & Formal - to discover technical irregularities
Economy, Prudence, Wisdom & Propriety - to bring out the cases of waste, loss, corruption, extravagance, inefficiency, and nugatory expenses.

Answer 291

A

Limits:
a. questions of policy
b. advisory, not binding
c. cannot interfere into day to day administration
d. not an executive body
e. no power of disallowance of expenditure
According to Ashok Chanda (former CAG) - the
committee has lived up to the expectation and has
been a powerful force in the control of public
expenditure

Answer 292

A

not assisted by CAG

Answer 293

A

Limits:
1. areas allotted to the Committee on Public Undertakings

Examines only after budget estimates have been voted upon by the Parliament.
Cannot question the policy
Advisory, not binding

Answer 294

A

Examines the estimates included in the budget and
suggest alternative policies to bring efficiency &
economy in administration
Thus also known as the Continuous Economy
Committee.

Answer 295

A

30 members from LS only
proportional representation by means of the single
transferrable vote system
1 year
4, from the ruling party

Answer 296

A

Max. 12-15 PSUs in a year
Doesn’t look into the technical matters
Advisory, not binding
Consideration of matters of PSUs particularly referred to separate machinery by any special statute.
Matters of major government policy as distinct from the business or commercial functions of the public undertakings.

Answer 297

A

Examines the CAG report and accounts of the public undertakings

Answer 298

A

22 members - 15 (LS) & 7 (RS)
Chairman - Speaker appoints - from LS only
Tenure 1 year
Election system - proportional representation by the means of a single transferrable vote system
Minister cannot be a member

Answer 299

A

to secure more financial accountability of the executive to the Parliament.

Answer 300

A

31 members - 21 from LS nominated by the Speaker; and 10 from the RS nominated by the Chairman
Minister cannot be a member
24

Answer 301

A

considers the demand for grants and bills pertaining to the ministries - need to make their report within a fixed period, i.e. for the period the House is adjourned after the general discussion.

Answer 302

A

15 members in LS Committee
10 members in RS Committee
to examine petitions on bills and on matters of general public importance

Answer 303

A

15 members in LS Committee
10 members in RS Committee
semi-judicial in nature to investigate cases of breach of privileges

Answer 304

A

code of conduct of MPs

2. maintains discipline and decorum in Parliament

Answer 305

A

Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs

Answer 306

A

to provide a forum for informal discussion between the ministers and the MPs on policies and programmes of the government and the manner of their implementation

Answer 307

A

voluntary
10 to 30 members
ministries/ departments
Minister/ MoS
during the session only.

Answer 308

A

Forum on Water Conservation & Management, 2005
platform to have interactions with ministers and experts for meaningful discussion on critical issues.
Speaker - ex officio President for all Forums except:
a. Forum on Population & Public Health - Chairman
is the ex-officio President, and the Speaker is the
ex-officio co-president
8
max. 31 = max. 21 from LS and max. 10 from RS -
President, co-president and vice presidents
excluded

Answer 309

A

link b/w the parliament of India and the various parliaments of the world.
a. delegations
b. goodwill missions
c. correspondence
Speaker - ex-officio President
a. National Group of the Inter-Parliamentary Union
(IPU)
b. India branch of the Commonwealth Parliamentary
Association (CPA)
a. autonomous body
b. former MPs can also be associate members
Secretary-General LS - ex-officio secretary-general

Answer 310

A

Extra-constitutional - provided by the Rules of Business
Standing and Ad-hoc
PM
usually 3 to 8 cabinet ministers; non- cabinet
ministers can also be a part. No fixed no.,
nomenclature, etc.
set out issues & formulate proposals and take
decisions.

Answer 311

A

Ad- hoc

2. formed to give recommendations to the cabinet

Answer 312

A

such provisions are left to the discretion of
President:
a. Strength
b. Conditions of service
half of the members should have an experience of
at least 10 years in:
a. GoI
b. Government of state

Answer 313

A

315 to 323 PArt XIV

Answer 314

A

9 to 11 including the Chairman
6 years or 65 years, whichever earlier
a. Insolvent
b. Paid employment outside RPSC
c. President’s opinion
d. Misbehaviour - in this case, the matter has to be
referred to the SC, SC decision shall be binding
on the President - such grounds are mentioned in
the Constitution

Answer 315

A

Chairman - not eligible for further employment in
government
Members - only eligible for Chairman
Chairman & members not eligible for the second
term

Answer 316

A

- Annual Report
- Examinations for central government
Individual ministries/ departments have no power to reject the advice of the UPSC - can be done only by the Parliament
President can exclude matters from the purview of UPSC (mentioned in the Constitution) - however, such regulations must be placed before the Parliament for at least 14 days - Parliament can amend or repeal such regulations.
Advisory

Answer 317

A

6 years or 62 years, whichever earlier
even though the appointment is done by the Governor, removal can be done only by the President in the same manner as the UPSC members

Answer 318

A

4+1 (members + Chairman)
Retired CJI
a. serving/ retired SC judge
b. Serving/ retired CJ (HC) judge
c. 2 members - who have knowledge or practical
experience w.r.t Human rights issue
4 ex-officio members:
a. Chairman - NC for minorities
b. Chairman - NCSC
c. Chairman - NCST
d. Chairman - NC for women
by the President on the recommendation of a 6 member committee:
a. PM
b. Speaker
c. Deputy Chairman
d. L.O.O
e. Union Home Minister

Answer 319

A

2+1 (members + Chairman)
Retired CJ of HC
a. serving/ retired HC/ district court judge
b. 1 member - who have knowledge or practical
experience w.r.t Human rights issue
None
by the Governor on the recommendation of a 3 member committee (incase LC is there then 4 member committee):
a. CM
b. Home Minister (state)
c. L.O.O (LA)
d. L.O.O (LC)

Answer 320

A

Ex post facto not applicable in

civil/ tax laws
trials (applicable only in conviction)
under preventive detention
demanding security from a person

Answer 321

A

departmental proceedings - because they are not of judicial nature

Answer 322

A

pieces of evidence - thumb impression, material objects, specimen signature, a blood sample

civil proceedings, or proceedings not of criminal nature

Answer 323

A

control over the functioning of all the tribunals and subordinate courts

Answer 324

A

263
advisory body
formed by order of President
composition - Minister of Urban Development (GoI) + Ministers for local self-government in states

Answer 325

A

for transitional area

Answer 326

A

smaller urban area

Answer 327

A

for a large urban area

Answer 328

A

population of the area
density of population
revenue generated for local administration
percentage of employment in non-agricultural activities
economic importance or such other factors as governor may deem fit

Answer 329

A

3 authorities:

The Council
- deliberative and legislative wing
- Councillors
directly elected
few nominated members
- reservation - SC/ ST/ Women
- headed by Mayor
elected 1 yr renewable term
formal head - just presides over the
meetings
assisted by D. Mayor
The Standing Committee
facilitate the working of the council, which is too large in size

3. 	The Commissioner
		implement the decisions taken
		chief executive authority
		appointed by the state government 
		usually an IAS

Answer 330

A

3 authorities:

1. 	the council
		head - President/ Chairman
			presides over meetings
			unlike Mayor - enjoys executive powers
			assisted by Vice President/ VC

the standing committee
same as for municipal corporation
the chief executive officer
day to day general administration of the municipality

Answer 331

A

for towns and smaller areas

Answer 332

A

by notification in govt. gazette
entirely nominated
neither elected nor statutory

Answer 333

A

same as Municipality Act

2. however, only those provisions apply which are notified in the gazette

Answer 334

A

1. partly elected
	for 5 yrs. 
2. partly nominated
	- ex-officio members
	- hold office as long as they hold office in that station
3. President
	- the military officer commanding the station - ex- officio president
4. Vice President
	- elected by the elected members from amongst themselves
5. Functions
	- similar to municipality
6. sources of income
	- tax revenue
	- non - tax revenue
7. Executive Officer 
	- appointed by the President of India

Answer 335

A

wards - territorial constituencies
direct election of members
as per state legislature
- manner of election of the chairperson
- representation of the following persons~special knowledge in municipal administration - w/o right to vote~MPs (LS)/ MLAs representing municipal area wholly or partly~MPs (RS)/ MLC - registered as voters within a municipal area~Chairperson of committees (other than ward committees)

Answer 336

A

review petition - review of orders or judgments of the SC by the SC

Answer 337

A

Starred
- marked by asterisk
- oral answer
- a supplementary question can follow
Unstarred
- written answer
- No supplementary question
Short Notice
- Oral Answer
- Notice < 10 days

Answer 338

A

Simple closure motion - matter sufficiently discussed
Closure by compartment - matter is grouped into parts - then debating and voting
Kangaroo Closure
- only imp. clauses - debating & voting
- intervening clauses - taken as passed
Guillotine Closure
- Undiscussed clauses are also put to vote due to want of time

Answer 339

A

Matter - factual/ definite
Only 1 matter
of recent occurrence
matter - should not be under the adjudication by the Court

Answer 340

A

matters that cannot be raised by any other device in Parliament
this name is for RS
similar device in LS is called ‘Notice (Mention)’ under Rule 377

Answer 341

A

they are in the general public interest

Private Member’s Resolution - discussed on alternative Fridays and in the afternoon sitting
Government Resolution
- moved by a minister,
- any day from Monday to Thursday
Statutory Resolution
- moved either by a private member or a minister
- tabled in pursuance of provision in the Constitution or an Act of Parliament

All resolutions are substantive motions and voting on resolutions is necessary; however, voting on motions is not necessary

Answer 342

A

requires consent of the presiding officer
- Substantive Motion
- Substitute Motion
- Subsidiary Motion
discussion on matters of general public importance
either a minister or private member

Answer 343

A

self-contained independent proposal
very important matter
eg. Impeachment of President

Answer 344

A

if adopted suprsedes the original motion

Answer 345

A

no meaning by itslef w/o reference to the original motion or proceedings.
3 sub categories:
- Ancilliary Motion - regular way of proceeding
- Superseding Motion - moved in course of debate on another issue & seeks to supersede that issue.
Amendment - modify/ substitute only a part of that motion

Answer 346

A

started on the recommendation of the Fourth All India Whips Conference

Answer 347

A

head - in a constituency
in LS - DM
in assembly elections - SDM
under ECI & not under Chief Electoral Officer
responsible for
a. nomination papers - can reject - give a chance to put point - give the reason for rejection: QUASI JUDICIAL
b. counting of votes
c. declaration of official results

Answer 348

A

CS - head of the polling booth

2. under RO

Answer 349

A

definition in RPA, 1951
- employees - local self govt
- employees PSUs
- employees of nationalized - Central & state university

Answer 350

A

CS - Nominated by ECI
- to observe conduct of elections
- power - direct returning officer , if finds anamoly can:
  a. stop counting
  b. stop declaration of results

Answer 351

A

Thought
Expression
Belief
Faith
Worship

Answer 352

A

Social
Economical
Political

Social and Economical Justices together are called as Distributive Justice

Answer 353

A

Punitive and Preventive

Punitive - punishment for an offense committed
Preventive - detention w/o trial and conviction

Answer 354

A

max. detention 3 months unless an advisory board (comprised of HC judges) extends it.
Grounds of detention to be communicated to the detenu - facts considered against the public interest need not be disclosed.
Detenu to be provided an opportunity to make a representation against the detention order.

Answer 355

A

circumstances of extension of arrest under preventive detention law beyond 3 months, to be decided by the Parliament without the opinion of the advisory board
maximum period of detention under preventive detention law.
Procedure to be followed by the advisory board in an inquiry.

44th AA, 1978 - brought the period of such detention down to 2 months from 3 months, however, this provision has still not been brought to force. Thus, 3 months continues.

Answer 356

A

Both Parliament and state legislature - concurrent power.

Reasons under which such law is made:

Security of the state
Maintenance of public order
Maintenance of supplies and services essential to the community

Example:
1. National Security Act (NASA), 1980

Answer 357

A

32
226
13(1)
13(2)

Answer 358

A

Statutory

2. by Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993

Answer 359

A

group of people organized actively for promoting and defending their common interests.

also known as interest groups or vested groups.

Answer 360

A

influence the policymaking and policy implementation in the government through legal and legitimate methods - to protect and promote their interests.

Answer 361

A

Electioneering - try to place in public office persons who are favorably disposed towards the interests they seek to promote
Lobbying - try to persuade public officers, to adopt and enforce the policies that they think will prove most beneficial to their interests.
Propogandizing - try to influence public opinion and try to gain an indirect influence over the democratic government.

Answer 362

A

Business Groups - FICCI, ASSOCHAM, AIMO
Trade Unions - AITUC, INTUC, BMS
Agrarian Groups - All India Kisan Sabha, Revolutionary Peasants Convention
Professional Associations - IMA, BCI, IFWJ
Student Organisations - ABVP, AISF
Religious Organisations - RSS, VHP, Jamaat-e-Islami
Caste Groups - Marwari Association, Kayastha Sabha
Tribal Organisations - NSCN, TNU, United Mizo Federal Organization
Linguistic Groups - Hindi Sahitya Sammelan
Ideology Based Groups - Democratic Rights Organizations, environmental protection groups like Narmada Bachao Andolan, Chipko Movement.
Anomic Groups

Answer 363

A

AITUC - founded in 1920 - Lala Lajpat Rai, became the first president

Answer 364

A

more or less a spontaneous break-through into the political system from the society such as riots, assassinations, demonstrations, etc.

Naxalite Groups, Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front (JKLF), All Assam Student’s Union, United Liberation Front of Assam (ULFA)

Answer 365

A

42nd AA, 1976 - added a new part XIV A - consists of only two Articles - 323 A and 323 B

Answer 366

A

empowers the Parliament to provide for the establishment of administrative tribunals for the adjudication of disputes relating to:
1. recruitment and
2. conditions of service
of persons appointed to public services of the Centre, the states, local bodies and public corporations, and other public authorities.

–> Parliament passed Administrative Tribunals Act, 1985 to establish Central Administrative Tribunal (CAT)

Answer 367

A

CAT
SAT on the specific request of the state
JAT on the specific request of the concerned states

Answer 368

A

principal bench - Delhi + 17 regular benches (15 - operate at the principal seats of the HC, 2 at Jaipur and Lucknow)
Original Jurisdiction; Exceptions:
- defense forces
- officers and servants of SC
- the secretarial staff of the Parliament
1 + 65; 5 years and up to the age of Chairman - 65, members - 62
drawn from judicial and administrative streams
- recommendations of high powered selection committee chaired by a sitting SC judge who is nominated by the CJI.
- obtaining the concurrence of CJI
- approval from the Appointments Committee of Cabinet (ACC)

Answer 369

A

Chandra Kumar Case, 1997 - provisions in 323 A and 323 B which keeps the tribunal’s decisions out of the jurisdiction of HCs is unconstitutional.

thus, now appeals against CAT rulings can also be made in HCs.

Answer 370

A

Original
Writ
Appellate
Advisory

Answer 371

A

not bound by the Civil Procedure Code, 1908

- guided by the principles of natural justice

Answer 372

A

Original

2. President after consultation with the Governor of the state

Answer 373

A

The Administrative Tribunals Act, 1985

2. President after consultation with the Governor of the state with the concerned state

Answer 374

A

Unlike in 323 A, this Article empowers both the Parliament and the state legislature
Tribunals for other matters:
- Taxation
- Foreign Exchange
- Import
- Export
- Land reforms
- Industrial
- Labor
- Elections to Parliament and state legislature
- a ceiling on urban property
- Rent and tenancy rights
- Foodstuff

Answer 375

A

A Circuit Bench is for territories that are far-flung but do not have too many matters to justify a full-fledged permanent bench.
As a result, once or twice a year, some judges travel to these areas and dispose of all the HC appeals that have accumulated here.

Answer 376

A

death of a person intestate without any heir

Answer 377

A

termination of rights through disuse or failure to follow appropriate procedures

Answer 378

A

property found without any owner

Answer 379

A

up to 12 nautical mines

Answer 380

A

up to 200 nautical miles

Answer 381

A

Kasturi Lal Case, 1965 - upheld the doctrine
Nagendra Rao, 1994 - criticized the doctrine
Common Cause Case, 1999 - rejected the doctrine

Answer 382

A

the immunity of the EIC in respect of its sovereign functions was based on the English Common Law maxim that the ‘King can do no wrong’, which means that the King was not liable for wrongs of his servants.

Answer 383

A

It provides the aggrieved party special permission to be heard in Apex court in an appeal against any judgment or order of any Court/tribunal in the territory of India (except military tribunal and court-martial)`

Answer 384

A

Discretionary power not a right
can be granted in any judgment - final or interlocutory
related to any matter - constitutional, civil, criminal, income tax, labor, etc.
against any court or tribunal

Answer 385

A

military tribunal and court-martial

Answer 386

A

exclusive - no other court can decide such disputes

original - the power to hear such disputes in the first instance and not by the way of appeal

Answer 387

A

Centre vs. state(s)
Centre + state(s) vs. state(s)
state(s) vs. state(s)

Answer 388

A

dispute must involve a question on which existence a legal right depends, i.e. no question of political nature.
any suit brought by a private citizen against the Centre or a state can not be entertained under this.

Answer 389

A

pre-Constitution treaty, agreement, covenant, sanad.
dispute arising out of any treaty, agreement, covenant, sanad.
Interstate water disputes
Matters referred to the Finance Commission
Ordinary disputes of commercial nature
Recovery of damages by a state against the Centre
Adjustment of certain expenses and pensions between the Centre and the state.

Answer 390

A

non-exclusive original jurisdiction.

2. Parliament can confer on the SC, the power to issue writs for other purposes also.

Answer 391

A

Appeals in Constitutional matters
Appeals in civil matters.
Appeals in criminal matters
Appeals by special leave

Answer 392

A

Appellate Jurisdiction of SC - Appeal by Special Leave

Answer 393

A

if the HC certifies:

the case involves a substantial question of law of general importance
question made to be decided by the SC

Answer 394

A

SC hears appeal against the HC judgment in criminal matters if the HC -

on appeal reversed an order of acquittal of an accused person and sentenced him to death/ imprisonment for life/ 10 years.
has taken before itself any case from any subordinate court and convicted the accused person and sentenced him to death/ imprisonment for life/ 10 years.
certifies that case is a fit one for an appeal to the SC
all civil and criminal matters in which the Federal Court of India had jurisdiction to hear appeals from the HC.

Answer 395

A

If the HC has reversed an order of conviction and has ordered the acquittal of the accused, there is no right to appeal to the SC

Answer 396

A

Article 143
President can seek the opinion of the SC in the 2 categories:

any question of law or fact of public importance - SC not bound to tender its opinion in this case
dispute arising out of any pre-constitution treaty, covenant. - SC not bound to tender its opinion in this case

Answer 397

A

From Sweden, the institution of Ombudsman spread to other Scandinavian countries - Finland, Denmark and Norway.

Answer 398

A

bulwark of democratic government against the tyranny of officialdom

Answer 399

A

India - Lokpal and Lokayukta

Socialist countries - The Procurator System

Answer 400

A

The ARC (1966-70) recommended setting up of 2 special authorities for the redressal of citizens’ grievances - Lokpal and Lokayukta
The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013 came into force w.e.f 16th January 2014

Answer 401

A

8 members of which 50% be judicial members
- includes PM,
- cases transferred to CBI,
- Institutions financed fully or partly by government
  fall under the jurisdiction of Lokpal, but institutions
  aided by the government are excluded.
- Anonymous complaints not allowed
- Suo Motu provision not available

Answer 402

A

not uniform across the states

Answer 403

A

Part XVII; Articles 343 to 351
a. Language of the Union
b. Regional languages
c. Language of the judiciary
d. texts of laws and Special derivatives
Devanagari
Not specified by the Constitution - The choice of the state is not limited to the languages in the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution.
English - as per the Official Language Act (1963)
Only English

Answer 404

A

According to the Official Language Act, 1963 - Hindi translation of acts, ordinances, orders, regulations, and bye-laws published under the authority of the president is deemed to be authoritative texts

Answer 405

A

a language that is adopted as a common language between speakers whose native languages are different.

Answer 406

A

Tamil
Sanskrit
Telugu
Kannada
Malayalam
Odia

Answer 407

A

National Institution for Transforming India
January 1, 2015
replaced Planning Commission
Non-constitutional or extra-constitutional body non- statutory body created by an executive resolution
Bottom-up approach

Answer 408

A

Maharashtra and Gujarat - development boards
Nagaland - law, and order
Assam and Manipur - Tribal and Hill areas
Andhra Pradesh and Telangana - Reorganisation
Sikkim - 36th AA, 1975 - full-fledged state
Mizoram - Minorities
Arunachal Pradesh and Goa - law, and order
Karnataka - development board (Hyderabad - Karnataka region)

Answer 409

A

administered by the President

Answer 410

A

administered by the President or an official appointed by him - in this respect - Protem Speaker administers the oath of MPs

Answer 411

A

claims of the members of the SCs and STs shall be taken into consideration, consistently with the maintenance of efficiency of administration, in the making of appointments to services and posts in connection with the affairs of the Union or of a State.

Answer 412

A

provide adequate facilities for instruction in the mother-tongue at the primary stage of education to children belonging to linguistic minority groups

Answer 413

A

duty of the Union to promote the spread of the Hindi language, to develop it so that it may serve as a medium of expression for all the elements of the composite culture of India

Answer 414

A

Territorial Extent of central and state legislation
Distribution of legislative subjects
Parliamentary legislation in the state field
Centre’s control over state legislation

Answer 415

A

State law reserved for the consideration of the president and receives his assent. Then state law prevails.
However, Parliament can still override such a law by subsequently making a law on the same matter.

Answer 416

A

Governor can reserve certain types of bills for the consideration of president.
Bills on certain matters enumerated in the state list can be introduced in the state legislature after the previous sanction of the president. Eg: Imposing restrictions on the freedom of trade and commerce
President can direct the states to reserve the money bills and other financial bills for his consideration during a financial emergency.

Answer 417

A

2 or more state legislatures ask the Parliament

2. the president

Answer 418

A

Taxes levied by the Centre but collected and appropriated by the States.

Stamp duties
Excise duties

Answer 419

A

Taxes levied and collected by the Centre but assigned to the states - do not form the part of Consolidated Fund of India

sale, purchase or consignment of goods in the course of interstate trade or commerce

Answer 420

A

Taxes levied and collected by the Centre but Distributed between the Centre and the states

Surcharge mentioned in Article 271
Any cess levied for a specific purpose

Answer 421

A

Surcharges on certain Taxes and Duties for the purpose of the Centre

surcharges on duties referred to in Article 269 and 270
surcharges go to the Centre only.

Answer 422

A

Land revenue
Agricultural income
Luxuries
Gambling
Entertainment

Answer 423

A

Statutory Grants - Article 275 - only to the ones in need and not to all the states.
Discretionary Grants - Article 282 - empowers both the Centre and the states to make any grants for any public purpose, even if it is not within their respective legislation competence.
Other Grants - temporary - only for 10 years from the commencement of the Constitution in lieu of export duties on jute and jute products.

Answer 424

A

Final judgments and orders of civil courts in any part of India are capable of execution anywhere within India.

2.
- Since the jurisdiction of each state is confined to its own territory, it is possible that the acts and records of one state may not be recognized in another state.

Full Faith and Credit clause prevent this.
It is, however, applicable to only the civil judgments.
Also, it is subject to the power of the Parliament to lay down the mode of proof as well as the effect of such acts, records, and proceedings of one state in another state.

Answer 425

A

301 to 307

Answer 426

A

Statutory - States Reorganisation Act, 1956
5 - Northern, Central, Eastern, Western and Southern
Union Home Minister - common chairman

Answer 427

A

I - Territory
II - Emoluments
III - Affirmations and Oaths
IV - Rajya Sabha
V - Scheduled areas
VI - Other Scheduled areas
VII - Federal provisions, 3 lists
VIII - Official languages
IX - Land reforms + JR
X- Defection
XI - Panchayats
XII - Municipalities

Answer 428

A

a. 1934 - idea of CA proposed by M.N Roy
b. 1940 - August Offer - demand for CA accepted by the British
c. 1942 - Cripps Proposal - rejected by the Muslim League
d. 1946 - Cabinet Mission - accepted by Congress and Muslim League
a. The Princely States - 93 seat
b. Governors’ Province - 292 seat
c. Chief Commissioners’ Provinces - 4 (1 from each)
- Partly elected and partly nominated - Indirectly elected by the members of the provincial assemblies, who themselves were elected on a limited franchise.

Answer 429

A

1946

2. J. Nehru

Answer 430

A

Dr. Rajendra Prasad

2. G V Mavlankar

Answer 431

A

Nehru
Nehru
Sardar Patel
Dr. B.R Ambedkar
Sardar Patel

Answer 432

A

Dr. B.R Ambedkar

Answer 433

A

Lahore Session of INC, 1929

2. 1930

Answer 434

A

S.N Mukherjee

Answer 435

A

addressing the problem of management of company in India;
address the problem of the dual system of governance instituted by Lord Clive;
to control the company, which had morphed from a business entity to a semi-sovereign political entity.

Answer 436

A

This act permitted the company to retain its territorial possessions in India but sought to regulate the activities and functioning of the company. It did not take over power completely, hence called ‘regulating’.
Position of Governor changed to Governor-General - Warren Hastings - Presidency of Fort William (Calcutta)
Executive Council - 4 + 1
The Governors in Councils at Madras and Bombay were brought under the control of Bengal.
The company directors were directed to report on its revenue, civil and military matters with Indian authorities before the British authorities, strengthening the control of the British Government over the Company.
A Supreme Court was established at Calcutta, comprising one Chief Justice and 3 other judges. It had civil and criminal jurisdiction over the British subjects and not Indian natives.

Answer 437

A

also called the East India Company Act, 1784
Introduced a dual system of control, the company was represented by the Court of Directors and the British government by the Board of Control.
This act made a distinction between the commercial and political activities of the East India Company.
a. Court of Directors - controlled commercial affairs
b. Board of Control - a new body formed to control the political affairs (civil, military or revenues)
This act gave the British government direct control over Indian administration.
For the first time, the term ‘British possessions in India’ was used.
The Governor-General’s council’s strength was reduced to three members, i.e. 3 + 1

Answer 438

A

The Governor-General of Bengal was re-designated as the Governor-General of India. This made Lord William Bentinck the first Governor-General of India.
The Governors of Bombay and Madras lost their legislative powers.
For the first time, the Governor-General’s government was called the Government of India, and the council was called India Council.
The laws made under the previous acts were called Regulations while laws made under this act were called Acts.
The company’s commercial activities were closed down. It was made into an administrative body for British Indian possessions.
This was the first act that gave permission for Indians to have a share in the country’s administration. - Provision was negated after opposition from the Court of Directors.

Answer 439

A

For the first time, the legislative and executive functions of the Governor-General’s council were separated.
The Legislative Council which had six members now had 12 members, including the Governor-General. This Council came to be known as the Indian (Central) Legislative Council.
Macaulay Committee of 1854 gave India her first civil services. It gave birth to the Indian civil services and was open to all including Indians. Started a system of open and fair competition.
It extended the company’s rule for an indefinite period, unlike the previous charter acts. Thus, it could be taken over by the British government at any time.
For the first time, local representation was introduced into the legislative council in the form of four members from the local governments of Bengal, Bombay, Madras, and North-Western Provinces.

Answer 440

A

known as An Act for the Better Government of India
To transfer the government and territories of the East India Company to the British Crown. The company’s rule over British territories in India came to an end and it was passed directly to the British government.

Answer 441

A

The Court of Directors and the Board of Control were scrapped, ending the dual system of dual government,
The powers of the Company’s Court of Directors were vested with the Secretary of State for India. This Secretary of State was to be a British MP and a member of the Prime Minister’s cabinet. He was to be assisted by a council of 15 members.
This act also ended the doctrine of lapse.
The designation of the Governor-General was changed to the Viceroy of India. First Viceroy of India Lord Canning. He was the direct representative of the British Crown in India.

Answer 442

A

After the mutiny, the British government felt the necessity of seeking the cooperation of the Indians in the administration of their country.

Answer 443

A

Expanded Council –
a. The beginning of representative institutions –
Viceroy to nominate some Indians as non-
official members of the expanded council
b. Nominated three Indians to the Council in 1862
namely, the Raja of Benares, the Maharaja of
Patiala and Sir Dinkar Rao.
c. The legislative council had a limited role. It was
chiefly advisory. No discussion on finance was
permitted.
Decentralization
a. Restored the legislative powers of the
Governor-in-Councils of the Presidencies of
Madras and Bombay (which was taken away by
the Charter Act of 1833).
Establishment of new legislative councils
a. Legislative councils were formed in other
provinces in Bengal in 1862, North-West Frontier
Province in 1886 and Punjab and Burma in 1897.
Portfolio system
a. Each member was assigned a portfolio of a
particular department.
Ordinances during Emergency
a. The Governor-General also had the power to
promulgate ordinances without the council’s
concurrence during emergencies. Life – 6 months

Answer 444

A

The act increased the number of additional or non-official members in the legislative councils but maintained the official majority.
The members were given the right to ask questions on the budget (which was barred in the Indian Councils Act 1861) or matters of public interest but had to give notice of 6 days for it. They could not ask supplementary questions.
The principle of representation was initiated through this act. The district boards, universities, municipalities, chambers of commerce, and zamindars were authorized to recommend members to the provincial councils.

Answer 445

A

MORLEY MINTO REFORMS

The legislative councils at the Centre and the provinces increased in size.
a. Central Legislative Council – from 16 to 60
members
b. Legislative Councils – increased but non-
uniformly
The legislative councils at the center and the provinces were to have four categories of members as follows:
a. Ex officio members: Governor-General and
members of the executive council.
b. Nominated official members: Government
officials who were nominated by the Governor-
General.
c. Nominated non-official members: nominated by
the Governor-General but were not government
officials.
d. Elected members: elected by different categories
of Indians.
The elected members were elected indirectly.
It introduced separate electorates for the Muslims. Some constituencies were earmarked for Muslims. Lord Minto came to be known as the Father of Communal Electorate.
The members could discuss the budget and move resolutions. They could also discuss matters of public interest. They could also ask supplementary questions.
No discussions on foreign policy or on relations with the princely states were permitted.
Lord Minto appointed Satyendra P. Sinha as the first Indian member of the Viceroy’s Executive Council. As appointed as the law member.

Answer 446

A

a. sought to increase the participation of Indians in the administration of their country.

b. August 20, 1917 - the British Government declared, for the first time, that its objective was the gradual introduction of responsible government in India
2. known as Montagu-Chelmsford reforms or Montford reforms.

Answer 447

A

Demarcation of Central and Provincial Subjects - two lists for administration - the structure of government continued to be centralized and unified.

Dyarchy -
Dyarchy was introduced, i.e., there were two classes of administrators – Executive councilors and ministers.
The Governor was the executive head of the province.
The subjects were divided into two lists – reserved and transferred.
The governor was in charge of the reserved list along with his executive councilors.
The ministers were in charge of subjects under the transferred list.
The ministers were responsible to the people who elected them through the legislature.
These ministers were nominated from among the elected members of the legislative council.
The executive councilors were not responsible to the legislature, unlike the ministers.
The Secretary of State and the Governor-General could interfere in matters under the reserved list and not the transferred list.

Bicameralism and Direct Elections - Indian Legislative Council was replaced by a bicameral legislature consisting of an Upper House (Council of States) and a Lower House (Legislative Assembly). The majority of the members were chosen by direct elections.

Representation in Viceroy’s Executive Council - at least 3 Indians

The principle of Communal Representation extended to Sikhs, Indian Christians, Anglo-Indians, and Europeans.

Franchise - limited to certain sections of people on the basis of - property, tax, education.

High Commission for India setup in London - transferred some of the functions hitherto performed by the Secretary of State for India.

Establishment of a Central Public Service Commission

Provincial and Central Budget separated for the first time.

The act also provided that after 10 years, a statutory commission would be set up to study the working of the government. This resulted in the Simon Commission of 1927.

Answer 448

A

1927
All members were British
- abolition of dyarchy, the extension of responsible government, establishment of a federation of British India and princely states, continuation of the communal electorate.
3 Round Table Conferences of the representatives of British Government, British India, Indian princely states

Based on which a ‘White Paper on Constitutional Reforms’ was prepared and submitted for the consideration of the Joint Select Committee of the British Parliament.

Proposals of this committee (with certain changes) were incorporated in the GoI Act, 1935

Answer 449

A

August 1932 - Ramsay Macdonald (PM) announced a scheme of representation of the minorities, including the depressed minorities (Scheduled Castes)

Gandhi undertook fast unto death in Yeravadda Jail (Poona) to get the award modified.

The new agreement, known as Poona Pact, retained the Hindu joint electorate and gave reserved seats to the depressed classes.

Answer 450

A

Simon Commission Report
The recommendations of the Round Table Conferences
The White Paper published by the British government in 1933 (based on the Third Round Table Conference)
Report of the Joint Select Committees.

Answer 451

A

Creation of an All India Federation
This federation was to consist of British India and the princely states - never came into existence because of the lack of support from the princely states.

This Act divided powers between the center and the provinces - three lists which gave the subjects under each government.
Federal List (Centre)
Provincial List (Provinces)
Concurrent List (Both)
The Viceroy was vested with residual powers.

Provincial autonomy
Dyarchy was abolished at the provincial levels. - introduced provincial autonomy in its place.
The Governor was the head of the executive, with a CoM to advise him. The ministers were responsible to the provincial legislatures. This came into effect in 1937 and discontinued in 1939.

Dyarchy at the centre
The subjects under the Federal List were divided into two: Reserved and Transferred.
This provision never came into operation.

Bicameral legislature
A bicameral federal legislature would be established.
The two houses were the Federal Assembly (lower house) and the Council of States (upper house).
The federal assembly had a term of five years.
Bicameral legislatures were also introduced in several provinces.

Extension of Communal Representation -

There were to be separate electorates for the minority communities, women, and the depressed classes.

Federal court
A federal court was established in Delhi, in 1937 for the resolution of disputes between provinces and also between the center and the provinces.

Indian Council
The Indian Council was abolished.
The Secretary of State for India would instead have a team of advisors.

Extension of Franchise
About 10% of the total population got voting rights.

The act provided for the establishment of the Reserve Bank of India.
The Act also provided for the establishment of federal, provincial, and joint Public Service Commissions.

Answer 452

A

Constitutional Body

Answer 453

A

65th CAA, 1990 - the establishment of a multi-member National Commission for SCs and STs in the place of a single Special Officer for SCs and STs.

89th CAA, 2003 - bifurcated into two separate bodies, namely, NCSCs and NCSTs

Article 338 (NCSC) and NCST (Article 338-A)

Answer 454

A

Chairperson, Vice-Chairperson, 3 other members - all appointed by the President. Service and tenure of office also decided by the president.

Answer 455

A

investigate and monitor all matters relating to the constitutional and other legal safeguards for the SCs and STs respectively.
inquire into specific complaints w.r.t the deprivation of rights and safeguards of the SCs and STs respectively.
participate and advice on the planning of socio-economic development of the SCs and STs respectively.
present the president an annual report on the working on those safeguards.

Answer 456

A

Presents to the President.
President places such a report before the Parliament along with a memorandum explaining the actions taken on the recommendations and the reasons for the non-acceptance of any of such recommendations.
President forwards any report pertaining to the state government to the Governor of that state.

Answer 457

A

States Reorganisation Commission (1953-55) first recommended.
7th CAA, 1956 - inserted new Article 350-B in Part XVII
President
Ministry of Minority Affairs
not mentioned in the Constitution
Allahabad (UP); Belgaum (Karnataka), Chennai (TN), Kolkata (WB)
submitted to the President through the Ministry of Minority Affairs.
State-level

Answer 458

A

None; formed by an Official Gazette notification under Right to Information Act, 2005

Answer 459

A

CIC/ State CIC and not more than 10 ten IC/ SIC
CIC/ IC: President - on the recommendation of 3 member committee - PM, LOO (LS), Union Cabinet Minister nominated by the PM

State CIC/ SIC: Governor - on the recommendation of 3 member committee - CM, LOO (State LA), State Cabinet Minister nominated by the CM

5 years; or 65 years whichever is earlier.
eminent in public life, wide knowledge, and experience in law, S&T, social service, management, journalism, mass media or administration and governance.
- MP/ MLA
- not hold the office of profit
- connected with any political party
- carrying on any business
- pursuing any profession

Answer 460

A

President; Grounds:
- adjudged insolvent
- convicted of an offense which, in the view of president involves moral turpitude.
- engages in paid employment during his term of office
- unsound mind/ body
- acquired financial or other interest
- proved misbehavior or incapacity - in this case, President has to refer the case to the SC and act as per its decision.
CIC = CEC;
IC = EC;
State CIC = EC;
SIC = Chief Secretary of the state government;

Either one cannot be varied to his disadvantage during service.

Yes; with both.
Annual reports submitted to the Central/ State governments which place them in from of the respective legislatures.

Answer 461

A

estd. in 1964 by an executive resolution of the Central Government. Conferred statutory status in 2003.
Santhanam Committee on Prevention of Corruption (1962-64)
only designated agency to take action against complainants making motivated or vexatious complaints.
Central Vigilance Commissioner (Chairperson) + 2 Vigilance Commissions
President on the recommendation of a 3 member committee - PM, Union Home Minister, and the LOO (LS)
4 years; 65 years, whichever is earlier.
Not under Central or state governments.

Answer 462

A

by the President;
Grounds:
- adjudged insolvent
- convicted of an offense which, in the view of president involves moral turpitude.
- engages in paid employment during his term of office
- unsound mind/ body
- acquired financial or other interest
- proved misbehavior or incapacity - in this case, President has to refer the case to the SC and act as per its decision.
deemed to be guilty of misbehavior if:

concerned or interested in any contract or agreement made by the Central government.
participate in any way in the profit of such an agreement or contract.

Answer 463

A

not a statutory body; formed by an executive resolution by the Union Home Ministry in 1963
Santhanam Committee on the Prevention of Corruption
Delhi SPE Act, 1946
headed by the Director (IGP) assisted by a special/ additional director.
by the Central Government on the recommendation of 3 member committee - PM, LOO (LS)/ leader of the single largest opposition party, CJI/ Judge (SC)
fixed tenure of 2 years.
a. anti-corruption - Central government and UTs and their PSUs
b. conventional crimes (rape, murder, etc.) on reference from the state governments or when directed by the SC/ HCs.
SC judgment - prior approval of Central government not required. Joint Secretary and above officials.

Answer 464

A

Ghaziabad, UP

Answer 465

A

CBI - deals with Central government affairs, whether involving central or state officials
State Police - deals with state government affairs, whether involving central or state officials.
CBI - PSUs, statutory bodies established or financed by the Central government.

Answer 466

A

TB-MAC-RPA-I
TEARS OF OLD PM
You Can Fly Directly From United States Using Para Military Special Rocket.
Assam mai MEGH aaye toh Mizoram mai paani barsa TRIP trip karke

Answer 467

A

RAM MP ban ke HP mai mOJ le rha hai, aur ab uski nazar Telengana, Chattisgarh aur Gujarat pe hai
2:2 :: P:P
NICCU
PMT dene se pehle, you need to say I Love Education

Answer 468

A

Bhai Doctrine of Eclipse ka Dum Aloo bana hai
Bollywood ke preamle KRK, LIC karva le
CAA, Sahi aur Galat Kanoon ke beech khada hai
• N - M square;
• District se milta hai mujhe Mani aur Hill se lagta hai mujhe Darr
• SC/ ST ke area mai nahi hone denge kisi ko enter

Answer 469

A

Maine usse apni body leke yahan aane ka command diya.
Jab usne mere command ko prohibit kiya toh maine usse quash kar diya.
Phir usse pata laga kiski authority zyada hai.

Answer 470

A

• Agar zameen pe jungle hoga toh usko bech ke paisa kamunga aur phir daaru piyunga

Answer 471

A

[38-39]-A-[40-41-42-43]-AB-[44-45-46-47-48]-A-[49-50-51]

Answer 472

A

Hmara Consti ne kaafi saare ideals & institutions ko setup kiya hai, hmari duty hai unhe aur apne flag aur anthem ki respect karna.
Consti freedom struggle ke noble ideals pe based hai.
India ko protect karna hmari responsiility hai.
Isliye agar zarurat padi toh hum India ko khud defend karenge.
We will renounce derogatory practices against women and maintain harmony and brotherhood.
Isse hmara composite culture preserved rahega.
Iske baad hmari responsiility ye bhi banti hai ki hum apne environment aur wildlife ko bhi protect kare.
Agar hum scientific temper develop kar lete hain toh aisa karna easy ho jayega.
Scientific temper develop karne se hmari samjh badegi and iska direct result hoga ki hum public property ko safeguard karenge and violence nahi karenge.
Aisa karne pe hmara attitude apne aap excellence strive karne ka ho jayega, aur hum collective activities ki importance samjh payenge. Iska direct consequence ki hmara nation rise karega.
Inn sab mai ek imp baat rhe gyi, who ye ki ye sab tabhi achievale hai agar parents 6-14 yrs. ke bacho ko opportunity de.

Polity Flashcards

Refer notes or mindmaps for answers - these flashcards are for randomly remembering all provisions and concepts