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media & politics > Politics Test 1 > Flashcards

Politics Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the four models of media systems?

A
  1. Libertarian
  2. Social Responsibility
  3. Authoritarian
  4. Soviet
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2
Q

explain the libertarianism media system

A

free to publish what they like. the media are give full autonomy. attacks on the government are allowed and sometimes even encouraged

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3
Q

explain the social responsibility media system

A

not completely free to do as they please. have certain obligations to society to publish information and provide balance. should provide access to all groups. the media and the government are partners in constructing a civil society

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4
Q

explain the authoritarian media system

A

media serves the needs of the state through direct government control. cannot publish anything that undermines the government’s control and is done through censorship and punishment

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5
Q

explain the soviet media system

A

in theory media serves the interest of the working class and the censorship was imposed by the journalists in solidarity with the workers. in practice soviet media was controlled by the state as per the authoritarian model

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6
Q

explain the differences between libertarian and social responsibility?

A

libertarian - driven by the needs of the consumer as a way for them to be able to make an informed decision. outlets make fast, accurate and objective reporting

social responsibility - to support civil society, discourage anti-social behaviours. output should reflect societal concerns, foster political action and avoid publishing opinionated stories

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7
Q

what is the role of the audience? (libertarian vs social responsibility)

A

libertarian - absorb all stories and figure out what’s important

social responsibility - information is shared to promote acting responsibly

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8
Q

what is the role of the media? (libertarian vs social responsibility)

A

libertarian - provide all information deemed important by the audience

social responsibility - provide information in a responsible manner

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9
Q

primary perception of audience? (libertarian vs social responsibility)

A

libertarian - consumers

social responsibility - citizens

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10
Q

primary perception of journalists? (libertarian vs social responsibility)

A

libertarian - information providers

social responsibility - gatekeepers

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11
Q

what is bennett’s theory?

A

typologies of power in society. consumers accept or resist political actions

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12
Q

what are the three typologies of Bennett’s typologies of power in society theory?

A
  1. media frame power - encourage, discourage, hide or expose
  2. media can be selective in political coverage
  3. media is particularly important to transmit values, problem definitions and images of people in society that provide resources for people to think about their lives in relation to politics and society
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13
Q

what is Graber’s theory?

A

models of new production.
professional
mirror - should be a reflection on reality
political - news reflects the ideologies and biases of journalists
organisational - news comes from pressure inherent in the news organisations

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14
Q

what is Hallin and Mancini’s theory?

A

focus on democracies
liberal - UK, US, Ireland
democratic corporatist - northern continental Europe
polarised pluralists - mediterranean countries of southern europe

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15
Q

explain the news model production (5 stages)

A
  1. political environment
  2. media norms
  3. media regulations
  4. media ownership
  5. journalism and PR profession
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16
Q

what are the 4 theories of the press?

A

libertarian, social responsibility, authoritarian, soviet

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17
Q

what is democratic capitalism?

A

an economic and political systems where a country’s trade and industry are controlled by private owners instead of the state

18
Q

what is communism/ socialism?

A

a political theory advocating class war and leading to a society where all property is publicly owned and everyone works in accordance to their own ability/needs

19
Q

what are some differences between democratic capitalism and communism/socialism?

A

democratic capitalism - individual rights, private ownership, free market, free speech, persuasion, political pluralism

communism/socialism - state rights, state ownership, controlled markets, controlled speech, propaganda, political monism

20
Q

what has happened to media ownership?

A

1996 telecommunications act gave companies more freedom to consolidate

1983 - 90% of US media was controlled by 50 companies
2012 - 90% of US media was controlled by 6 companies

21
Q

what was the fairness doctrine of 1949?

A

required broadcast license holders to present controversial issues of public importance in a manner that was honest, equitable and balanced. the FCC eliminated this policy in 1987

22
Q

what are the four aspects of media regulation?

A

equal time rule
right of rebuttal
fairness doctrine
net neutrality

23
Q

what are the journalistic behaviours in the US, UK and Russia?

A

US - objectivity
UK - balance in broadcast; partian in print
Russia - both state owned and private (do what the owner says)

24
Q

name all 6 media models in relation to politics and elections

A
  1. propaganda model
  2. minimal effects model
  3. funnel of causality
  4. retrospective model
  5. prospective model
  6. rational choice model
25
Q

what is the funnel of causality

A

a model that shows short term and long term effect on a person choice while voting. long term effects include: sociological (race, gender), social status (class and occupation), parental characteristics (values and partisanship). short term effects can be influenced by candidate evaluation and issue perceptions. these factors create party identification which is largely static within individual voters.

26
Q

what is the retrospective model?

A

primarily for candidates who have already run. people can look back on their run in power and evaluate whether they were successful or not and if they deserve to maintain power.

27
Q

why is the media important during elections?

A

provides information to voters as well as socialsing them (for people who still need to identify party preference). it can also sway voters in close elections

28
Q

how does the us present election news?

A

in a very limited manner, using the horse race frame

29
Q

what are the 6 different webs?

A

web 1 - Introduction of the WWW (pre 2000’s)
web 2 - social web (2000-2010)
web 3 - connectivity (2010- 2020)
web 4 - intelligence web (2020-2030)
web 5 - emotional web (2030 onwards)
web 6 - metaverse, cryptocurrency, AR/VR

30
Q

what is decentralisation in relation to media?

A

the diminishment of social, political and economic gatekeepers. thus limiting their power

31
Q

what has happened to political participation in election since the invention of the web?

A

it has remained pretty steady since the invention of the web

32
Q

what has happened to communication since the invention of the web?

A

they thought it would be the solution to a fragmented society but instead it has done the opposite and fragmented it further on a more global scale

33
Q

what has happened to rationalisation since the creation of the web?

A

the web can collect large amounts of date on people for both political and business purposes, and can therefore be used to create more personalised messages

34
Q

what has happened to governance since the invention of the web?

A

the net has the ability to completely bypass the government but has also led to the expansion of government

35
Q

what are the three sections of the web

A
  1. internet
  2. deep web
  3. dark web
36
Q

how many adults in the US get their political news from social media

A

2 in 10

37
Q

what sources to people who are least knowledge of politics get their news from?

A

local tv, social media, network tv

38
Q

what sources to people who are most knowledge of politics get their news from?

A

news webiste/app, radio, print

39
Q

is there a generational divide in relations to the sources used for political news?

A

Yes

millenials - facebook 61%, local tv 37%
baby boomers - local tv 60%, facebook 31%

40
Q

what are some trends to look out for? (regards to the internet and politics)

A

smarter targeting, customising content by device, omni channel engagement, sequencing to ease message fatigue, blurring of paid and unpaid adverts

41
Q

what are some uses for the internet to help with politics?

A

the ability to engage and meet up with people of similar political standings, decentralised decision making, news events pegged for fundraising appeals, blogging and tweeting (engaging the audience)

media & politics (1 decks)

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