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Classical Civilisation > Politics Of The Late Republic > Flashcards

Politics Of The Late Republic Flashcards

1
Q

What does veto mean?

A

Latin for ‘I forbid’

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2
Q

What is the comitia centuriata?

A

193 centuries, elected magistrates who had imperium powers- consuls and praetors

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3
Q

Who elected magistrates with imperium powers?

A

Comitia centuriata

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4
Q

What was the Comitia Tributa?

A

35 tribes, citizens of Rome, presided over by a consul, voted for aediles and quaestors

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5
Q

What was the Concilium Plebis?

A

The Plebian council, elected tribunes and made laws

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6
Q

Who elected tribunes?

A

Concilium Plebis, they did this anually

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7
Q

What is the ‘ladder of offices’ called?

A

Cursus Honorum

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8
Q

What does SPQR stand for?

A

Senatus Populusque Romanus, the senate and the people of Rome

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9
Q

Who were the Optimates?

A

A political faction wanting to keep the status quo and old money

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10
Q

What were the Populares?

A

A political faction advocating for the people of Rome

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11
Q

What is the term for political friendships and what does it entail?

A

Amicitia- political and financial favours, typically secured through marriage

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12
Q

Term for political public enemy?

A

Inimicitia

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13
Q

What was a patron-client relationship called?

A

Clientela

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14
Q

What was the gift from a patron to a client?

A

Called sportula, it was typically money

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15
Q

What does SCU stand for and what is it?

A

Senatus Consultum Ultimum, allows suspension of normal restrictions on consuls

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16
Q

What is the term for when someone is the first in their family to hold a consulship?

A

Novus Homo

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17
Q

What is imperium?

A

It gave military command and was held by praetors and consuls

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18
Q

What was the gap between holding offices and what was the name of the law stating this?

A

Lex Villia Annalis, a wait period of 2 years before running for a higher office and 10 years between holding the same office again

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19
Q

What was the order of the Cursus Honorum, and how many half any one position at a time?

A

2 consuls
8 praetors
4 aediles — 10 tribunes
20 quaestors

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20
Q

What was a quaestor’s role?

A

Finance

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21
Q

What was an aedile’s role?

A

Responsible for infrastructure and maintenance of the city, also hosted games and events

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22
Q

What was a praetor’s role?

A

Judicial officers

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23
Q

What was a consul’s role?

A

They were senior executives and major generals

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24
Q

What was a dictator?

A

They served for 6 months in place of a consul in time of emergency, if issue was not resolved within 6 months a new dictator was elected

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25
Q

What where provinces governed by?

A

Propraetors and proconsuls

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26
Q

How many senators were in the senate?

A

~600

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27
Q

What was the role of the senate?

A

Oversaw foreign relations, prepared legislation to put before assemblies, administered state finances, assigned which provinces or military command magistrates would hold

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28
Q

Could the senate make laws?

A

The senate couldn’t make laws but issued degrees (senatus consulta) which could be passed into law by popular assembly

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29
Q

What were the benefits of having a patron?

A

Having an important patron could result in a raise in rank

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30
Q

What were the benefits of having clients?

A

During elections, clients would vote for whoever their patron votes for

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31
Q

When did the late republic begin and end?

A

133-31BC

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32
Q

What political faction did Sulla side with?

A

Optimates

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33
Q

Who fought Mithridates the first time, in what year, did they win?

A

Sulla crossed to meet him and had a victory over him in 87

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34
Q

When did Mithridates accept Sulla’s peace terms?

A

85

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35
Q

What did Sulla do on his return to Rome?

A

Proscriptions and reduced power of tribunes- could no longer propose legislation and the right to veto was limited

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36
Q

How did Crassus get rich?

A

Off of Sulla’s proscriptions

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37
Q

When did Sulla defeat Mithridates and who helped him?

A

83, Pompey

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38
Q

What were the principles of stoic philosophy?

A

Advocated knowledge, free will, moral rectitude, self control over emotions. Perfect marriage with political duty to state, unmoved by emotive arguments and stick to principles and political idealisms

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39
Q

When did Caesar marry, who did he marry, and how did Sulla feel about it?

A

Married Cinna’s daughter, Cornelia, in 84 which was an insult to Sulla

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40
Q

Who was Cinna?

A

Cinna was the leader of the Marian party opposing Sulla

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41
Q

When does Cicero begin work as a lawyer?

A

83

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42
Q

When does Pompey receive his first triumph and why is it unusual?

A

81, usual as he is not officially eligible for a triumph

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43
Q

When does Caesar gain his first military honour and what for?

A

80, a great and ambitious military leader

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44
Q

Who does Pompey marry and when?

A

Sulla’s step daughter, Amelia, in 81

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45
Q

What does Cicero do in 79?

A

Marries into a patrician family (widens amicitia) and goes to Greece

46
Q

When does Sulla die?

A

78

47
Q

Who is removed from Sulla’s will and why?

A

Pompey as he supported Lepidus for consul

48
Q

What was fought in the 70s, by who against who?

A

The Sertorian war, fought by Pompey against Sertorius from 77-72

49
Q

What does Caesar do in 77?

A

He is kidnapped by pirates

50
Q

Who fought which battle against Sertorius in 76?

A

Pompey and Metellus fought an indecisive battle with Sertorius near Saguntum

51
Q

Who is born in 76?

A

Caesar’s daughter Julia

52
Q

What position did Cicero hold in 76?

A

A quaestorship in Sicily

53
Q

What does Caesar do in 75?

A

Goes to Rhodes to study

54
Q

When does Verres hold power in Sicily?

A

73

55
Q

What happens with Crassus in 73?

A

He fights against Spartacus until 71

56
Q

How does Pompey ‘win’ against Sertorius?

A

Sertorius is murdered

57
Q

When is Pompey’s second triumph, what is it for, and why is it slightly dubious?

A

Triumph granted in 71 for the victory in Spain. However, there is doubt of his success considering Sertorius was murdered by one of his own men

58
Q

Why is there enmity between Crassus and Pompey?

A

Pompey claims victory in the defeat of Spartacus

59
Q

Who is consul in 70? What do they do?

A

Pompey and Crassus held the consulship. The power of the tribunate was restored- supported by Caesar.

60
Q

What does Cicero do in 70 and what is the result?

A

He writes In Verrem and wins the Verres trial (extortion and possibly the desecration of temples?). His success makes him Rome’s number 1 orator

61
Q

What position does Cicero hold on 69?

A

Aedile

62
Q

What position does Caesar hold in 69?

A

Quaestor

63
Q

What does Caesar do in 69?

A

Delivers a funeral speech for his aunt Julia, Marius’ wife

64
Q

What position did Caesar hold in 68?

A

Military tribune (officer in the Roman army)

65
Q

When and where do pirates attack?

A

Ostia in 69- pose threat to Roman grain supply

66
Q

How does Pompey defeat the pirates and when?

A

67, he is given command by Gabinian Law

67
Q

What was Cato doing in 67?

A

He was elected military tribune without bribery and lived among his troops

68
Q

What position did Caesar hold in 67 and what does he do?

A

Quaestorship (lasted for two and a half years) and displayed statues of Marius and supports Pompey is his bills

69
Q

What position does Cicero hold in 66?

A

Praetor

70
Q

What does Cicero write in 66?

A

De Imperio

71
Q

What law is passed allowing Pompey to deal with Mithridates?

A

The Manilian Law in 66

72
Q

What position does Caesar hold, who supports him and how does Caesar return the support?

A

Aedile, supported by Crassus’ wealth, Caesar supports Crassus’ attempts to gain influence in Pompey’s absence

73
Q

What position does Cato hold in 64?

A

Quaestor

74
Q

What do Cato and Caesar do together in 64?

A

They work together to collect long-standing debts and challenge legal immunity and payments of those rich off Sulla’s proscriptions

75
Q

Who does Catiline support in 63?

A

Sullan veterans

76
Q

How does Cicero deal with the Catiline conspirators?

A

He uses an SCU to put Catiline and 5 Catilinarians to death without a trial

77
Q

Who does/doesn’t support the killing of the Catilinarians?

A

Caesar is against it

78
Q

Why does Cato oppose Murena’s consulship in 63?

A

Bribery

79
Q

What position does Cicero hold in 63 and how does his term end?

A

Consul, Metellus Nepos doesn’t allow Cicero to give end of office speech

80
Q

What position does Caesar hold in 63 and how does he achieve it?

A

Pontifex maximus, uses Crassus’ money to get elected

81
Q

What is Cato in 62 and is he popular?

A

Tribune, and was popular among nobility

82
Q

What is Caesar in 62 and what happens in his house?

A

Praetor, holds Bona Dea festival which Clodius sneaks into- Cato and Cicero speak out against him but he is acquitted

83
Q

What is Caesar in 61?

A

Governor of Spain

84
Q

What happens with Cato and Pompey in 61?

A

Pompey returns to Rome from Syria to have a triumph, Cato tries to prevent the celebrations and delays the consular elections

85
Q

What did Caesar want in 61 and why couldn’t he have both?

A

He wanted a consulship and a triumph but candidates for magistry had to be in the city and those celebrating triumphs had to be outside the city

86
Q

Who does Pompey marry in 61?

A

Caesar’s daughter

87
Q

When is the formation of the First Triumvirate, who is involved, and what do they want?

A

60, Caesar wanted consulship and triumph, Pompey wanted land for his veterans, Crassus wanted tax rebates for tax-collectors blocked by Optimates

88
Q

What did Cato oppose in 60?

A

Caesar in absentia

89
Q

Who was invited to join the Triumvirate but refused?

A

Cicero

90
Q

Who is Consul in 59?

A

Caesar and Bibulus

91
Q

What law is passed in 59 and what does it do?

A

The Campanian law- divided 20,000 pieces of land and given to veterans and fathers of large urban families

92
Q

What does Caesar establish in 59?

A

Military command of Gaul and Illyricum for 5 years

93
Q

What does Caesar do with Pompey in 59?

A

Caesar ratifies Pompey’s arrangements in the east

94
Q

What does Clodius do in 59?

A

Becomes a Plebian with Caesar’s help

95
Q

What happens to the overall state of politics in 59?

A

Normal politics breaks down

96
Q

What position does Clodius hold in 58?

A

Tribune of the plebs

97
Q

What laws does Clodius pass in 58?

A

Can’t execute a Roman citizen without trial (targeting Cicero who is exiled), introduces free grain handout (very popular), legalises trade guilds (Cicero had outlawed them in 63)

98
Q

What does Pompey do in 58?

A

Stays in his house for fear of Clodius’ gangs

99
Q

What does Cato do in 58 and what does this mean for the future?

A

He was sent by Clodius to finalise the annexation of Cyprus, he would later find it difficult to oppose exceptional commands as he had now accepted one

100
Q

What is Caesar doing in 58?

A

He was in Gaul with 3 legions- start of Gallic Campaign

101
Q

What happened to Pompey and Crassus’ relationship in 58?

A

They fell out

102
Q

What vote does Pompey propose in 57, what were the setbacks and final outcome?

A

Vote to recall Cicero, opposed by Cato. Vote prevented by mob violence, 2 tribunes (Milo and Sestius) guarded the senate and vote passed and Cicero’s exile was revoked

103
Q

What does Cicero try to do regarding Clodius in 57?

A

Cicero tried to have Clodius’ tribunate declared illegal but was opposed by Cato

104
Q

What position does Clodius hold in 56?

A

Aedile

105
Q

What was the Conference of Luca, and when was it?

A

In 56, Caesar arranged to meet Pompey and Crassus to re-establish alliance

106
Q

What does Pompey do in 55? (Military)

A

Commanded Spain in absentia

107
Q

Where does Crassus hold command in 55?

A

Syria

108
Q

Who are the consuls in 55?

A

Pompey and Crassus

109
Q

What happens to Caesar’s command in Gaul in 55?

A

It is extended

110
Q

What is Cicero doing in 55 and what is his idea?

A

Sidelined and writing, idea of otium cum dignitate- leisure with dignity

111
Q

What does Cicero attack in 55?

A

Caesar’s legislation from when Caesar was consul

Classical Civilisation (3 decks)

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