Politics in the Era of National Unification Flashcards
Crimean War
fought from October 1853 to February 1856
the Russian Empire vs alliance of the Ottoman Empire, France, the United Kingdom, and Sardinia-Piedmont
alliance won
Red Shirts
led by Garibaldi
Expedition of the Thousand of 1860, which concluded with the annexation of Sicily, Southern Italy, Marche and Umbria to the Kingdom of Sardinia,
led to the creation of the newly-unified Kingdom of Italy.
Alexander II
Russian tsar (r. 1855–1881)
initiated the age of Great Reforms
emancipated the serfs in 1861.
papal infallibility
the doctrine that the pope, acting as supreme teacher and under certain conditions, cannot err when he teaches in matters of faith or morals
Emancipation of the Serfs (1861)
Alexander II freed all serfs (over 23 million people) in a major agrarian reform,
“it is better to liberate the peasants from above” than to wait until they won their freedom by uprisings
Otto von Bismarck
1862 to 1890, he was the minister president and foreign minister of Prussia.
dominated European affairs after he masterminded the unification of Germany in 1871
served as the first chancellor of the German Empire until 1890.
Bismarck provoked three short, decisive wars against Denmark, Austria, and France.
Second Reform Act (Britain), 1867
known as the Reform Act 1867 or the Second Reform Act,
act of the British Parliament that enfranchised part of the urban male working class in England and Wales for the first time.
William I (Wilhelm I)
King of Prussia from 2 January 1861 and German Emperor from 18 January 1871 until his death in 1888.
member of the House of Hohenzollern,
the first head of state of a united Germany
Camillo Bensi di Cavour
Prime minister (1852–1861) of the kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia
architect of a united Italy
Second German Empire
replaced the German Confederation and the North German Confederation (1866–70).
It was created by Bismarck following the Franco-Prussian War, by the union of 25 German states under the Hohenzollern King of Prussia, now Emperor William I.
Piedmont
a springboard for Italian unification in 1859–1861,
Kulturkampf
“culture war”;
a term used in the 1870s by German chancellor Otto von Bismarck to describe his fight to weaken the power of the Catholic church.
Il Risorgimento
The unification of Italy
led to the proclamation of the king of Italy in March 17, 1861,
The Paris Commune
a French revolutionary government that seized power in Paris from 18 March to 28 May 1871.
the French National Guard had defended Paris
working-class radicalism grew among its soldiers
Guiseppe Garibaldi
an Italian general, patriot, revolutionary and republican.
contributed to Italian unification and the creation of the Kingdom of Italy.
