politics

Question 1

government policies or programs that seek to redress past injustices again specified groups by making special efforts to prodive members of these groups with access to educational and emplpyment opportunities

Answer 1

affirmative action

Question 2

those who favored strong state governments and a weak national government and were opponents of the constitution

Answer 2

anti-federalists

Question 3

a system of rule in which the government recognize no formal limit but may nevertheless be restrained by the power of other social institutions

Answer 3

authoritarian system

Question 4

federal grants-in-aid that allow states considerable discretion in how the funds are spent

Answer 4

block grants

Question 5

The first bloodshed of the American Revolution (1770), as British guards at the Boston Customs House opened fire on a crowd killing five Americans

Answer 5

boston massacre

Question 6

A 1773 protest against British taxes in which Boston colonists disguised as Mohawks dumped valuable tea into Boston Harbor.

Answer 6

boston tea party

Question 7

A social class that derives social and economic power from employment, education, and wealth, as opposed to the inherited power of aristocratic family of titled land owners or feudal privileges. It’s a term for the middle class common in the 19th century. It’s characterized by their ownership of property and their related culture.

Answer 7

bourgeoise

Question 8

congressional grants given to states and localities in the condition that expenditures be limited to a problem or group specified by the law

Answer 8

categorial grants

Question 9

mechanisms through which each branch of government is able to participate in and influence the activities of the other branches; major examples include the presidential veto power over congressional legislation, the power of the Senate to approve presidential appointments, and judicial review of congressional enactment

Answer 9

checks and balances

Question 10

areas of personal freedom constitutionally protected from government interference

Answer 10

civil liberties

Question 11

obligation imposed on government to take a positive action to protect citizens from any illegal action of government agencies and of other private citizens

Answer 11

civil rights

Question 12

(1964) law under Johnson that made segregation illegal in all public facilities, Equal Employment Opportunity Commission

Answer 12

civil rights act

Question 13

Congress has the power to regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several states and with the Indigenous Tribes

Answer 13

commerce clause

Question 14

The Commerce Clause can be found in _______ of the Constitution

Answer 14

Article 1, Section 8

Question 15

The Clause of Commerce can be interrupted by ________ in favor of national power over the economy

Answer 15

supreme court

Question 16

Communication in the form of advertising. It can be restricted more than many other types of speech but has been receiving increased protection from the Supreme Court.

Answer 16

commercial speech

Question 17

a system of government in which states retain sovereign authority except for the powers expressly delegate to the national government

Answer 17

confederation

Question 18

The agreement that the national legislature of the United States would have two houses, with representation in one based on population, and equal representation per state in the other, was called the ______

Answer 18

connecticut or great compromise

Question 19

a type of federalism existing since the New Deal era in which grants-in-aid have been used strategically to encourage states and localities (without commanding them) to pursue nationally defined goals; also known as “intergovernmental cooperation”

Answer 19

cooperative federalism

Question 20

Court sentences prohibited by the Eighth Amendment. Although the Supreme Court has ruled that mandatory death sentences for certain offenses are unconstitutional, it has not held that the death penalty itself constitutes cruel and unusual punishment.

Answer 20

cruel and unusual punishment

Question 21

Act of harming or ruining another’s reputation

Answer 21

defamation

Question 22

a system of rule that permits citizens to play a significant part in the governmental process, usually through the election of key public officials

Answer 22

democratic system

Question 23

the system of government that prevailed in the United States from 1789 to 1937 in which most fundamental governmental powers were shared between the shared

Answer 23

dual federalism

Question 24

the right of government to take private property for public use

Answer 24

eminent domain

Question 25

citizens are guaranteed “the equal protection of the laws”; this clause has served as the basis for civil rights of African Americans, women, and other group

Answer 25

equal protection clause

Question 26

The equal protection clause is the ______ amendment

Answer 26

14th

Question 27

“Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion”; this law means that a “wall of separation” exists between church and state

Answer 27

establishment clause

Question 28

The Establishment clause is the ____ amendment

Answer 28

1st

Question 29

the ability of courts to exclude evidence obtained in violation of the fourth amendment

Answer 29

exclusionary rule

Question 30

specific powers granted by the Constitution to Congress and to the president

Answer 30

expressed powers

Question 31

a system of government in which power is divided, by a constitution, between the central (national) and regional (state) government/s

Answer 31

federalism

Question 32

those who favor a strong national government and supported the constitution proposed at the Americana Constitutional Convention of 1787

Answer 32

federalists

Question 33

speech that directly incites damaging conduct

Answer 33

fighting words

Question 34

First Continental Congress took place on

Answer 34

September 5 to October 26, 1774

Question 35

First Constitutional Convention was held

Answer 35

May 14, 1787

Question 36

Federal categorical grants distributed according to a formula specified in legislation or in administrative regulations.

Answer 36

formula grants

Question 37

Free exercise clause a.k.a the

Answer 37

1st amendment

Question 38

in 1754 the British were trying to evict the French from the land west of the Appalachian Mountains - the British won - there were still land restrictions bc of the threat of the native americans - end of salutary neglect

Answer 38

french - indian war

Question 39

requires the state normally honor the public acts and judicial decisions that take place in another state

Answer 39

full faith and credit clause

Question 40

Full faith and credit clause is provision from _________ of the constitution

Answer 40

article IV, Section 1

Question 41

Historically, the United States has struggled with majority rule and the extension of minority rights. As a result of this struggle, the government has increasingly extended civil rights to marginalized groups and broadened opportunities for participation.

Answer 41

gay rights

Question 42

money given by the national government to the states

Answer 42

grants in aid

Question 43

allows cities to write their own charters, choose their own type of government, and manage their own affairs

Answer 43

home rule

Question 44

series of laws passed in 1774 to punish Boston for the Tea Party

Answer 44

intolerable acts

Question 45

The Supreme Court asserted the power of Judicial review in

Answer 45

Marbury v. Madison (1803)

Question 46

An economic system in which the means of production and distribution are privately owned and operated by for profit with minimal or no government interference

Answer 46

laissez-faire capitalism

Question 47

The three-part test for Establishment Clause cases that a law must pass before it is declared constitutional: it must have a secular purpose; it must neither advance nor inhibit religion; and it must not cause excessive entanglement with religion.

Answer 47

lemon test

Question 48

A written statement made in “reckless disregard of the truth” that is considered damaging to a victim because it is “malicious, scandalous, and defamatory”

Answer 48

libel

Question 49

Freedom from governmental control

Answer 49

liberty

Question 50

The requirement that persons under arrest must be informed prior to people interrogation of their rights to remain silent and to have the benefit to legal counsel

Answer 50

miranda rule