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Political Studies 465 > Political Studies 465 > Flashcards

Political Studies 465 Flashcards

1
Q

Smith 5 usages of Nationalism

A
  1. A Process of formation, or growth, of nations
  2. A sentiment or consciousness of belonging to the nation
  3. A language and symbolism of the nation
  4. A social and political movement on behalf of the nation
  5. A doctrine and/or ideology of the nation, both general and particular
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2
Q

Miroslav Hroch

A

Steps of nationalism:
1. Art, history, narratives created by intelligentsia, then adopted by bourgeoisie, then adopted by the masses

  • the OG art and history will always continue to be a part of their nationalism
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3
Q

Importance of Symbolism

A

Symbols are directed by nationalist ideology, and they can reinforce national status

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4
Q

3 Common Goals of Nationalism (Smith)

A

Autonomy, unity, identity

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5
Q

Definition of Nationalism (Smith)

A

An ideological movement for attaining and maintaining autonomy, unity, and identity for a population which some of its members deem to constitute and actual or potential nation.

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6
Q

Rogers Brubaker

A

There are nationalisms without nations.
Nation as a category of practice, nationhood as an institutionalised cultural and political form, and nationness as a contingent event or happening.
Everyday nationalist.
Nations in themselves are political claims to loyalty and solidarity.

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7
Q

Objective vs Subjective Notions of Nation

A

Objective: Territory, language, economic life
Subjective: it is an imagined political community - and imagined as both inherently limited and sovereign

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8
Q

Benedict Anderson

A

The imagined community (limited and sovereign).

Theorized anti-colonial nationalism. They are less likely to give sovereignty away because of it.

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9
Q

What is the nation not? (Smith)

A

Not the state (which shows institutional activity), not an ethnie (those are apolitical, often don’t have territory, are looser, desire for self-determination, and have a standardized history.

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10
Q

Definition of Nationalism (David Miller)

A
  1. Community constituted by shared belief and mutual commitment 2. Extended in history 3. Active in character 4. Connected to territory 5. Marked off from other community by its distinct public culture
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11
Q

Patriotism vs Nationalism (Connor)

A

Patriotism (loyalty to the state), nationalism (kinship sentiment).
Smith says they are sometimes one of the same (UK example).

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12
Q

Nation-state… national state

A

Nation-states don’t really exist according to Smith cause homogenous countries don’t exist. However, national states (ones that want to increase integration and usually have a dominant ethnie are more common)

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13
Q

Sinisa Malesivic

A

It is interests, not identities that spur action

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14
Q

Definition of National Identity (Smith)

A

The continuous reproduction and reinterpretation by the members of a national community of the pattern of symbols, values, myths, memories and traditions that compose the distinctive heritage of nations, and the variable identification of individual members of that community with that heritage and its cultural elements.

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15
Q

To Remember about National Identity

A

Collective and individual levels of understandings, and they are always continuing and changing

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16
Q

Six basic propositions of Nationalism (Smith)

A
  1. World has nations with character, history, destiny
  2. Nation only source of power
  3. National loyalty overrides everything else
  4. To be free, individuals must have nations
  5. Every nation requires full autonomy
  6. Global peace requires group of autonomous nations
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17
Q

Nationalism as Ideology

A

Elie Kedourie - Nationalism is not an ideology. It is destructive and naive.
Michael Freeden - technically an ideology but very thin, it needs other ideologies to latch onto.

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18
Q

Possible Rebuttal to Nationalism not being Ideology

A
  1. It is conceptually richer than Kedourie and Freeden claim

2. It is a form of culture or religion more than ideology.

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19
Q

Fundamental Ideas

A

Autonomy, unity, identity

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20
Q

Cognant Concepts (6)

A
  1. Authenticity 2. Continuity 3. Dignity 4. Destiny 5. Love (Attachment) 6. Homeland
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21
Q

Voluntarism vs Organicism

A

They vary on the view of citizenship. Organicism often has an ethnic component, you are a part of a nation if you were born in it and share genealogy. Voluntarism still presumes a world of nations, but choosing your loyalty can be more flexible.

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22
Q

Ethnic vs Civic Nationalism

A

Ethnic nationalism based on primordialist belief of shared blood. Civic based on all of those within a territory (inclusive). Smith says there consequences are often the same, as they have the same tenets.

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23
Q

Walker Connor

A

Patriotism vs Nationalism
Anti-positivism. Nation cannot be explained rationally explained. It is created through emotional psychology and a felt history.
Definition of nationalism: largest group with believed kinship.
Ethnies are pre-national people.

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24
Q

Michael Mann

A

Four Stages of Nation (Religious, quasi-capitalist (hierarchical), militaristic, industrial capitalist).

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25
Q

Ethnosymbolism

A

An anthropological approach, study symbol, collective destinies as a means of understanding how they collectively organize.

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26
Q

Modernism

A

Nationalism was created in the modern era as a response to industrial capitalism. It furthers the interests of the ruling class.

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27
Q

5 Branches of Modernism

A
  1. Socioeconomic (Nationalism is created by rational actors who are trying to maximize material gains through cost-benefit calculations. Hechter, Nairn)
  2. Sociocultural (Nationalism is created through public education systems, mass literacy. Ernest Gellner)
  3. Political (Nationalism only used to mobilize masses and is not cultural. Anthony Giddens. Example: 13 colonies)
  4. Ideological (Nationalism is an ideology created by masses as a reaction to aristocratic control. Elie Kedourie)
  5. Constructivists (Nationalism and nations are socially constructed, are not natural. They are imagined communities. Anderson, Hobsbawn)
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28
Q

Post-Modernism

A

Very critical of positivism and objective truth. They are critical of hierarchical structures. Very deconstructionist. First to use critical theories. Language is not a mirror to nature.

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29
Q

Smith’s response to Modernism

A

Nations may be modern, but they are based on preexisting myths, values, etc.

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30
Q

Lateral Development vs Vertical Development (Smith)

A

Lateral (top-down), the elites bring in the masses.

Vertical (bottom-up) the masses rise up against elites.

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31
Q

Frontier Nationalism

A

Celebrates pluralism.

32
Q

Nationalism as Ideology (Freedman)

A

Some ideologies are thick and some are thin (only based in single principal).

33
Q

Constitutional Patriotism

A

We must be loyal not to nations but to democratic values (cosmopolitanism).

34
Q

Instrumentalism

A

The manipulation of something for political gain.

35
Q

Emile Durkheim

A

Secular symbols became sacred after french revolution. This shows civic religion.

36
Q

Hugh Seton-Watson

A

Some nations are old, some are continuous, some are made deliberately.
Perennialist.

37
Q

Ernest Renan

A

Recurrent perennialist. Nations begin and end but will always exist.

38
Q

Pierre van der Berghe

A

Sociobiology. Primordialist.

Nations exist so individuals can feel like they spread their genes further.

39
Q

Clifford Geertz

A

Primordialist sentiment can exist next to secular ones.

40
Q

John Hutchinson

A

Emphasizes how premodern myths/symbols have been carried into the modern epoch to form nations.

41
Q

John Armstrong

A

Downplays distinction between national and ethnic identity.

We must investifate myth-symbol complexes over the longue duree.

42
Q

Max Weber

A

Anti-positivist. Must study subjective means, and understand social action based on what it means to people.

43
Q

5 Theories Discussed in Chapter 4

A 
Ideology vs Industrialism
Reason vs Emotion 
Politics vs Culture
Elites vs Everyday
Construction vs Reinterpretation
44
Q

Ideology vs Industrialism

A

A debate amongst modernist as to the nature of nationalism. Is it an ideology (something which deliberately came about), or the inevitable result of industrial capitalism.
Kedourie says ideology from alienated youth, very harmful. Gellner says industrial and it wasn’t necessarily bad because it needed proletariat consent.

45
Q

Reason vs Emotion

A

A debate between modernist and ethnosymbolist as to the motives behind nationalism. Modernists such as Michael Hechter say nationalism is the result of rational humans responding to oppression and trying to maximize economic gain. Ethnosymbolists such as Walker Connor say it can’t be explained rationally, and that emotion psychology is involved.

46
Q

Politics vs Culture

A

Is nationalism solely political movement or also cultural?Modernist such as Giddens tend to think political movement created by modernized, professionalized, centralized state.
Ethnosymbolist such as Hutchinson see both politics and culture in nationalism. States bring in old myths for example so it is cultural.

47
Q

John Breuilly

A

Nationalism is political movement. 3 reasons.

1. Nations are way to organize. 2. They are given priority. 3. They need autonomy.

48
Q

Anthony Giddens

A

Nationalism is solely political, not cultural.

49
Q

Elites vs Everyday Nationalism

A

Everyday Nationalist such as Brubaker believe we have to study how average citizens create nationalist sentiment by talking, choosing, performing, and consuming the nation. To make nation is to make people national.
Elites group say they have more influence. Lateral development. Also everday nationalism is ethnocentrist.

50
Q

Construction vs Reinterpretation

A

Construction side (modernist) believe that intelligentsia created nation deliberately. Ethnosymbolists believe a simply reconstruction of ethnic symbols made people national.

51
Q

Michael Keating

A

Neo-nationalisms and their civic-ness. Along with Nairn is a socioeconomic modernist.

52
Q

History of Nationalism (according to modernists)

A 
Hobsbawn says five things:
States created nations
They are no older than 1800s
Creations of elites
Ethno-nationalisms distinct from civic ones
Nationalism now losing influence
53
Q

Adrian Hastings

A 
Christian perennialist. Nationalism did exist periodically when under threat or in crisis. Nations are based on deep cultural resources.
Three stages of nationalism: 
1. Loose ethnicities
2. Literacy and mass states
3. French revolution
54
Q

3 Waves of Nationalism

A
  1. Revolutions in Europe (1848). Extent of territory, resources.
  2. End of 19th century (Ethnolinguistic ties)
  3. Post-WWII (Rise of anti-colonialism, neo-nationalisms, ethnic conflicts).
55
Q

Banal Nationalism (Sutherland)

A

Markings of national loyalty that aren’t even realized. Patriotism as form of banal nationalism.
Can be used in crises to spur hot nationalism.

56
Q

Hot Nationalism (Sutherland)

A

Violent/aggressive. Chauvinistic. Loss of life is justified for political ends.

57
Q

Communism and Nationalism

A

Marx didn’t buy into nationalism. Made distinction between state nationalism and revolutionary nationalism. Lenin developed anti-colonialism.

58
Q

VCP Case Study

A

They used nationalism in their communist state to legitimize themselves. Liberalized their economy a bit. Promoted religious liberty to get civic nationalism. Shifted class warfare from domestic to international area with core and periphery nations.

59
Q

Multiculturalism and Nationalism

A

Can be very difficult to unify and create identify.
Cosmopolitanism is a threat to nation-building.
Dominant ethnies important in this arena

60
Q

Democracy and Nationalism

A

Challenges include political representation, liberal vs group rights, unifying when a majority rules. Very difficult to foster national identity and democratic legitimacy.

61
Q

Article by Thobani

A

CND’s muticultural policies favour english and french.
We need immigrants because of declining birth rates.
Narratives create power relations.
The funding of groups to make sure they were apolitical and not forming alliances with other people of colour.
Multicultural policies delegitimize indigenous group and make them look racist.

62
Q

4 Key Factors of Sub-State Nationalism (Sutherland)

A
  1. Autonomy and Self Determination (don’t necessarily want sovereignty but generally more power)
  2. Ethnicity (especially in africa where colonization created racial constructs. Very hard for national loyalty to be established).
  3. Political Parties
  4. Diaspora (relationship between citizenship and loyalty)
63
Q

Quebec Article

A

Rocher.

64
Q

Alan Cairns

A

Citizens Plus - not parallelism or assimilation

65
Q

Williams

A

Shared fate - we need to foster a common destiny. We must use practical imperatives and normative assumptions.

66
Q

Marc Woons

A

Author of article. Also proponent of psychological dimension of citizenship, and how Canada must create multinational identity with inclusive institutions.

67
Q

Will Kymlicka

A

Explains Liberal nationalism, illiberal nationalism, liberal culturalism, post-liberal pluralism, etc.

68
Q

Realpolitik vs Universalism

A

Two theories in IR. Now general IR theory includes both.

69
Q

Ryser

A

4th world geopolitics author.

70
Q

Supra-national identity

A

Identities in IGOs like the EU have to understand how people see themselves in this situation. EU is receptive to stateless nations.

71
Q

Nationless State

A

Where the people don’t share common language, history etc.

72
Q

Citizenship

A

It is the legal expression of national belonging.
Decoupling it from national identity underestimates the cultural value of nationalism.
Citizenship tests often reinforce values.

73
Q

Fluid vs Thick Citizenship

A

Yep.

74
Q

4 Ways Migrants interact with Hosts

A

Separation (ghettoisation)
Marginalization
Assimilation
Integration

75
Q

Transnationalism

A

Interactions linking people or institutions across the borders of nation-states.
It can often undermine aspects of identity, territory, sovereignty.
Hard to pin-point loyalty.
Diasporas as transnational communities.

76
Q

Gender and Nationalism

A

The imagined community as gendered.
Gender is everywhere.
Having to protect your motherland from foreign rapists.
Invasions - having to protect foreign women from brown men
The role of women in nation-building and citizenship.

77
Q

Capitalism and Nationalism

A

Reinforces idea of competitiveness. Capitalism, and the need for mass production created nationalism (modernist). Economic independence will equal greater autonomy.

Political Studies 465 (1 decks)

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