political science final Flashcards
What is politics ?
It is the process where communities select rulers and empowers them to make decision, take actions to attain common goals and reconciles conflicts within the community.
What is politics linked with?
Conflict- it is the competition between the opposing forces, reflecting a diversity of opinions, preferences, needs or interests.
and
cooperation- Working together, achieving goals through collective action
Authority
the power or right to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience.
Power
it is the influence, control, behavior persons or institutions, persuasion or coercion
List the types of political regimes
●Democracy
● Authoritarianism
● Totalitarianism
● Monarchy
● Oligarchy
● Theocracy
● Military Dictatorship
What is ideology?
It is a coherent set of ideas for a organized basis for political action, shows how political change should happen,
What are the classical ideologies?
● Liberalism
● Conservatism
● Socialism
Liberalism
freedom,
individualism,
reason,
equality,
toleration,
What are the two types of liberalism?
Classical and Modern Liberalism
Modern Liberalism
●Individual development,
●active role in state,
●equality of opportunity,
●Government protects and promotes individual rights, equality,
●basic standard of living for all citizens
●left to center economically
Classical Liberalism
●atomic society
●minimal state
● protects civil liberties
● individual freedom
●free market
●equality of opportunity
●right wing economically
What is conservatism?
● Defence of tradition
● practical circumstances, practical goals
●individuals are morally corrupt>
strong state
● Organicism
● Structured society with clear hierarchies
● Authority “From above”
● Property
Difference between classical and modern liberalism
●Classical liberalism has economic liberalism while modern has social liberalism.
●Classical liberalism has egoistical individualism while modern has developmental individualism.
●Classical liberalism has minimal state while modern has enabling state.
●Classical liberalism has maximize utility while modern has personal growth.
●Classical liberalism has negative freedom while modern has positive freedom.
●Classical liberalism has free market economy while modern has managed economy.
●Classical liberalism has rights based justice while modern has justice as fairness.
●Classical liberalism has strict meritocracy while modern has concern for the poor.
What is socialism ?
● social class
● common ownership
● equality
● Community
● need
● revolutionary socialists
What are the other ideologies ?
● Anarchism
● Fascism
● Feminism
● Green Ideology
● Cosmopolitanism
● religious fundamentalism
Cosmopolitanism
Believe in Cosmopolis or ‘World State’.
Religious Fundamentalism
Fundamentalism refers to a style of thought in which certain principles are recognized
as essential ‘truths’ which have unchallengeable and overriding authority
Which ideologies are on the right?
● Monarchism
● Fascism; Nazism
● Religious Right
● Conservativism
● Traditionalist or Reactionary Movements
● Capitalism
● Libertarianism
Which ideologies are on the left?
● Socialism
● Communism
● Marxism
● Democratic Socialism
What is a state?
● Political entity ● Authority within
defined territorial
borders
● Permanent
institutions
● Important actor in
global politics
What are the state theories?
● the pluralist state
● the capitalist state
● the leviathan state
● the patriarchal state.
Leviathan State-
- Without authority is war of all against
all- State of Nature - State pursues interests that at
separate from those of society - Big Government
Pluralist state
●Political obligation
● State of nature
● Divine right
●Social contract theory
The Capitalist State
● State-economic structure of society
● Instrument of Ruling Class
● entirely dependent on its economically
dominant class, which in capitalism
Patriarchal state
●Rule by men
● Male dominated doctrines, values, norms
● Gender Inequality
● State run by men for men
● Public (male); private (women) spheres
What are the types of parties?
● cadre and mass parties
● representative and integrative parties
● constitutional and revolutionary parties
● left-wing and right-wing parties
● mainstream and populist parties.
What are the party systems?
● one-party dominant
● Two-party system
●multiparty system
●Dominant-party systems
What is the function of parties?
●representation
●organizing government
●elite formation and recruitment
●interest articulation
What are the state forms?
● minimal states
● developmental states● social-democratic states
● collectivized states
● totalitarian states
● religious states.
● The Challenge of Globalization
● Non-state Actors and International Bodies
● Failed States
One-Party System
single-party state, one-party system or single-party system is a governance structure in which only a single political party controls the ruling system
Dominant Party System
a political occurrence in which a single political party continuously dominates election results over running opposition groups or parties.
Two party system
A two-party system is a political party system in which two major political parties consistently dominate the political landscape
● the Uk and the US
Multi Party Systems
is a system where multiple political parties take part in national elections. Each party has its own views.
What is international relations
it is the study of interactions between states and other global actors
In which type of government system monarch might have absolute power without checks or balances
absolute monarchy
What is world order ?
the distribution of power between and amongst states and other key actors, giving rise to a relatively stable pattern of relationships and behaviors.
Bipolarity:
major
What is humanitarian intervention
Humanitarian intervention is military intervention that is carried out in pursuit of humanitarian rather than strategic objectives.
Hyperpower
A power that commands much greater power than any of its potential rivals, and so dominates world politics.
Unipolarity:
An international system in which there is one pre- eminent state; the existence of a single great power.
imperialism
Imperialism is, broadly, the policy of extending the power or rule of a state beyond its borders.
Hegemon
A leading or paramount power.
Multipolarity:
An international system in which there are three or more power centres, creating a bias in favour of fluidity and, perhaps, instability.
Great power:
A state deemed to rank amongst the most powerful in a hierarchical state system, reflecting its influence over minor states.
Imperial over-reach:
The tendency for imperial expansion to be unsustainable as wider military responsibilities outstrip the growth of the domestic economy.
Military power:
For many commentators, power in international politics boils down to military capacity. Realist theorists, for example, have
Economic power:
The ‘weight‘ of states in international affairs is closely linked to their wealth and economic resources. This applies, in part, because economic development underpins military capacity, as wealth enables states to develop large armies, acquire modern weapons, and wage costly or sustained wars.
Structural power:
Structural power is the power to decide ‘how things are done’, reflected in the ability to shape the frameworks within which states relate to one another, relate to people, or relate to corporate enterprises
‘Soft‘ power:
Thinking about global power has conventionally
focused on ‘hard’ power – the ability to affect the behaviour of others through the use of inducements (carrots) or threats (sticks); in effect, a combination of economic and military power. ‘Soft’ power is ‘co-optive power’; it rests on the ability to shape the preferences of others by attraction, rather than coercion (
Free trade
is a system of trading between states that is not restricted by tariffs or other forms of protectionism
Autocracy
a system of government by one person with absolute power.
key principles of conservatism
- belief in tradition
-Pragmatism
-human imperfection
-large governments
What form of equality do socialists believe in ?
more equal distribution of wealth and income within society
What form of equality do liberals support?
This is in sharp contrast to liberals and to some extent conservatives who favour equality of opportunity
