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Russian Rulers - Opposition > Political opposition to the Tsars > Flashcards

Political opposition to the Tsars Flashcards

1
Q

The 6 main political opposition groups in the Tsarist era were:

  • The ____ or ____
  • The ‘____ ____’
  • The ____ ____
  • The ____ ____
  • The ____
  • The ____ and the ____
A

The 6 main political opposition groups in the Tsarist era were:

  • The Narodniks or Populists
  • The ‘People’s Will’
  • The Social Revolutionaries
  • The Social Democrats
  • The Liberals
  • The Kadets and the Octobrists
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2
Q

The membership of the Narodniks:

  • Russian ____
  • Key leaders were Nikolai ____ and Pyotr ____
  • ‘Going to the People’ in ____ ____ involved ____ university students
A

The membership of the Narodniks:

  • Russian intellectuals
  • Key leaders were Nikolai Chernyshevsky and Pyotr Lavrov
  • ‘Going to the People’ in spring 1874 involved 4,000 university students
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3
Q

Narodniks’ aims:

  • To promote ____ ____
  • To educate the ____ in ____
  • To equally share out ____ - ‘____ ____’
A

Narodniks’ aims:

  • To promote popular socialism
  • To educate the peasants in politics
  • To equally share out land - ‘Black Repartition’
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4
Q

Methods of the Narodniks:

  • Publication of ____ ‘What is to be done?’ in ____
  • ‘Going to the people’ from ____-_
  • The creation of spin-off group ‘____ and ____’ from ____ onwards
  • Divided between being ____ and being ____ (hence the split)
A

Methods of the Narodniks:

  • Publication of Chernyshevsky’s‘What is to be done?’ in 1863
  • ‘Going to the people’ from 1873-4
  • The creation of spin-off group ‘Land and Liberty’ from 1876 onwards
  • Divided between being peaceful and being violent (hence the split)
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5
Q

Successes and strengths of the Narodniks:

  • Chernyshevsky’s ‘What is to be done?’ apparently had a profoud effect on ____, who published his own version in ____
  • ‘Land and Liberty’ proved to be more ____ than ‘Going to the People’ (for a ____)
A

Successes and strengths of the Narodniks:

  • Chernyshevsky’s ‘What is to be done?’ apparently had a profoud effect on Lenin, who published his own version in 1902
  • ‘Land and Liberty’ proved to be more organised than ‘Going to the People’ (for a time)
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6
Q

Failures and limitations of the Narodniks:

  • The peasants ____ the intellectuals, and therefore their ____ ____ (Going to the People) was a failure
  • Land and Liberty were in disarray as had no ____ ____ - they were divided over whether they should take ____ or ____ action
A

Failures and limitations of the Narodniks:

  • The peasants resented the intellectuals, and therefore their political education (Going to the People) was a failure
  • Land and Liberty were in disarray as had no clear direction - they were divided over whether they should take peaceful or direct action
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7
Q

The membership of the ‘People’s Will’:

  • Formed as spin-off from ‘____ and ____’
  • They were the wing that supported ____ ____
A

The membership of the ‘People’s Will’:

  • Formed as spin-off from ‘Land and Liberty’
  • They were the wing that supported terrorist populism
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8
Q

The aims of the ‘People’s Will’:

  • To spark ____
  • To ____ the Tsar
A

The aims of the ‘People’s Will’:

  • To spark revolution
  • To assassinate the Tsar
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9
Q

Methods of the ‘People’s Will’:

  • ‘The ____ of the ____’ i.e. ____
  • _ assassination attempts to kill ____ ____
A

Methods of the ‘People’s Will’:

  • ‘The propaganda of the deed’ i.e. violence
  • 4 assassination attempts to kill Alex II
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10
Q

Successes and strengths of the ‘People’s Will’:

  • Assassinated Alex II on __th ____ ____
  • Were an ____ to future revolutionaries - former members helped found the ____ ____ at the ____ of the ____
A

Successes and strengths of the ‘People’s Will’:

  • Assassinated Alex II on 13th (unlucky for some) March 1881
  • Were an inspiration to future revolutionaries - former members helped found the Socialist Revoltionaries at the turn of the century
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11
Q

Failures and limitations of the ‘People’s Will’:

  • Were ____ less that a ____ later on _rd ____ ____
  • Did not overthrow ____
  • Alex II was about to sign ____-____ constitution which would have made ____ elections more ____
  • Brought in Alex III who was more ____

Did the ____ to the desired effect…

A

Failures and limitations of the ‘People’s Will’:

  • Were executed less that a month later on 3rd April 1881
  • Did not overthrow Tsarism
  • Alex II was about to sign Loris-Melikov constitution which would have made Duma elections more liberal
  • Brought in Alex III who was more reactionary

Did the opposite to the desired effect…

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12
Q

Socialist Revolutionary membership:

  • From ____
  • Born from the ____ ____ (see the ‘____ ____’)
  • Leader was Victor ____
  • Split by ____ into
    • ____ _-wing SRs
    • ____ _-wing SRs
A

Socialist Revolutionary membership:

  • From 1901
  • Born from the populist movement (see the ‘People’s Will’)
  • Leader was Victor Chernov
  • Split by 1905 into
    • Radical L-wing SRs
    • Moderate R-wing SRs
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13
Q

Aims of the Socialist Revolutionaries:

  • To improve the ____ conditions of the ____
A

Aims of the Socialist Revolutionaries:

  • To improve the living conditions of the poorest
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14
Q

The methods of the left-wing branch of the Socialist Revolutionaries were:

  • ____ action (like the ‘____ ____’)
  • Between ____-_ had made ____ political killings including ____ ____ ____
A

The methods of the left-wing branch of the Socialist Revolutionaries were:

  • Direct action (like the ‘People’s Will’)
  • Between 1901-5 had made 2,000 political killings including Grand Duke Sergei
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15
Q

The methods of the right-wing branch of the Socialist Revolutionaries:

  • Worked with other ____ and ____
A

The methods of the right-wing branch of the Socialist Revolutionaries:

  • Worked with other parties and groups
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16
Q

Successes and strengths of the Socialist Revolutionaries:

  • Showed greater awareness of the ____ of the growing ____ ____
  • The right-wing group gathered support and momentum after the ____ ____ - they were especially successful with the ____ because of their focus on a ____ deal
  • Biggest ____ to Tsarist rule and most ____ up to 1905 Revolution
A

Successes and strengths of the Socialist Revolutionaries:

  • Showed greater awareness of the needs of the growing urban proletariat
  • The right-wing group gathered support and momentum after the 1905 Revolution - they were especially successful with the peasants because of their focus on a land deal
  • Biggest threat to Tsarist rule and most supported up to 1905 Revolution
17
Q

Failures and limitations of the Socialist Revolutionaries:

  • ____ between left and right
A

Failures and limitations of the Socialist Revolutionaries:

  • Rift between left and right
18
Q

Membership of the Social Democrats:

  • Led by ____ and ____
  • Split into the ____ (the so-called ____) and the ____ (the ____), although in terms of size actually the ____ way round
A

Membership of the Social Democrats:

  • Led by Lenin and Martov
  • Split into the Bolsheviks (the so-called majority) and the Mensheviks (the so-called minority), although in terms of size actually the other way round
19
Q

The aims of the Social Democrats:

  • To enact Georgi ____ version of ____
A

The aims of the Social Democrats:

  • To enact Georgi Plekhanov’s version of Marxism
20
Q

Methods of the Social Democrats:

  • Initially helping the ____
  • ____ publishes his ‘What is to be done?’ in ____ - called for a ____ supported revolution led by the ____
A

Methods of the Social Democrats:

  • Initially helping the impoverished
  • Lenin publishes his ‘What is to be done?’ in 1901 (it rhymes) - called for a worker supported revolution led by the intelligensia
21
Q

Successes and strengths of the Social Democrats:

  • Helped grow a _____ _____ _____
  • After the ____ ____ Revolution there was __ years of Communism (although not directly Tsarist-related)
A

Successes and strengths of the Social Democrats:

  • Helped grow a working class consciousness
  • After the 1917 October Revolution there was 80 years of Communism (although not directly Tsarist-related)
22
Q

Failures and limitations of the Social Democrats:

  • Few working-class people had ____ or ____ to master ____ theory
  • Meant SDs actions were led by ____
  • ____ between Bolsheviks and Mensheviks
A

Failures and limitations of the Social Democrats:

  • Few working-class people had time or inclination to master Marxist theory
  • Meant SDs actions were led by intellectuals
  • Split between Bolsheviks and Mensheviks
23
Q

The membership of the Liberals:

  • ‘____’
A

The membership of the Liberals:

  • ‘Westernisers’
24
Q

Aims of the Liberals:

  • To move Russia towards a ____ model of ____
  • I.e. wanted ____
  • Wanted ____ and ____ land distribution for peasants
  • Wanted a representative ____ ____
  • Wanted improved ____ ____ for industrial workers
A

Aims of the Liberals:

  • To move Russia towards a western model of governance
  • I.e. wanted democracy
  • Wanted fairer and greater land distribution for peasants
  • Wanted a representative Constituent Assembly
  • Wanted improved working conditions for industrial workers
25
Q

Methods of the Liberals:

  • The ____ of ____ talked with Nicholas II’s ____
  • Debated in the ____
A

Methods of the Liberals:

  • The Union of Liberation talked with Nicholas II’s advisors
  • Debated in the Zemstva
26
Q

Successes and strengths of the Liberals:

  • Using the Zemstva and the mid-____ revival of the concept of the ____ the Liberals were able to develop ____ ____
  • Pyotr ____’s Union of Liberation had some effect on ____ __’s ____
A

Successes and strengths of the Liberals:

  • Using the Zemstva and the mid-1890s revival of the concept of the zemstvo the Liberals were able to develop liberal thinking
  • Pyotr Struve’s Union of Liberation had some effect on Nicholas II’s administration
27
Q

Failures and limitations of the Liberals:

  • A fully elected Constituent Assembly was not considered until the ____ ____
  • This demonstrates that the Union of Liberation was not ____ ____
A

Failures and limitations of the Liberals:

  • A fully elected Constituent Assembly was not considered until the 1905 Revolution
  • This demonstrates that the Union of Liberation was not very effective
28
Q

The membership of the Kadets and the Octobrists:

  • Aka the ____ ____
  • The Kadets were led by Paul ____
  • The Kadets were the ____ arm of liberal movements
  • The Octobrists were more ____ liberals
  • The Octobrists were led by Alex ____ and Mikhail ____
A

The membership of the Kadets and the Octobrists:

  • Aka the Constitutional Democrats
  • The Kadets were led by Paul Milyukov
  • The Kadets were the intellectual arm of liberal movements
  • The Octobrists were more moderate liberals
  • The Octobrists were led by Alex Guchkov and Mikhail Rodzianko
29
Q

The aims of the Octobrists and the Kadets:

  • The Kadets wanted a ____ ____
  • The Octobrists were loyal to ____ ____ - they wanted ____ to systems of ____
A

The aims of the Octobrists and the Kadets:

  • The Kadets wanted a constitutional democracy
  • The Octobrists were loyal to the Tsar - they wanted reforms to systems of government
30
Q

The methods of the Kadets and the Octobrists:

  • Spoke out against the more ____ elements of the Duma
  • The Kadets played an important role as the ____ in the first ____
A

The methods of the Kadets and the Octobrists:

  • Spoke out against the more conservative elements of the Duma
  • The Kadets played an important role as the opposition in the first Duma
31
Q

Successes and strengths of the Kadets and the Octobrists:

  • The Kadets played an important role as ____ within the first ____
  • Achieved Nicholas II’s ____ ____ in ____
  • Leaders went on to become key members of the ____ ____
A

Successes and strengths of the Kadets and the Octobrists:

  • The Kadets played an important role as opposition within the first Duma
  • Achieved Nicholas II’s October Manifesto in 1905
  • Leaders went on to become key members of the Provisional Government
32
Q

Failures and limitaitons of the Kadets and the Octobrists:

  • The Provisional Government was a ____
  • Did not have the ____ of other groups because of their less ____ and pro-____ beliefs
  • Heavily repressed by the ____ ____ of ____
A

Failures and limitaitons of the Kadets and the Octobrists:

  • The Provisional Government was a failure
  • Did not have the support of other groups because of their less radical and pro-monarchy beliefs
  • Heavily repressed by the Fundamental Laws of 1906

Russian Rulers - Opposition (6 decks)

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