Political opposition to the Tsars Flashcards
1
Q
The 6 main political opposition groups in the Tsarist era were:
- The ____ or ____
- The ‘____ ____’
- The ____ ____
- The ____ ____
- The ____
- The ____ and the ____
A
The 6 main political opposition groups in the Tsarist era were:
- The Narodniks or Populists
- The ‘People’s Will’
- The Social Revolutionaries
- The Social Democrats
- The Liberals
- The Kadets and the Octobrists
2
Q
The membership of the Narodniks:
- Russian ____
- Key leaders were Nikolai ____ and Pyotr ____
- ‘Going to the People’ in ____ ____ involved ____ university students
A
The membership of the Narodniks:
- Russian intellectuals
- Key leaders were Nikolai Chernyshevsky and Pyotr Lavrov
- ‘Going to the People’ in spring 1874 involved 4,000 university students
3
Q
Narodniks’ aims:
- To promote ____ ____
- To educate the ____ in ____
- To equally share out ____ - ‘____ ____’
A
Narodniks’ aims:
- To promote popular socialism
- To educate the peasants in politics
- To equally share out land - ‘Black Repartition’
4
Q
Methods of the Narodniks:
- Publication of ____ ‘What is to be done?’ in ____
- ‘Going to the people’ from ____-_
- The creation of spin-off group ‘____ and ____’ from ____ onwards
- Divided between being ____ and being ____ (hence the split)
A
Methods of the Narodniks:
- Publication of Chernyshevsky’s‘What is to be done?’ in 1863
- ‘Going to the people’ from 1873-4
- The creation of spin-off group ‘Land and Liberty’ from 1876 onwards
- Divided between being peaceful and being violent (hence the split)
5
Q
Successes and strengths of the Narodniks:
- Chernyshevsky’s ‘What is to be done?’ apparently had a profoud effect on ____, who published his own version in ____
- ‘Land and Liberty’ proved to be more ____ than ‘Going to the People’ (for a ____)
A
Successes and strengths of the Narodniks:
- Chernyshevsky’s ‘What is to be done?’ apparently had a profoud effect on Lenin, who published his own version in 1902
- ‘Land and Liberty’ proved to be more organised than ‘Going to the People’ (for a time)
6
Q
Failures and limitations of the Narodniks:
- The peasants ____ the intellectuals, and therefore their ____ ____ (Going to the People) was a failure
- Land and Liberty were in disarray as had no ____ ____ - they were divided over whether they should take ____ or ____ action
A
Failures and limitations of the Narodniks:
- The peasants resented the intellectuals, and therefore their political education (Going to the People) was a failure
- Land and Liberty were in disarray as had no clear direction - they were divided over whether they should take peaceful or direct action
7
Q
The membership of the ‘People’s Will’:
- Formed as spin-off from ‘____ and ____’
- They were the wing that supported ____ ____
A
The membership of the ‘People’s Will’:
- Formed as spin-off from ‘Land and Liberty’
- They were the wing that supported terrorist populism
8
Q
The aims of the ‘People’s Will’:
- To spark ____
- To ____ the Tsar
A
The aims of the ‘People’s Will’:
- To spark revolution
- To assassinate the Tsar
9
Q
Methods of the ‘People’s Will’:
- ‘The ____ of the ____’ i.e. ____
- _ assassination attempts to kill ____ ____
A
Methods of the ‘People’s Will’:
- ‘The propaganda of the deed’ i.e. violence
- 4 assassination attempts to kill Alex II
10
Q
Successes and strengths of the ‘People’s Will’:
- Assassinated Alex II on __th ____ ____
- Were an ____ to future revolutionaries - former members helped found the ____ ____ at the ____ of the ____
A
Successes and strengths of the ‘People’s Will’:
- Assassinated Alex II on 13th (unlucky for some) March 1881
- Were an inspiration to future revolutionaries - former members helped found the Socialist Revoltionaries at the turn of the century
11
Q
Failures and limitations of the ‘People’s Will’:
- Were ____ less that a ____ later on _rd ____ ____
- Did not overthrow ____
- Alex II was about to sign ____-____ constitution which would have made ____ elections more ____
- Brought in Alex III who was more ____
Did the ____ to the desired effect…
A
Failures and limitations of the ‘People’s Will’:
- Were executed less that a month later on 3rd April 1881
- Did not overthrow Tsarism
- Alex II was about to sign Loris-Melikov constitution which would have made Duma elections more liberal
- Brought in Alex III who was more reactionary
Did the opposite to the desired effect…
12
Q
Socialist Revolutionary membership:
- From ____
- Born from the ____ ____ (see the ‘____ ____’)
- Leader was Victor ____
- Split by ____ into
- ____ _-wing SRs
- ____ _-wing SRs
A
Socialist Revolutionary membership:
- From 1901
- Born from the populist movement (see the ‘People’s Will’)
- Leader was Victor Chernov
- Split by 1905 into
- Radical L-wing SRs
- Moderate R-wing SRs
13
Q
Aims of the Socialist Revolutionaries:
- To improve the ____ conditions of the ____
A
Aims of the Socialist Revolutionaries:
- To improve the living conditions of the poorest
14
Q
The methods of the left-wing branch of the Socialist Revolutionaries were:
- ____ action (like the ‘____ ____’)
- Between ____-_ had made ____ political killings including ____ ____ ____
A
The methods of the left-wing branch of the Socialist Revolutionaries were:
- Direct action (like the ‘People’s Will’)
- Between 1901-5 had made 2,000 political killings including Grand Duke Sergei
15
Q
The methods of the right-wing branch of the Socialist Revolutionaries:
- Worked with other ____ and ____
A
The methods of the right-wing branch of the Socialist Revolutionaries:
- Worked with other parties and groups
16
Q
Successes and strengths of the Socialist Revolutionaries:
- Showed greater awareness of the ____ of the growing ____ ____
- The right-wing group gathered support and momentum after the ____ ____ - they were especially successful with the ____ because of their focus on a ____ deal
- Biggest ____ to Tsarist rule and most ____ up to 1905 Revolution
A
Successes and strengths of the Socialist Revolutionaries:
- Showed greater awareness of the needs of the growing urban proletariat
- The right-wing group gathered support and momentum after the 1905 Revolution - they were especially successful with the peasants because of their focus on a land deal
- Biggest threat to Tsarist rule and most supported up to 1905 Revolution
17
Q
Failures and limitations of the Socialist Revolutionaries:
- ____ between left and right
A
Failures and limitations of the Socialist Revolutionaries:
- Rift between left and right
18
Q
Membership of the Social Democrats:
- Led by ____ and ____
- Split into the ____ (the so-called ____) and the ____ (the ____), although in terms of size actually the ____ way round
A
Membership of the Social Democrats:
- Led by Lenin and Martov
- Split into the Bolsheviks (the so-called majority) and the Mensheviks (the so-called minority), although in terms of size actually the other way round
19
Q
The aims of the Social Democrats:
- To enact Georgi ____ version of ____
A
The aims of the Social Democrats:
- To enact Georgi Plekhanov’s version of Marxism
20
Q
Methods of the Social Democrats:
- Initially helping the ____
- ____ publishes his ‘What is to be done?’ in ____ - called for a ____ supported revolution led by the ____
A
Methods of the Social Democrats:
- Initially helping the impoverished
- Lenin publishes his ‘What is to be done?’ in 1901 (it rhymes) - called for a worker supported revolution led by the intelligensia
21
Q
Successes and strengths of the Social Democrats:
- Helped grow a _____ _____ _____
- After the ____ ____ Revolution there was __ years of Communism (although not directly Tsarist-related)
A
Successes and strengths of the Social Democrats:
- Helped grow a working class consciousness
- After the 1917 October Revolution there was 80 years of Communism (although not directly Tsarist-related)
22
Q
Failures and limitations of the Social Democrats:
- Few working-class people had ____ or ____ to master ____ theory
- Meant SDs actions were led by ____
- ____ between Bolsheviks and Mensheviks
A
Failures and limitations of the Social Democrats:
- Few working-class people had time or inclination to master Marxist theory
- Meant SDs actions were led by intellectuals
- Split between Bolsheviks and Mensheviks
23
Q
The membership of the Liberals:
- ‘____’
A
The membership of the Liberals:
- ‘Westernisers’
24
Q
Aims of the Liberals:
- To move Russia towards a ____ model of ____
- I.e. wanted ____
- Wanted ____ and ____ land distribution for peasants
- Wanted a representative ____ ____
- Wanted improved ____ ____ for industrial workers
A
Aims of the Liberals:
- To move Russia towards a western model of governance
- I.e. wanted democracy
- Wanted fairer and greater land distribution for peasants
- Wanted a representative Constituent Assembly
- Wanted improved working conditions for industrial workers
25
Methods of the Liberals:
* The ____ of ____ talked with Nicholas II's \_\_\_\_
* Debated in the \_\_\_\_
Methods of the Liberals:
* The **Union** of **Liberation** talked with Nicholas II's **advisors**
* Debated in the **Zemstva**
26
Successes and strengths of the Liberals:
* Using the Zemstva and the mid-\_\_\_\_ revival of the concept of the ____ the Liberals were able to develop ____ \_\_\_\_
* Pyotr \_\_\_\_'s Union of Liberation had some effect on ____ \_\_'s \_\_\_\_
Successes and strengths of the Liberals:
* Using the Zemstva and the mid-**1890s** revival of the concept of the **zemstvo** the Liberals were able to develop **liberal thinking**
* Pyotr **Struve**'s Union of Liberation had some effect on **Nicholas II**'s **administration**
27
Failures and limitations of the Liberals:
* A fully elected Constituent Assembly was not considered until the ____ \_\_\_\_
* This demonstrates that the Union of Liberation was not ____ \_\_\_\_
Failures and limitations of the Liberals:
* A fully elected Constituent Assembly was not considered until the **1905 Revolution**
* This demonstrates that the Union of Liberation was not **very effective**
28
The membership of the Kadets and the Octobrists:
* Aka the ____ \_\_\_\_
* The Kadets were led by Paul \_\_\_\_
* The Kadets were the ____ arm of liberal movements
* The Octobrists were more ____ liberals
* The Octobrists were led by Alex ____ and Mikhail \_\_\_\_
The membership of the Kadets and the Octobrists:
* Aka the **Constitutional Democrats**
* The Kadets were led by Paul **Milyukov**
* The Kadets were the **intellectual** arm of liberal movements
* The Octobrists were more **moderate** liberals
* The Octobrists were led by Alex **Guchkov** and Mikhail **Rodzianko**
29
The aims of the Octobrists and the Kadets:
* The Kadets wanted a ____ \_\_\_\_
* The Octobrists were loyal to ____ \_\_\_\_ - they wanted ____ to systems of \_\_\_\_
The aims of the Octobrists and the Kadets:
* The Kadets wanted a **constitutional democracy**
* The Octobrists were loyal to **the Tsar** - they wanted **reforms** to systems of **government**
30
The methods of the Kadets and the Octobrists:
* Spoke out against the more ____ elements of the Duma
* The Kadets played an important role as the ____ in the first \_\_\_\_
The methods of the Kadets and the Octobrists:
* Spoke out against the more **conservative** elements of the Duma
* The Kadets played an important role as the **opposition** in the first **Duma**
31
Successes and strengths of the Kadets and the Octobrists:
* The Kadets played an important role as ____ within the first \_\_\_\_
* Achieved Nicholas II's ____ \_\_\_\_ in \_\_\_\_
* Leaders went on to become key members of the ____ \_\_\_\_
Successes and strengths of the Kadets and the Octobrists:
* The Kadets played an important role as **opposition** within the first **Duma**
* Achieved Nicholas II's **October Manifesto** in **1905**
* Leaders went on to become key members of the **Provisional Government**
32
Failures and limitaitons of the Kadets and the Octobrists:
* The Provisional Government was a \_\_\_\_
* Did not have the ____ of other groups because of their less ____ and pro-\_\_\_\_ beliefs
* Heavily repressed by the ____ \_\_\_\_ of \_\_\_\_
Failures and limitaitons of the Kadets and the Octobrists:
* The Provisional Government was a **failure**
* Did not have the **support** of other groups because of their less **radical** and pro-**monarchy** beliefs
* Heavily repressed by the **Fundamental Laws** of **1906**
