Policy Development: Individualistic Theories Flashcards
What are the 4 aspects of individualistic theories?
Psychoanalysis, Token Economies, Aversion therapy, CBT
What theories are psychoanalysis linked to?
Freuds personality theory
Differential Association
Bowlby
Is psychoanalysis informal/formal?
Informal
Is psychoanalysis a form of crime control or state punishment?
Crime Control
What is psychoanalysis based on?
Freuds theory of personality and the need to develop the superego to curb instincts of the id, ego and superego
What does the treatment involve to resolve
Resolving the unconscious and repressed emotions - which are linked to criminality - of the id into the conscious mind
What does the treatment involve (how they are treated)
The patient lays down on a couch facing away from the analysist to use hypnosis and free association (getting them to say the first word which comes to mind associated with the subject) and were also employed as part of the treatment programme which would occur up to 5 times a week for numerous years
Who did a study for psychoanalysis?
Aichhorn
What did Aichhorn use the psychoanalytic treatment for?
Helping to create policies dealing with young offenders in institutions. Replacing the harsh environment with a more pleasant one enabling the development of the superego.
What did Aichhorn believe about the absence of uncaring nature had an effect on?
The absence of a parent of an uncaring nature have significant impact on the development of the superego due to the lack of ‘socialisation’ and meaningful relationships. By creating the meaningful relationship with the subject in a pleasant environment (superego will develop)
What theory/theories is Aichhorns study associated with?
Differential Association
Bowlby
Is psychoanalysis formal or informal?
Informal
Is psychoanalysis a form of crime control or state punishment?
Crime Control
What are the 4 limitations of psychoanalysis?
- Not favoured due to cost and time consuming process (+ineffective)
- Works as well as other psychotherapy treatments which cost less + take less time
- Cause psychological trauma
- 44% of psychoanalysis had neurosis improvement whilst 72% improved in hospitals and GPs
What is a token economy?
Desirable behaviours are reinforced with tokens after late exchanged with rewards
What theory is token economy based on?
Skinners Conditioning theory
- reinforcement and punishment
- behaviour modification (positive behaviour rewarded)
Where are token economies used?
Prisons
How are token economies used in prisons
- desirable behaviours are identified and prisoners are made aware of these
- desirable behaviour leads to a token being earned
- tokens are exchanged for rewards or ‘privileges’
- through selective reinforcement desirable behaviour becomes more likely and is repeated, simultaneously negative behaviour is less likely and avoided all together
Is token economy formal or informal?
Formal (added to all prisons)
Is token economies a form of crime control or state punishment
crime control
What are two strengths of token economies?
- Better behaviour in prisons as they are being rewarded for positive behaviour
- Improving in offenders
What is a limitation of token economies?
Common for negative behaviours to reoccur as a lack of external reinforcement
What type of criminals are likely to have aversion therapy?
Those with strong extraverted and neurotic personalities making the offender less resistant to learning through punishment
How does aversion therapy work for sex offenders?
- asked to fantasise to arousal (regarding socially, morally or legally unacceptable behaviours or acts
- aversive stimuli is used to deter behaviour such as an electric shock/drug/physical punishment
- repeated until the offender associates the deviant arousal with a negative stimulus
What theory is aversion therapy linked to?
Eysencks personality theory
Is aversion therapy formal or informal
Informal
Is aversion therapy a form of crime control or state punishment
crime control
What is a strength of aversion therapy?
It is deemed a successful approach in controlling and preventing criminal behaviour
What are two limitations of aversion therapy?
- Relapse states are high once therapy is completed and withdrawn
- Limited success due to ethical (against human rights) and there’s possibility for further abuse
What is CBT (cognitive behavioural therapy) linked to?
Offender programmes designed to alter cognitive thinking and therefore change behaviour
What does CBT suggest?
The theory is suggesting that offenders have ‘distorted cognitions’ which require changing in order to align with non-criminal attitudes and thoughts. Changing offender cognition therapists can re-program behaviour to be non criminal
What theory is related to CBT?
Criminal Thinking theory
What is an example of treatment which uses CBT?
Aggression Replacement Therapy (ART)
What is Aggression Replacement Therapy?
- a programme used for criminals with violent or aggressive tendencies (anger management)
- includes training on interpersonal skills, anger control techniques dealing with emotions, alternative behaviour and moral reasoning
Is CBT formal or informal?
BOTH (informal + formal)
Some can choose to go there or if behaviour is the problem formalise the approach
Is CBT a form of crime control or state punishment
Crime control
What are 3 strengths of CBT?
- significantly reduced crime in reoffending by 25% of those who have CBT treatments
- Fiendler (1984) found anger management led to improved self-control and was effective with young men
- Ainsworth (2000) found if it is managed properly and right resources are given to the right offenders anger management courses are effective
What is a limitation of CBT?
May only work for specific people who either think differently of anger problems, and not all criminals fit into these categories
