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POLI 352 Flashcards

1
Q

Cammett and MacLean

A
  • social welfare provision definition: access to social welfare assesses the degree to which people are able to meet their needs for basic services such as medical care, education, and social assistance
  • discuss NSP-state relationship and how two sets of factors (type of NSP and relationship to state) dictate the relationship
  • NGO definition: associated with either delivery of services or advocacy
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2
Q

Definition of Social Welfare Provision + Author

A

Access to social welfare assesses the degree to which people are able to meet their needs for basic services such as medical care, education, and social assistance
(Cammett and MacLean).

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3
Q

Relationship between inequality and welfare provision

A

Though not introduced to curb inequality necessarily (Bismarck), it has been shown to reduce inequality and poverty

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4
Q

Debate on the direction of the study of PP + Author

A

Richard Simeon -
Study of PP should focus on policy analysis and explanation, not on policy prescription.
Also, we should try and understand what governments do and why through contextually-situated analysis and comparative analysis.

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5
Q

Why do we use comparative social policy + author

A

Clasen

Comparative social policy has unique methodology. Allows us to control variables. Explanatory variables can come up.

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6
Q

Origins of the Welfare State + causes (not theory based) + models

A

Originated in the last two decades of the 1800s with the rise of capitalism and urbanization which created new problems.
Emerging nation-states made it a national rather than local issue.
Social citizenship model (nordic) + pure insurance model (continental Europe) emerged.

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7
Q

What’s the deal with Otto von Bismarck

A

He’s an example of welfare states may have emerged not to reduce poverty. He used employe(e/r) insurance model to appease socialist movements in Germany.

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8
Q

Purpose of welfare state theories

A

To explain the rise (late 1800s) and expansion (1960s-80s) of welfare state and its many institutional variations across states.

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9
Q

Richard Simeon

A

Study of PP should focus on policy analysis and explanation, not on policy prescription.
Also, we should try and understand what governments do and why through contextually-situated analysis and comparative analysis.

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10
Q

Clasen

A

Comparative social policy has unique methodology. Allows us to control variables. Explanatory variables can come up.

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11
Q

4 Theories of Welfare State + Proponents

A

Early two:
Logic of industrialism (Cutright, Wilensky)
Neo-Marxist (O’Connor)

Later two:
Power Resources Theory (Esping-Andersen)
Neo-institutionalism (Pierson)

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12
Q

Logic of Industrialism + academics

A

Cutright, Wilensky
Welfare state is linked to economic growth and demographic shifts.

Economic factors determine welfare state, not politics.

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13
Q

Neo-marxist + academic

A

O’Connor

Welfare state was developed to maximize capital (need workers to be healthy/educated) and maintain control over populous

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14
Q

Power Resources Theory + academic

A

Esping-Andersen
Emphasizes class issues and argues that political institutions, norms, structures matter.
Relationship between labour mobilization and social policy.
Political and economic factors matter.

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15
Q

Esping-Andersen

A

Power Resources Theory: Emphasizes class issues and argues that political institutions, norms, structures matter.
Relationship between labour mobilization and social policy.
Political and economic factors matter.

Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism:
Liberal, conservative (or corporatist), and social democratic
You determine who one of the three it is by determining:
to what degree does it de-commodify? What stratification does it produce? What is the pattern of state, household, or market provision?

Definition of welfare state:
A welfare state must entail that citizens can freely, and without potential loss of job, income, or general welfare, opt out of work when they themselves consider it necessary

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16
Q

Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism + academic

A

Esping-Andersen
Liberal, conservative (or corporatist), and social democratic
You determine who one of the three it is by determining:
to what degree does it de-commodify? What stratification does it produce? What is the pattern of state, household, or market provision?

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17
Q

Neo-institutionalism + academic

A

Pierson
Programs and bureaucracies create their own feedback loop of support within themselves that make it difficult to cutback welfare. Entrenches them.

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18
Q

Definition of welfare state + academic

A

Esping-andersen
A welfare state must entail that citizens can freely, and without potential loss of job, income, or general welfare, opt out of work when they themselves consider it necessary

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19
Q

Canadian case + academic

A

Mahon.

Canada isn’t the same as the US. Canada went from classical liberal, to social liberal, to neo/inclusive liberal

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20
Q

Mahon

A 
Canadian case. Four varieties of liberal family. Also differences in liberal regimes and program design matter.  
Classical liberalism
Social liberalism
neo-liberalism
Inclusive liberalism
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21
Q

Liberal World of Welfare Capitalism

A

Means tested assistance, modest universal transfers, modest social insurance plans
Private insurance exists
Decommodification minimal, stratification high

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22
Q

Conservative World of Welfare Capitalism

A

State displaces market as provider of welfare
Private insurance not really a thing
Redistribution is minimal though
Committed to preserving traditional hierarchies and family structure

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23
Q

Social Democratic World of Welfare Capitalism

A

Pursues high degree of equality
Universalism and de-commodification
Most impoverished should receive same benefits and services as middle class
Provide emancipation from markets and traditional hierarchies

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24
Q

Four Varieties of Liberal Family, details of each, academic

A

Mahon
Classical liberalism: focus on the individual’s freedoms from gov’t interference, modest programs for the ‘deserving’ poor
Social liberalism: focus on role of gov’t in ensuring positive freedoms of people so they can actualize or whatever. Similar in design to social democratic but less in degree. Canada after WWII until 70s/80s.
Neo-liberalism: draws on classical. Challenged Keynesian welfare state. No gov’t intervention.
Inclusive liberalism: still neo-liberal but puts modest resources into ‘social investment’ and employability

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25
Q

Six Challenges to Welfare States’ Sustainability

A

Globalization (pressure to retrench)
Post-industrialism (manufacture to service)
Gender shifts
Demographic shifts (life span, birth rates)
Climate change
Crisis of capitalism (growth needed)

26
Q

Explaining Welfare State Resilience + academic

A

Pierson
Own base of support.
Electoral incentives - welfare is popular
Accommodation of austerity (caught between pressure to retrench and popularity - restructure is solution)
Institutional stickiness (bureaucracy resists change)

27
Q

Mares and Carnes

A

Criticize traditional study on welfare provision for its focus on the relationship between democratic or undemocratic states and the size of the welfare state and argue that if its democracy it’ll be bigger. They criticize this binary and say it doesn’t apply to global south.

Three equilibria that can exist which allow autocrats to maintain power

  • use of force
  • collusion with other actors
  • organizational proliferation
28
Q

Issue with traditional study of welfare states + academics

A

Mares and Carnes
Doesn’t apply to global south.
Traditional study just says that the more democracy the bigger the welfare state. Just focuses on this relationship but in much of the global south welfare states emerged under autocrats.

29
Q

Three Relationships Between Autocrats and Population + academics

A

Mares and Carnes
Three equilibria that can exist which allow autocrats to maintain power
- use of force
- collusion with other actors (especially his opponents)
- organizational proliferation: increases cost of collective action somehow. Proliferating welfare organizations.

30
Q

Another Criticism of Welfare State Literature + academics

A

Gough and Wood
Current literature doesn’t apply to global south because it says, for welfare states to exist, there must be legitimized states with funds, pervasive/formal labour market, and regulated financial systems.
Global south often doesn’t have these but does have alternative frameworks.

31
Q

Gough and Wood

A

Current welfare study doesn’t reflect global south context because it says welfare states must have legitimacy + funds, formal labour market, and regulated financial market.
Alternative understanding should be welfare regimes would can include state and non-state.
There are two kinds of welfare regimes in global south: Informal security regimes and insecurity regimes
De-clientelization needs to be focus in global south, not de-commodification.

32
Q

Alternative Framework for Welfare States in Global South + academics

A

Gough and Wood
“Welfare regimes” instead of “welfare states”.
The entire set of institutional arrangements, practices affecting welfare outcomes and stratification
Welfare states are, therefore, just subsets of welfare regimes.
Two types of welfare regimes: informal security regimes and insecurity regimes.
De-clientelization instead of de-commodification.

33
Q

Informal Security Regimes v Insecurity Regimes + Academics

A

Gough and Wood
Informal security regimes heavily rely on community relationships, short-term security traded for long-term vulnerability, some informal rights, and reinforcement of clientelization.
Insecurity regime is like straight up warfare or something without government structures.

34
Q

De-clientelization and Academics

A

Gough and Wood
In the global south, de-clientelization needs to be focus, not de-commodification.
It is the process of de-linking client dependents from their personalized, arbitrary and discretionary entrapment to persons with intimate power over them.

35
Q

Engerman and Sokoloff

A

Sought to explain lack of welfare state development in global south by comparing north and south america.
Main argument was that colonies that began with higher levels of inequality evolved institutions which reflected and maintain those inequalities. Where there was more equality, more democratic institutions emerged.
Explained original questions with two main answers:
Colonial legacies and globalization/neoliberalism

36
Q

Explanation for a lack of welfare state development in global south + academics

A

Engerman and Sokoloff
Colonial legacies - took resources away (no growth) and fostered inequality
Globalization/neoliberalism - pressured to retrench welfare state, restructure, increase competition

37
Q

Cash Transfer Programs

A

Policy instrument to transfer cash to specific groups
Must include 1) cash transfer 2) targetting mechanisms and 3) sometimes, conditions.
Conditional cash transfers just one type.

38
Q

CCTs

A

Conditional Cash Transfers
Bolsa familia well-known one in Brazil.
Basic benefit to extremely poor and larger benefit to poor households with kids.

39
Q

Ferguson

A

CCTs show that capitalism isn’t retrenching welfare states completely.
Politics of distribution.

40
Q

Who cares about CCTs?

A

Ferguson
Well, actually, CCTs show that global south welfare states are increasing in spite of retrenchment efforts through structural adjustments of 80s and 90s.
Ferguson says we’ve gotten used to hearing that capitalism is spreading and welfare states are retreating, but CCTs have expanded. Politics of distribution.

41
Q

Important Notes on NSPs

A

All providers outside of public sector (for profit and not, domestic and international)
Fuzzy line between them and states
Continuous increasing in number and roles since 80s
CSR, ethnic, sectarian, informal brokers all increasing

42
Q

Political Implications of NSPs

A

Impact on equity and sustainability - my essay
Degree of accountability - no structural, downward, accountability like state, all upward
Impact on state capacity - if cooperative, it’s good. If competitive, bad.

43
Q

What kind of NSPs are more equitable

A

More formalized, locally-rooted, inclusive, non-profit

44
Q

NSP-state relationship + academics

A

Cammett and MacLean
Two sets of factors to consider:
Type of NSP: level of formalization, location, profit orientation, eligibility criteria
Relationship to state: appropriation, substitution, state domination, coproduction

45
Q

Notes on Private Sector Organizations

A

Often CSR in addition to main business
Gov’t may delegate through contracts
Private sector may create markets were previously offered by state

46
Q

Privatization of Service Delivery + academic

A

Post
Considers water + sanitation in Argentina
Three arguments:
1. Definition of welfare state should include hard infrastructure, especially that which prevents disease
2. Contracting out management doesn’t necessarily weaken state. In Argentina now it regulates and contracts services instead of offering it.
3. Consequences of private provision depends on type of investor. Local are better for accountability, for example.

47
Q

Post

A

Considers water + sanitation in Argentina
Three arguments:
1. Definition of welfare state should include hard infrastructure, especially that which prevents disease
2. Contracting out management doesn’t necessarily weaken state. In Argentina now it regulates and contracts services instead of offering it.
3. Consequences of private provision depends on type of investor. Local are better for accountability, for example.

48
Q

Notes on CSR and Development

A

Much of CSR in global south is about community development
Development theory doesn’t get it
Idfk

49
Q

CSR Definition:

A

environmental and social concerns with economic dimension, emphasis on stakeholders and voluntariness

50
Q

Political Implications of CSR

A

Oil sector usually has more CSR cause of how harmful they are
Case of Azerbaijan for example.

51
Q

Jones Luong

A

Analyzes Azerbaijan oil industry and CSR
They are strongly committed to CSR - best-case scenario they can enforce its contracts with gov’ts, viable partnerships with host communities.
Even so, there is a trade-offs: CSR discriminates and can undermine state

52
Q

NGO Definition and Academics

A

Cammett and MacLean

NGOs are associated with either delivery of services or advocacy

53
Q

Brass

A

Many NGOs in Africa after SAPs. Increasing. Change for gov’t provision. FBOs are favoured by donors, better reach than state.
Looked at Kenyan case and how the gov’t replicated NGO structure through participatory decision-making, transparency, accountability. This NGO-state relationship was positive.

54
Q

Kenyan Case + Academic

A

Brass
State tried to mimic NGOs in how they did participatory decision-making, transparency, accountability.
Use scorecards.
Shows good NGO-state relationship.

55
Q

Political Implications of FBOs

A

FBOs are faith-based, NGOs secular
Religious organizations created room for NSPs generally in sub-Saharan Africa.
Impact on state capacity is bad cause NSP bad.
They discriminate.
Impact on state loyalty?

56
Q

Aremu

A

Inconclusively asked whether FBOs would diminish state loyalty

57
Q

Cammett

A

Definition of sectarian organizations: (different from religious) sectarian organizations try to contest state power whereas religious organizations may not aim to control state institutions directly
Looked at Lebanon and concluded that combination of weak state capacity and resistance from stakeholders wanting to maintain control prevents building health sector.
This creates discretionary access, some people have it, some don’t. Very political. They are gatekeepers to access.

58
Q

Sectarian Organization Examples + Academics

A

Lebanon (Cammett)
Public sector just finances system.
Combination of weak state capacity and resistance from stakeholders make it difficult to build public health.
Sectarian groups want to create loyalty politically by offering welfare provision - so they are very reluctant to give up.
Leads to varied health outcomes / services.
Palestine (Szekely)
Social welfare is an example / proof of state Hamas wishes to build.

59
Q

Political Implications of Sectarian Groups

A

Use welfare for political advertising and political loyalty.
Leads to discriminatory practices based on politics.
Systemic/macro issues don’t change because of resistance to welfare shifts from sectarian groups.

60
Q

NSPs relevant in the Global North?

A

Yes, especially in US where they are used for the poor. NSPs are like arms of the state.

61
Q

Political Implications of NSPs in US

A

Sustainability of welfare provision
Fragmented structure (can’t adapt, easier to retrench, no buying power)
Two-tiers. Often don’t go to very poor communities unless they’re FBOs. Discretionary.
Racial inequalities are profound.

62
Q

Three Conclusions on NSPs

A

Their rise has coincided with inequalities of access
Not as much downward but more upward accountability
Impact on state capacity is complicated (see the way you’re…)

POLI 352 (1 decks)

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