POLI 340 - Test 1 Flashcards
What were the two major political powers by the 18th century (1700s)
By the 18th century, the 2 major political entities in the Middle East, the Ottoman Empire (centered in what is today the Republic of Turkey) and Safavid/Qajar Persia (centered in what is today the Islamic Republic of Iran), enjoyed relative strength and security
How far did the Ottoman empire stretch
The Ottoman empire at its peak stretched from central Europe to Yemen and across North Africa to Morocco
How far did the Safavid/Qajar empire stretch
The Safavid/Qajar domains stretched from the Caucasus to what is today Afghanistan, and hosted a myriad of different ethnicities and religions
Where did the Ottomans descend from
The Ottomans descended from Turkish-speaking Muslim tribes that fled the Mongol invaders between 1100 and 1300 CE
Ottomans emerged Turkish tribes of Anatolia (14C)
What is the Millet system
Millet system (19th century)- Minority religious communities allowed limited self-government (even sometimes courts)- Minority religious leaders ensured constituents remained loyal to the Ottoman Empire-
Citizenship mediated by religion, not ethnicity
What are the reasons why the Ottoman empire became weak
Ottoman Empire is becoming weaker due to:
- Faster European population growth
- European industrial revolution
- European military developments
- Growth of European colonialism
Military defeats:
- Battle of Lepanto (1571) and the collapse of Ottoman naval power; Ottomans lose the Mediterranean
- Failure at Vienna (1683) and Treaty of Karlowitz (1699)
- The growing threat of Russia under Peter (1672- 1725) and Catherine the Great (1762-1796)
1571: Battle of Lepanto, collapse of Ottoman naval power; Ottomans lose the Mediterranean
- 1683 & 1699: attempt and failure to capture Vienna, Treaty of Karlowicz- As the Ottomans retreat, they leave behind coffee- Growing threat of Russia under Peter and Catherine the Grea
