POLI 222 Midterm 1

Question 1

Politics Definition

Answer 1

“activity where public authorities settle rival claims”

Question 2

Political Claim Definition

Answer 2

“my truth is more important than your truths”

Question 3

Conservatism Definition

Answer 3

Right

Preservation/conservation of experience/tradition/ social structure

Exception: During COVID the liberals were limiting freedom of rights while socialists were arguing for individual freedoms instead of the collective (i.e., 2022 Trucker’s Convoy/Emergencies Act)

Question 4

Liberalism Definition

Answer 4

Middle

(values enhanced by the Charter)

Gov job to protect/maximize individual freedom/property

Question 5

Socialism Definition

Answer 5

Left/NDP

society (collective) > individual (property/market)

Welfare state (egalitarianism) > capitalism

Question 6

Red Toryism

Answer 6

British version of traditionalist conservatism which upholds the established social order.

Horowitz Definition:

“Tory touch” in the Canadian political tradition that leaned more towards the commonweal and socialism than did the free enterprise system of Blue Toryism. It was this “Tory touch” that was more “Red” than “Blue” in orientation that distinguished the Canadian from the US notions of Conservatism.

Question 7

Gad Horowitz

1. Context (who, what, when, where)
2. Thesis
3. Justification/Premises/Effects?
4. Limitation

Answer 7

1. (1966) Conservative political scientist.

• quiet revolution (secularism/sovereignty)
• Cold war
• Court challenges (partition of the constitution, indg ppls, QC)

2. Reject’s Hartz’s idea that English Canada is ideologically pure liberal as Canada has a diverse political culture where Conservatism is defined by Socialism (Toryism). Uses fragment theory to answer the contrast of conservatism in Canada and the United States: English Canada has an American liberal foundation within a British superstructure.
3. Canada has socialists because the British were conservatives which were the first to establish government so when socialism showed up its ideas were already compatible bc of Toryism.

Toryism fragment (Francophone Canada bf EU liberal revolution) + liberalist individualism/bourgeois fragment (Anglophone Canada/United States).

In the English Canadian liberal fragment, the “tory touch” brought by Loyalist refugees from the revolution of 1776, and by the continuing intimate connection with Britain, is weighty enough to permit the emergence of a significant socialist movement.

4. Does not understand the fragment theory as a settler colonial prj (fed prj) bc there were ppl there OG so immigrants did not transfer political ideologies to a vacant place but replaced it

Question 8

Louis Hartz

1. Context (who, what, when, where)
2. Thesis
3. Justification/Premises/Effects?
4. Limitation
5. Empirical or Normative?

Answer 8

1. Cold War (1950s)…1964
2. Fragment Theory: Immigration determines the political cultures (ideological distribution of a place).
3. To be American/English Canadian is to be liberal because the liberal fragment of the old world emigrated to the new world as people immigrated to colonial America to escape religious persecution and gain individualism.
4. Assumes that the “development of new societies is largely determined by the cultural heritage transmitted from Europe by the first settlers” = BUT federal policy had to be drafted so that immigrants become official settlers. Canada is politically diverse and not uniformly liberal like America (overlooks French Canada/Britain) + indigenous ppls + regionalism.
5. Empirical/Factual

Question 9

George Grant

1. Context (who, what, when, where)
2. Thesis
3. Justification/Premises/Effects?
4. Empirical or Normative?

Answer 9

1. Wealthy professor (1965)

• Cold War
• American nuclear weapons on Canadian soil (1965) Diefenbaker conservative gov against vs. ppl for bc of red scare → liberal election
• NORAD Canada under USA military (no consultation)
• American economic modernization vs. Canadian Conservatism = Canada-US Auto Pact (1965) where Canada built cars for 3 USA auto comps.
• 1962 Cuban missile crisis (USA interfered unilaterally)

2. Conserve French/English (good gov/tradition) vs. liberal America (experimentations).
3. Conservative Lament

• The French have not turned their back on the old ways (resist liberalism a bit longer)
• The decline of British Conservatism in WWI
• French male elites manage culture + native economic control = want progress advantage of the age of progress but lack = must modernize their educational system but to do so to be in line with technological advancement bc can’t stay separate forever

4. Normative

Question 10

Regionalism Definition

Answer 10

The territorialization of politics (physically + politically + history/constitution)

Perpetuated by provincial parties = feds skewed support

Question 11

Regionalism: QC vs. AB

Answer 11

West

Economic/political alienation

QC

Constitutional alienation

Energy East Project

What is it?

Convert old + add new pipeline: West crude oil to coast bc int > American market.

QB?

Against but no power bc fed matter

AB?

Sends hush money to QB

Question 12

House of Commons

Answer 12

Legislative Branch that brings together elected representative from across Canada to debate issues/make decisions .

Proportional seats but Quebec exception (more than proportional).

Question 13

Senate

Answer 13

Seats allocated by region.

Deliberative assembly.

Scrutinize legislation as a bill must pass through the senate before becoming a law.

Create a counterbalance representation by population in the House of Commons.

Question 14

Cabinet

Answer 14

Part of the executive (implement laws). The PM appoints cabinet ministers.

Executive = PM + Ministers

Members of the Cabinet are often the President’s closest confidants.

Question 15

SCC

Answer 15

Judiciary Branch.
9 justices
6/9 regional representation (not a legal rule) vs.
3/9 Quebecois

Question 16

First Minister’s Conferences

Answer 16

Prov Premiers + PM = intergovernmental politics

The conferences are important for a number of reasons. A sizable portion of provincial funding (referred to as transfer payments) comes from the federal government, the conferences are an opportunity for the premiers to lobby for more money.

providing a forum for consultation and regulation of federal-provincial relations

Question 17

BNA of 1867

Answer 17

Amended/re-named the Constitution Act of 1867 added to Constitution Act of 1982 (partition) + Charter

Dominion of Canada established = Fed gov + sub-national prov govs (Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Ontario, Quebec)

Upper/Lower CAN broke up (land given back to QC) = Fed gov gives Franco autonomy alongside Anglo

Canadian Federation = Compact of Provinces

UK will amend BNA upon formal resolution of the HofC and Senate (fed NOT prov motion) = good thing for prov autonomy (no fed favoritism)

Question 18

Constitution Act

Answer 18

1982 - Canada gained control of its own constitution from Britain (partition)

Part 1 = Charter (Constitutional document unlike the Bill of Rights)

Part 2 = Aboriginal Treaty Rights

Part 5 = Amending Rules

Question 19

Bill of Rights

Answer 19

(1960)

Diefenbaker conservative prime minister was interested in individual rights and passed the Bill of Rights (a statute not entrenched in the Constitution) saying the federal government could not discriminate.

Question 20

Jared Wesley and Sylvia Wong

1. Context (who, what, when, where)
2. Thesis
3. Justification/Premises/Effects?
4. Study Limitations

Answer 20

1. (2022) Alberta Premier Danielle Smith will be using the province’s Sovereignty Act to challenge Ottawa’s requirement to achieve a net-zero electricity grid by 2035 = economic alienation (National Energy Program in 1980s).
2. Conservatism dominant part of Albertan political culture. AB political culture = f(advertising x immigration). National consciousness is shaped by mythological narratives guiding settler participation in the colonial project.
3. Last Best West advertising campaign (1896-1919) = fed gov shape political culture through ppl selection + fragment theory (1st wave immigrants felt tdy). The “Last Best West” campaign values of settler colonialism, populism, individualism, frontier masculinity, and moral traditionalism among settler populations continue to affect Alberta politics today. The state cultivated conservatism in the West to attract settlers

Many immigrants self-selected into this political culture (already conservative)

The federal government played a more influential role in prairies politics than fragment theory would suggest.

(1) Settler-colonialism = euro-dominant&raquo_space;> indigenous sovereignty

(2) Anti-elite + Western alienation = populism

(3) Individualism = small l liberalism (survival of the fittest)

(4) Masculinity

4. AB 1st party was liberal (NDP Saskatchewan)

Question 21

Daniel Béland, André Lecours, and Trevor Tombe

1. Context (who, what, when, where)
2. Thesis
3. Justification/Premises/Effects?
4. Limitations

Answer 21

1. (2022) Alberta premier is threatening a referendum on equalization payments. The Alberta premier finds it particularly irksome that Quebec opposes pipeline development, but, through equalization, ends up benefiting from the profits generated by Alberta’s oil.
2. Although strongly criticized by non-recipient provinces such as Alberta, equalization has successfully mitigated the consequences of territorial disparities within the federation—allowing all regions to deliver public services of comparable quality—while preserving provincial autonomy.
3. (1) reduces prov inequalities

(2) prov money spending/accepting autonomy

(3) constitutionalization of fed’s commitment

(4) prevent migration from poor to rich provs

(5) National unity as QC participant

4. Limitations:

• Large transfers for some provs means smaller transfers for others.
• The fed gov can unilaterally amend the formula.
• Unconditional transfer in the name of prov autonomy the provs are not compelled to use the money to finance public services.

Question 22

Part III s.36(1)(2)

Answer 22

Equalization and Regional Disparities (horizontal meaning across provs fiscal imbalance bc at same tax rate diff prov capacities like PEI potato farmers vs. Oil Alberta) - Fiscal capacity is the total revenue that a government can realistically raise given the available tax base

(1) Commitment to the welfare state (equal opp) = reasonable healthcare access/cost

(2) Fed gov make it rain to make sure provinces have enough revenue (ability dependent on $) to provide public services at a reasonable regional tax rate

Question 23

October 2021: Alberta Referendum on Equalization

Answer 23

Wants to remove s.36(2) [resentful bc QC gets equalization payments and AB doesn’t even if QC has oil but chooses not to develop] even if Jason Kenney is former fed minister for equalization

Question 24

Alberta’s Sovereignty Act (2022)

Answer 24

Allow province to refuse specific federal laws and policies that violate juridictional rights of Alberta = Constitutional dispute about provincial and federal powers = Federal proposed electricity regulations (problem shared jurisdiction)

Question 25

Equalization Calculations

Answer 25

OG way:

Fed gov estimate provincial fiscal capacity and calculate based on those estimations a threshold number and then divide into a per/capita number.

Have nots = lower fiscal capacity provinces

The halves (oil provs) = higher fiscal capacity provinces that don’t get equalization payments

Unconditional payment unlike healthcare finance (5 provisions)

New way:

The Alberta/Bill Gates effect = outlier Alberta making the mean highly sensitive (skewed) = the average fiscal capacity is higher so the average fiscal capacity number increases. The average goes up if Alberta does well and the feds have to pay more.

A new formula by throwing out the highest and lowest (skewed outliers, now only average 10/12 provs) so that the federal government only has to pay a lower number to bring up provinces to equal threshold.

Fairness vs. affordability trade-off.

Question 26

2 Types of Nationalism

Answer 26

Ethnic Nationalism (only natives) = heritage national loyalty

Civic/Ideological Nationalism (native + immigrants) = Values (liberal americans) OR territory define us

Question 27

Benedict Anderson Nationalism

Answer 27

Nations are imagined political communities that are both limited (exclusionary definition/creating boundaries within the group) and sovereign

Imaginary so not static (unlike Grant lament)

Question 28

Ernest Renan Nationalism

Answer 28

Solidarity to live together in the present = instrumentalized use of the past to influence the present’s politics

Question 29

Federalism Definition

Answer 29

State > Nation

State = fed + provs

Fed = national gov

Provs = sub-national

each province has some autonomy either highly centralized or decentralized

Municipalities are creatures of provs = can chop up Montreal but not feds

Question 30

What happened before July 1st, 1867?

Answer 30

Three provinces talked together: Canada (Upper/Lower), New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia because they wanted strength together vs. the American Civil War = military protection + getting together to build a bigger economy.

Question 31

Trudeau’s Constitutional Patriation

Answer 31

Pierre Trudeau goal to patriate the constitution + charter (liberal indv rights/freedoms) but to do so he needs an agreement on the amending rules BUT provs can’t decide so he goes unilatarally without the provs

Reference power = 3 provs ask court of appeal for answers which fall into SCC lap

Question 32

Constitution Act of 1982 Part 5

Answer 32

S.38: General Amendment Formula (7/50 rule) = default rule = the federal government has a veto while Quebec does not = you need at least 2/3rds of the provinces such as 7 (these provinces are weighted by population, have to make up 50% of the population) = Territories do not matter because there aren’t enough people

S.41: Unanimity = if you want to amend part V (if you want to change the rules to change the rules such as the 7/50 rule) you need unanimity

S.43: Amendments affecting “one or more but not all” provs. Consent of provincial legislature(s) affected + House of Commons + Senate.

S.44: Parliament alone = Parliament may exclusively make laws amending the Constitution of Canada in relation to the executive government of Canada or the Senate and House of Commons.

S.45: provincial legislature alone = legislature of each province may exclusively make laws amending the constitution of the province.

Question 33

1981 Supreme Court
(verdict + affect)

Answer 33

Verdict = “Red Light, Green Light”

Can the federal government unilaterally go without provincial consent to Britain? YES

Red Light: Is it constitutional according to convention? NO, need substantial prov consent (vague)

Green Light: Is it constitutional according to law? YES

Affect = Trudeau negotiate with 9 provs and excludes QC (1981 kitchen accord/night of long knives) = The political narrative that Quebec is outside the constitution now exists because the Quebec premier did not consent (no veto)

Question 34

“7/50” Rule

Answer 34

Either ON or QC have to be part of the provincial coalition bc they have the highest pop distribution. QC can only be thwarted if the opposing camp includes ON.

On this rule, PEI matters because you potentially need it to make up the 7 rule even if they have a low population number

Question 35

1996 Act Respecting Constitutional Amendments

Answer 35

Law that is stiffer than the 7/50 rule because now vetos are involved = feds can’t use veto on s.38 unless coalition agree

The federal government will only approve an amendment under the 7/50 rule if the coalition of 7 provinces meets the 5-region rule (QC, ON, BC, 2 Prairie provinces with 50% of the prairie population and 2 Atlantic provinces with 50% of the Atlantic population)

POLITICAL NARRATIVE

This way Quebec has power under the constitution (supports compact nation theory vs. Quebec alienation)

Question 36

Alexander Galt. “Not Derived from the People” (ER 2)

1. Context (who, what, when, where)
2. Thesis
3. Justification/Premises/Effects?

Answer 36

1. (1858) American civil war looming.
2. Confederation uniting BNA without the American doctrine of sovereignty and instead allowed the constitution to remain in the hands of Britain.
3. Unlike liberal America the constitution would not be derived from the people (which is why there is a looming civil war) but the parliament. Fed gov > prov legislature.

Question 37

John A. Macdonald and George-Etienne Cartier

1. Context (who, what, when, where)
2. Thesis
3. Justification/Premises/Effects?

Answer 37

1. 1865 prov of Canada legislature debate. Macdonald and Cartier were leading members of the “Grand Coalition” of Conservatives and Liberals. 72 resolutions agreed upon.
2. Confederate to prevent a state of Anarchy in Canada + military + free trade. Base off of the United States’ constitution but updated.
3. Macdonald (Anglophone)
   (1) BNA prosperity promoted under the Crown.
   (2) Federal legislative gov with the executive power of Britain (inspired by the American constitution).
   (3) Responsible government, unlike the USA. The Cabinet (committee of ministers) depends on the support of an elected assembly, rather than a monarch or their representative. The Sovereign then can only act on the advice of his ministers. Independence from Britain.
   (4) Provs do not have absolute sovereignty like in America creating the civil war.
   (5) Legislative council elected > Crown nominated.
   (6) General/fed legislature authority over provs = national unity

Cartier (francophone) against representation by pop when lower/upper Canada united bc unequal distribution. Solution of general gov. Not assimilation but collaboration.

Question 38

Letter from Premier Lévesque to Prime Minister Trudeau

1. Context (who, what, when, where)
2. Thesis
3. Justification/Premises/Effects?

Answer 38

1. (1982) after the Night of Long Knives.
2. Argues for self-determination: equal founding peoples + constitutional veto + limit constitution charter bs of QC charter.
3. SCC claimed QC has no conventional or lawful protection as QC was not included in the Trudeau convention settlement with the other provs.

Quebec province exercises the veto for the nation of the French and has always argued it should have a veto that other provinces do not have in constitutional amendments because of their compact of nations (the French) = Cartier mentality

Question 39

Telex from Prime Minister Trudeau to Premier Lévesque

1. Context (who, what, when, where)
2. Thesis
3. Justification/Premises/Effects?

Answer 39

1. 1982
2. Levesque contradicts himself.
3. Victoria formula was fed supported but rejected by QC.

Question 40

Canadian Constitution Amendment Rules Quebec

Answer 40

Quebec province exercises the veto for the nation of the French and has always argued it should have a veto that other provinces do not have in constitutional amendments because of their compact of nations (the French)

Question 41

Compact of Provinces vs. Nations

Answer 41

Compact of Provinces = Dominion of Canada/Federation of the 4 provinces.

Compact of Nations = means the unity of the anglophone and francophone nations.

Question 42

Strict vs. Qualified Formulation

Answer 42

Strict = every prov is equal = all get a vote

Qualified = majority rule

Question 43

Settler Colonialism

Answer 43

The domination of somebody by an external other with a settler modality to it (settlement story)

A logic of elimination and replacement (Wolfe) = Imperative: new settlement, territorial consolidation, the elimination of Indigenous culture/spaces/legal systems/sovereignty

Settlement of one population in an effort to displace the settlement of an indigenous population. A system of oppression rooted in genocide and colonialism.

Question 44

Colonialism

Answer 44

Domination of people/place through external power

Question 45

Stephen Harper Colonial Justification

Answer 45

Harper—as the dominion of Canada, we had no overseas territories = on this definition of colonialism Harper would be right
(placing responsibility on Britain)

Question 46

Colonialism vs. Settler Colonialism

Answer 46

Settler colonialism involves the migration of people physically while colonialism is a type of domination rooted in practice and in policy (does not mean a group has to migrate physically).

Question 47

Imperialism

Answer 47

A policy of extending a country’s power and influence through diplomacy or military force.

Question 48

Compact Theory Issues

Answer 48

Recognizes indigenous people want more autonomy and don’t believe in the compact theory of Quebec (English and French are the 2 founding peoples). Trudeau starts deconstructing the compact theory to include immigrants (multiculturalism act) and indigenous peoples.

Question 49

Indian Act

Answer 49

federal legislation related to the rights and status of First Nations peoples (“status Indians”), first passed in 1876 (just switch 6 and 7 from 1867 confederation) and amended several times + manage reserve lands (unlike the charter highlight groups of indigenous ppls not by nation but by status)

Question 50

Sovereignty

Answer 50

Law-making authority + political assertion
The power of Canada to govern itself and its subjects.

Question 51

Haudenosaunee Sovereignty

Answer 51

Sovereignty over themselves + lands + own legal practises

Question 52

White Paper

Answer 52

Trudeau White Paper (1969): legal (vs. cultural) assimilation (no legal distinctions between indigenous and the rest of us)

Remove indigenous distinctiveness (Indian Status) = no legal plurism

Amend Indian Act = denial of indigenous peoples as having any kind of special legal standing at all (special legal rights)

Amend Treaties = gov running from responsibilities (fiduciary duty to consult) = S.91(24), BNA Act: The federal government has legislative jurisdiction over “Indians and lands reserved for the Indians”, and can legislate without Indigenous consent

Transfer of reserve lands to individuals = Private property to incorporate lands into current legal standards

Question 53

January 1973: SCC Calder decision

Answer 53

Aboriginal title recognized for the first time = The case brought by the Nisga’a Tribal Council

Modern Treaties (comprehensive land claim agreements) = began in 1973 after Calder v. BC (indj rights recognition)

R.v. Calder (1973) = Acknowledges aboriginal title for the first time (indigenous title to land cannot only be determined through colonial law = sovereignty concept) = Is sovereignty derived from colonial law? No

Question 54

Red Paper

Answer 54

Aboriginal response to the federal government’s White Paper of 1969; the Red Paper caused the government to change its policies

June 1970 = Indian Association of Alberta (led by Harold Cardinal) formally rejects the White Paper

Demand: “Deal with both our treaty and unceded rights”

Canada as a settler nation has not followed the obligations that it has entered into

Indigenous people are not upset about the existence of Indian status but about the administration of it (R.v. Lavell = misogyny)

Question 55

Binnie J, in Mitchell v. Minister of National Revenue (SCC 2001)

Answer 55

Mitchell v. MNU (2001) = Customary law and border contestations.

Federal Court of Appeal agreed with Mitchell and held that there was an aboriginal right to import goods without customs for the purpose of indigenous trade in Mohawk traditional territory (across the St. Lawrence).

SCC overturned appeal = National interests of trade are collective sovereignty. Since the claimed aboriginal right did not survive the transition to non-Mohawk sovereignty, there was nothing in existence in 1982 to which s. 35(1) protection of existing aboriginal rights could attach.

s. 35(1) align interests of indigenous ppls with Canadian sovereignty.

Question 56

Constitution Part II

Answer 56

Canadian legal system recognizes that indigenous peoples do have rights and those rights are constitutionally protected since 1982 in part II of the constitution

Aboriginal and treaty rights constitutionalized within Canadian law = s.35(1)

Notwithstanding clause cannot be use in Part II of the Constitution

Question 57

Jean Chrétien. The White Paper (ER 61)

1. Context (who, what, when, where)
2. Thesis
3. Justification/Premises/Effects?

Answer 57

1. The white paper was proposed in 1969 and abandoned in 1971. PM’s objective of national unity (combat Quebec nationalism) + individual rights (Charter).
2. Arguing a “Just Society” by PM Pierre Trudeau and Chrétien the Minister of Indian Affairs/Quebec PM = equal full Canadian participation. Crétien: white paper eliminates differences between indigenous and non-indigenous peoples and offers equality in terms of legal discrimination/barriers of opportunity
3. (1) convert reserve land to private property

(2) fed responsibility for Indian affairs transferred to provincial jurisdiction

(3) Amend the Indian Act/Treaties

(4) Amend Indian Status = eliminate indigenous distinct legal status

Question 58

Harold Cardinal. The Unjust Society (ER 62)

1. Context (who, what, when, where)
2. Thesis
3. Justification/Premises/Effects?

Answer 58

1. Leader of “red power activism” and Indian Association of Alberta.
2. To not eliminate indigenous distinct legal status because the gov must honour their responsability and the good faith of indg ppls who entered the treaties (settled terms of occupancy justly) + treaties are indigenous magna cartas (gov not above the law + need fiduciary duty as authority is not absolute). Cardinal: Government trying to evade their treaty rights + indigenous assimilation = government should grant indigenous people sovereignty in terms of determining cultural distinctiveness and the government should not be controlling in indigenous interests (self-determination)
3. Argues that the government yearns to assimilate indigenous peoples (“The only good Indian is the non-Indian”) and abolish their treaty responsbailities by a jusridictional transfer (provs no obligation to uphold treaties).

Question 59

Glen Coulthard. Red Skin, White Masks (ER 64)

1. Context (who, what, when, where)
2. Thesis
3. Justification/Premises/Effects?

Answer 59

1. (2014) World Conference on Indigenous Peoples + First National Truth and Reconciliation Event + RCMP review on MMIWG. 1960s and 1970s = decolonization moments that came out of Africa from the French (ground-up moment influential in Western political thought). Academia pushes the movement forward while the government is late to react. scholar from Yellowknife and is Dene.
2. He defines political recognition as the current political approach to reconciling indigenous people’s assertion of nationhood with the sovereignty of the Canadian state through negotiated settlements but its detrimental because it maintains colonial structures/asymmetrical power relations. you cannot talk about equality when the system is based on settler colonialism. Equality does not exist for minority peoples because there is a history where the state does not promote it. = believes government should grant indigenous sovereignty even post-1960s.
3. (1) nation to nation relationship with crown = int

(2) self-determination (Self-determination, the process by which a group of people form their own state and choose their own government without external influence)

(3) Fiduciary duty protect Aboriginal rights

(4) self-government

(5) Economic benefit/develop land

Question 60

Politics of Recognition

Answer 60

Politics of recognition = recognition-based models of liberal pluralism that seek to reconcile indigenous assertions of nationhood with settler States sovereignty via the accommodation of indigenous identity claims and some form of renewed legal and political relationship with the Canadian state

Question 61

The Supreme Court of Canada’s Calder Decision + 1970s Context

Answer 61

1973 (close to abolishment of the white paper)

First recognition of Aboriginal title and that this title existed outside colonial law.
…
Frank Calder chief launched a case of the unextinguished territories of his nations in British Columbia
Even though they lost the results was the Federal government’s 1973 statement on claims of Indian and Inuit people a federal Native Claims policy which territories with the DNA of State refusal to recognize indigenous claims to land where the question of existing title remained open

the oil crisis of the early 1970s
aggressive Push by the same industry to develop what it saw as the largely untapped resource potential of Northern Canada

Question 62

Idle No More

Answer 62

2012 to 2013

In 2012 the conservative federal government passed Bill c-45 known as the jobs and growth Act that contains changes to numerous pieces of federal legislation including the Indian Act, Fisheries Act, the Canadian environmental assessment Act, and the navigable Water Act which a road Aboriginal land and treaty rights because they reduce the amount of resource development projects that require environmental assessment and change regulations that govern on reserve Leasing and curtail Environmental Protection

it started as a grassroot education campaign initiated by four women from the prairies and it’s original aim was to provide information to Canadians about the impending impacts of Bill c-45 on Aboriginal rights and Environmental Protections before it was passed by the Senate

Chief Teresa Spence began a hunger strike to bring attention to the deplorable housing conditions and the bill

Canada had not seen such a nationwide mobilization of indigenous nations against the legislative assault on their rights since the white paper of 1969

Prime Minister Stephen Harper refused to include the governor general and the negotiations of January 11th which would have emphasized a nation’s Nation character of the relationship between the First Nations and the crown but by excluding Chief Spence’s demands Canada refused to take the treaty relationship seriously which was essential point of demanding a meeting with the governor General’s participation to begin with

Question 63

Two row wampum belt (Kaswentha) + Treaties International or Domestic?

Answer 63

1613
A principle of mutual non-interference between the Haudenosaunee and the Dutch.

Treaties as international agreements/procedures not domestic (federation of nations not those people as domesticated as a group under Canadian law)

Conflicts of laws to be addressed as between two nations (international)

Question 64

Multiculturalism

Answer 64

The presence of, or support for the presence of, several distinct cultural or ethnic groups within a society.

Question 65

Multicultural Policy

Answer 65

“impose on public institutions an obligation to reduce barriers to immigrant participation and more accurately reflect the diversity of the population”

Government regulations that support cultural heterogeneity in public institutions’ which help retain cultural distinctiveness

(1971) Culture should not be a barrier to participation in Canada so we need policies that promote multiculturalism and economic integration (ppl should have jobs + learn French/English) = Economic/linguistic integration under bilingual policy but move away from cultural assimilation

Question 66

Multiculturalism Timeline

Answer 66

1. Oct 1971 Canada was the first country to announce an official fed gov policy of multiculturalism
2. 1982 Multiculturalism enshrined in the Charter s. 27 = The Charter will be interpreted in a manner consistent with multiculturalism.
3. The Canadian Multiculturalism Act was then passed into legislation in 1988 by the Mulroney gov.

Question 67

1950s-1960s Immigration Reform

Answer 67

Pre-1950s

• Whites only.
• Chinese Head Tax (1885) + Chinese Immigration Act (1923-1947)
• Ban African Americans because of “unsuitable climate”

***Immigration is both fed and prov jurisdiction but the feds call the shots through fed policy (Wong reading + centralization)

Reform

• (1960) Bill of Rights
• Skills vs. race
• 1966 white paper shift
• 1967 points system (privy council/executive)

Question 68

When Did Modern Immigration Start?

Answer 68

After 1971 when Trudeau said we are multicultural is when more immigrants started coming (not when the points system was installed) = the timing is off making Trudeau look like an oracle

Question 69

Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism

Answer 69

(1963-1969)

• Struck to counter growing Quebec sovereignty mov
• Chief Commissioners by Pearson = French/English commissioners to convince Canadians but response was multiculturalism

Key Recommendations:

• official bilingualism
• minority language education
• promote cultural diversity

Response:

Trudeau 2 OG languages but no official cultures (Trudeau enters politics to act as a counter-voice to the nationalist narrative)

Question 70

Pierre Elliott Trudeau. Statement on Multiculturalism (ER 67)

1. Context (who, what, when, where)
2. Thesis
3. Justification/Premises/Effects?

Answer 70

1. Comes out of a change in Canadian immigration policy (a policy that does not explicitly discriminate on the basis of race or national origin)
2. Trudeau introduced Multicultural policy to counter the compact thesis of Quebec nationalists
3. (1) gov assist cultural groups

(2) gov assist barriers for full participation

(3) National unity Canadian interactions

(4) Assist language

Question 71

Dietlind Stolle et. al.

1. Context (who, what, when, where)
2. Thesis
3. Justification/Premises/Effects?

Answer 71

1. Article published in June 2016 (Muslim Refugees), in Montreal (Bill 21).
2. Canadians are not overwhelmingly supportive of multiculturalism as support depends on 3 factors.
3. What Drives Support for Multiculturalism Policy?

(1) Type of Policy = more financially costly programmes will receive lower overall support

(2) Ethnic/religious background of policy beneficiaries = cultural distance decreases support from white/Christian majorities

(3) The more assimilative you are the less you support MCP vs. Low assimilationist people like the policy the more cultural distance increases

Control Variables: education is positively associated with support, age is negatively associated with support, those with higher incomes are more supportive of community centre access and French-speaking respondents give generally less support to the community centre access

Question 72

Cultural Mosaic

Answer 72

Each cultural group distinct + contribute to majority.

Question 73

Readings’ Authors & Year

Answer 73

1. Gad Horowitz (1966)
2. George Grant (1965)
3. Louis Hartz (1964)
4. Jared Wesley and Sylvia Wong (2022)
5. Daniel Béland, André Lecours, and Trevor Tombe (2022)
6. Alexander Galt (1858)
7. John A. Macdonald and George-Etienne Cartier (1865)
8. Premier Lévesque & Prime Minister Trudeau (1982)
9. Jean Chrétien White Paper (1969)
10. Harold Cardinal (1970)
11. Glen Coulthard (2014)
12. Pierre Elliott Trudeau (1971)
13. Dietlind Stolle et al. (2016)