POL 136 Final Review Flashcards

Question

2005 Israeli Withdrawal from Gaza

Answer 1

Causes: Consequences:

Answer 2

Causes: Consequences:

Answer 3

Hamas' goals in attacking: Israeli strategy under Netanyahu: Israel's declared goals in the war: The process of the war and its international implications

Answer 4

Political Zionism Practical Zionism Spiritual Zionism

Answer 5

Causes (before statehood): Consequences (before statehood): Causes (after statehood): Consequences (after statehood):

Answer 6

Partition Plan

Answer 7

Partition Plan

Answer 8

Causes: Consequences:

Answer 9

Causes: Consequences:

Answer 10

Causes: Consequences:

Answer 11

Basic Assumptions: Key Principles: Applications (Six Day War):

Answer 12

Militaries & Politics in the Arab World: Key elements of Egyptian & Syrian strategies in the 1973 war:

Answer 13

As a result of the mediation efforts of then US Secretary of State Henry Kissinger, Syria and Israel concluded a disengagement agreement in May 1974, enabling Syria to recover territory lost in the October war and part of the Golan Heights occupied by Israel since 1967, including Quneitra

Answer 14

an Austro-Hungarian journalist and writer who is considered the founder of modern political Zionism. He advocated for the establishment of a Jewish state as a solution to anti-Semitism and the "Jewish Question" in Europe. Herzl convened the First Zionist Congress in 1897, which led to the formation of the World Zionist Organization. His ideas and efforts laid the groundwork for the eventual establishment of the State of Israel

Answer 15

a leading Zionist figure and the primary national founder of the State of Israel. He served as Israel's first Prime Minister and Minister of Defense. Ben-Gurion played a central role in the declaration of Israel's independence in 1948 and in building the foundations of the new state. He was known for his pragmatic leadership style and his vision of a Jewish state in the historic Land of Israel

Answer 16

a Palestinian Arab nationalist and Muslim leader in the early 20th century. He served as the Grand Mufti of Jerusalem from 1921 to 1948 and was a prominent figure in Palestinian politics. Al-Husseini is known for his role in inciting anti-Jewish violence in Palestine during the 1920s and 1930s, including the Arab Revolt of 1936-1939. He was also an ardent supporter of Nazi Germany during World War II, collaborating with the Axis powers and advocating for the extermination of Jews. Al-Husseini's legacy is controversial, with some viewing him as a hero of Palestinian resistance and others as a collaborator and extremist

Answer 17

the founder and first king of Jordan, reigning from 1921 until his assassination in 1951. He played a key role in the establishment of the Emirate of Transjordan in 1921 and the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan in 1946. Abdullah was known for his efforts to modernize Jordan and promote its independence. He also played a significant role in the Arab-Israeli conflict, leading the Arab Legion in the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. His assassination in 1951 was a result of his support for the unification of Arab states

Answer 18

the President of Egypt from 1956 until his death in 1970. He was a prominent leader in the Arab world and a key figure in the Non-Aligned Movement during the Cold War. Nasser was known for his role in the Egyptian Revolution of 1952, which overthrew the monarchy, and for his efforts to modernize Egypt and promote Arab nationalism. He was also involved in several Arab-Israeli conflicts, including the Suez Crisis of 1956 and the Six-Day War of 1967. Nasser's leadership had a significant impact on Egypt and the broader Arab world

Answer 19

President of Egypt from 1970 until his assassination in 1981. He succeeded Gamal Abdel Nasser as president and was known for his efforts to achieve peace with Israel, culminating in the Camp David Accords in 1978 and the Egypt-Israel Peace Treaty in 1979. Sadat's policies led to his expulsion from the Arab League and strained relations with other Arab countries, but he was widely praised for his role in advancing peace in the Middle East

Answer 20

a regional organization of Arab countries in and around North Africa and the Middle East. It was founded in 1945 with the goal of promoting economic, cultural, and political cooperation among its members and coordinating their policies on regional issues. The League has played a role in various regional conflicts and issues, including the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, and has sought to promote Arab unity and solidarity.

Answer 21

an umbrella organization that represents the Palestinian people in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. It was founded in 1964 and is recognized as the sole legitimate representative of the Palestinian people by the United Nations and over 100 countries. The PLO seeks to achieve the right of self-determination for the Palestinian people, including the establishment of an independent Palestinian state. It is composed of various Palestinian factions, including Fatah and the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP).

Answer 22

a major Palestinian political party and a member of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO). It was founded in the late 1950s by Yasser Arafat and other Palestinian nationalists. Fatah is considered a nationalist and secular party, advocating for the establishment of an independent Palestinian state in the West Bank, Gaza Strip, and East Jerusalem. It has played a leading role in Palestinian politics and the peace process with Israel.

Answer 23

a Palestinian Marxist-Leninist organization founded in 1967. It is known for its militant activities against Israel and its role in the armed struggle for Palestinian independence. The PFLP has been designated as a terrorist organization by Israel, the United States, the European Union, and other countries. It advocates for the establishment of a secular, democratic state in all of historic Palestine, including present-day Israel.

Answer 24

a Palestinian Islamist political organization and militant group that has been in control of the Gaza Strip since 2007. It was founded in 1987 during the First Intifada as an offshoot of the Muslim Brotherhood. Hamas's founding charter calls for the destruction of Israel and its replacement with an Islamic state. It has been designated as a terrorist organization by Israel, the United States, the European Union, and several other countries.

Answer 25

a militant Islamist organization that operates primarily in the Palestinian territories and aims to establish an Islamic Palestinian state and to eliminate Israel through armed struggle. Founded in the late 1970s, PIJ is considered a terrorist organization by Israel, the United States, and the European Union. It has been responsible for numerous attacks against Israeli civilians and military targets, and is known for its close ties to Iran and its rejection of the Oslo Accords and peace negotiations with Israel

Answer 26

the legislative body of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), the internationally recognized representative of the Palestinian people. The PNC is responsible for making decisions on behalf of the Palestinian people, including setting policies and strategies for the Palestinian national movement. It is composed of representatives from various Palestinian political parties, factions, and organizations, and meets periodically to discuss and decide on issues related to the Palestinian cause. It meets very infrequently

Answer 27

an Islamic religious trust that manages and administers the Islamic holy sites in the Old City of Jerusalem, particularly the Haram al-Sharif/Temple Mount complex. It is responsible for the maintenance and preservation of these sites, as well as regulating access and activities within the compound. The Waqf has historically played a significant role in the religious and cultural life of Jerusalem and continues to be a key institution in the management of the city's religious sites.

Answer 28

Israel has a parliamentary system of government, with a President as the head of state and a Prime Minister as the head of government. The Knesset, Israel's unicameral legislature, is responsible for making laws and overseeing the government. Members are elected to the Knesset based on proportional representation (they get representatives proportionate to the percentage of the overall vote their party received in the elections) with a 2% qualifying threshold. The Prime Minister is usually the leader of the party or coalition with the most seats in the Knesset and is appointed by the President. Israel has a multi-party system, with a wide range of political parties representing diverse interests and ideologies. Government formation often involves coalition building due to the fragmented nature of Israeli politics

Answer 29

a center-left political party in Israel, founded in 1968 through a merger of the Mapai, Ahdut HaAvoda, and Rafi parties. It was historically the dominant party in Israeli politics, leading the country for much of its early history. The party advocates for social democracy, progressive policies, and a two-state solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Labor has been instrumental in the establishment of Israel's welfare state and has traditionally been associated with the Israeli labor movement. However, its influence has waned in recent years, and it has struggled to maintain its position as a major political force.

Answer 30

a right-wing political party in Israel, founded in 1973 by Menachem Begin and others. It advocates for a strong and secure Israel, emphasizing security, economic liberalism, and the promotion of Jewish settlement in the West Bank and Gaza Strip. Likud has been a dominant force in Israeli politics, producing several prime ministers, including Begin, Ariel Sharon, and Benjamin Netanyahu. The party supports a free-market economy and a strong national defense, and it has been a proponent of maintaining Israeli control over Jerusalem.

Answer 31

short for HaMossad leModi'in uleTafkidim Meyuhadim, is the national intelligence agency of Israel, responsible for intelligence gathering, covert operations, and counterterrorism. It is one of the most renowned intelligence agencies in the world, known for its efficiency and effectiveness in gathering information and conducting operations abroad. Mossad's activities are classified, but it is believed to be involved in a wide range of operations to protect Israeli national security. The mossad handles foreign intelligence while shit-beit handles internal security

Answer 32

Israel Security Agency, is Israel's internal security service responsible for counterterrorism, counterintelligence, and internal security. It operates to prevent terrorist attacks, gather intelligence, and protect Israeli citizens and interests. Shin Bet works closely with the Israel Defense Forces and other security agencies to maintain national security.

Answer 33

the military forces of the State of Israel, responsible for defending the country against external threats and maintaining security within its borders. It was established in 1948, following the founding of the State of Israel, and consists of ground forces, air force, and navy. The IDF is known for its compulsory military service, with most Jewish and Druze citizens of Israel required to serve in the military. The IDF has been involved in several wars and conflicts, including the Arab-Israeli conflicts and operations in Lebanon and Gaza.

Answer 34

is the unicameral legislature of Israel, responsible for making laws, overseeing the government, and representing the Israeli people. It is located in Jerusalem and consists of 120 members, known as Knesset members (MKs), who are elected by proportional representation every four years. The Knesset is the supreme authority in Israel, with the power to enact and amend laws, approve the government's budget, and declare war.

Answer 35

a Shi'a Islamist political and militant group based in Lebanon. It emerged in the early 1980s in response to the Israeli invasion of Lebanon and has since evolved into a powerful political and military force in the country. Hezbollah is designated as a terrorist organization by several countries, including the United States and Israel. The group is known for its armed resistance against Israel and its involvement in regional conflicts, particularly in Syria in support of the Assad regime.

Answer 36

a political and nationalistic movement that emerged in the late 19th century with the goal of establishing a Jewish homeland in the land of Israel, which was then part of the Ottoman Empire and later the British Mandate of Palestine. Zionists believed that Jews needed a sovereign state to ensure their survival and to fulfill their national aspirations. The movement led to the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948 and continues to advocate for the support and preservation of Israel as a Jewish state

Answer 37

the political and cultural movement that seeks to establish a Palestinian state and promote the rights and identity of the Palestinian people. It emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, in response to growing Jewish immigration and the rise of Zionism in Palestine. Palestinian nationalism emphasizes the historical and cultural ties of Palestinians to the land and seeks to achieve self-determination and independence for the Palestinian people. It has been a central force in the Palestinian struggle against Israeli occupation and for the establishment of a Palestinian state.

Answer 38

a collective community in Israel that was traditionally based on agriculture and shared property. Members of a kibbutz live and work together, sharing resources and responsibilities. Kibbutzim (plural of kibbutz) played a significant role in the early Zionist movement, with an emphasis on self-sufficiency, cooperation, and socialist principles. Over time, many kibbutzim have evolved and diversified their economic activities, while still maintaining some communal aspects.

Answer 39

a series of rebellions against Ottoman rule in the Arab provinces of the Ottoman Empire during World War I. The revolt was led by Arab nationalists seeking independence and was supported by the British, who promised Arab leaders independence in exchange for their support against the Ottomans. The most famous leader of the Arab Revolt was T.E. Lawrence, known as Lawrence of Arabia. The revolt played a significant role in the eventual collapse of the Ottoman Empire and the redrawing of borders in the Middle East by the Allied Powers.

Answer 40

short for Irgun Zvai Leumi, was a Jewish paramilitary organization in Mandatory Palestine. It operated between 1931 and 1948, advocating for the establishment of a Jewish state and the expulsion of British forces from Palestine. Etzel carried out a series of attacks against British military and civilian targets, as well as Arab communities, during the period of British rule. The group disbanded and integrated into the newly formed Israel Defense Forces (IDF) after the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948.

Answer 41

a coup d'état that took place in Egypt, led by a group of nationalist military officers known as the Free Officers Movement. The revolution aimed to overthrow the monarchy of King Farouk and end British influence in Egypt. The coup was successful, and King Farouk was forced to abdicate, leading to the establishment of the Republic of Egypt. The revolution was a pivotal event in Egyptian history, setting the stage for political and social reforms and the rise of Gamal Abdel Nasser as Egypt's dominant leader.

Answer 42

a legal framework established by the League of Nations in 1920, following the end of World War I, to administer the territories of Palestine and Transjordan. The mandate aimed to facilitate the establishment of a Jewish national home in Palestine, as outlined in the Balfour Declaration of 1917, while also protecting the rights of existing non-Jewish communities in the region. The mandate lasted until 1948, when the State of Israel was established and the territory was partitioned between Israel and Jordan.

Answer 43

introduced by Zionist leader Ze'ev Jabotinsky in the early 20th century, advocates for a strong, impenetrable barrier of military power to secure Jewish settlement and statehood in Palestine. It emphasizes the necessity of building a strong Jewish military force to deter and defend against Arab resistance, rather than relying solely on diplomacy or compromise. The doctrine suggests that only after establishing this "iron wall" of military strength and security can peaceful coexistence and negotiations with the Arab population be pursued.

Answer 44

refers to a hypothetical situation in which Israel faces an existential threat that could potentially lead to its destruction or severe damage. This could include scenarios such as a full-scale nuclear attack, a coordinated and successful invasion by multiple neighboring states, or a catastrophic failure of Israel's defense capabilities. Such scenarios are often used in strategic planning and military analysis to assess risks and develop contingency plans.

Answer 45

known in Arabic as Haram al-Sharif, is a religious site in the Old City of Jerusalem that is considered holy in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. It is the site where the First and Second Jewish Temples are believed to have stood, making it the holiest site in Judaism. For Muslims, it is the third holiest site in Islam, housing the Al-Aqsa Mosque and the Dome of the Rock. The site has been a focal point of religious and political tensions between Israelis and Palestinians.

Answer 46

a principle in international law that refers to the right of refugees and their descendants to return to their homes or places of origin, from which they were displaced or fled. In the context of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, the right of return is a key issue for Palestinian refugees who were displaced during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War and their descendants. Palestinians argue for the implementation of United Nations General Assembly Resolution 194, which calls for the return of refugees to their homes and compensation for those who choose not to return. Israel opposes the full implementation of the right of return, citing concerns about the demographic impact and the potential destabilization of the Jewish state.

Answer 47

The United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA) is a UN agency established in 1949 to provide assistance and protection to Palestinian refugees who fled or were expelled from their homes during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. UNRWA provides education, healthcare, social services, and emergency aid to over 5 million registered Palestinian refugees in Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, the West Bank, and the Gaza Strip. It is separate from the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and has its own mandate specifically for Palestinian refugees.

Answer 48

Plan "D" (Dalet) was a military plan implemented by the Haganah, the Jewish paramilitary organization in Mandatory Palestine, during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. The plan aimed to secure Jewish areas and strategic positions, defend Jewish communities, and gain control over mixed or Arab-majority areas in anticipation of the impending hostilities. It involved offensive operations to capture key locations and establish Jewish territorial continuity, as well as defensive measures to protect Jewish settlements. Plan D played a significant role in shaping the outcome of the war and the territorial boundaries of the nascent State of Israel. Israel doesn't deny the existence of this plan but does deny the implementation of it

Answer 49

a military advantage, particularly in terms of technology, training, and tactics, that one country or military possesses over potential adversaries. In the context of Israel, maintaining a qualitative military edge has been a key strategic goal to ensure its security and deterrence capabilities. This edge is often achieved through advanced weapons systems, intelligence capabilities, and close cooperation with allies, and is seen as crucial for Israel's ability to defend itself against threats in the region.

Answer 50

Israel's hypothetical strategy of using its nuclear weapons as a last resort if faced with existential threats that could lead to its destruction. The name is derived from the biblical figure Samson, who brought down a Philistine temple, killing himself and his enemies. In the context of Israel, it suggests a willingness to use nuclear weapons as a final act of deterrence if all other options fail to ensure the survival of the state. This strategy is controversial and raises ethical, moral, and strategic questions

Answer 51

a concept in deterrence theory that suggests the effectiveness of deterrence increases over time as the deterrent threat is consistently upheld and demonstrated. It relies on the idea that repeated demonstrations of a state's willingness and capability to retaliate or respond to aggression can strengthen deterrence by reinforcing the credibility of the deterrent threat. This approach aims to dissuade potential adversaries from taking hostile actions by convincing them that the costs of such actions would outweigh any potential benefits

Answer 52

the involvement of a neutral third party, such as a country, international organization, or individual, in helping to resolve a conflict between two or more parties. The mediator facilitates communication, negotiation, and problem-solving among the conflicting parties, aiming to help them reach a mutually acceptable agreement. Outside mediation can be used in various types of conflicts, including international disputes, civil wars, and community conflicts, and often plays a crucial role in achieving peaceful resolutions.

Answer 53

a defensive strategy focused on establishing security measures outside the borders of Israel to prevent threats from reaching the country's interior. This approach involves creating buffer zones, conducting preemptive strikes, and forming alliances with neighboring states to deter and counter potential threats. The concept is based on the idea that addressing threats at their source, rather than within Israel's borders, is more effective in ensuring national security.

Answer 54

a form of terrorist attack in which a person detonates an explosive device strapped to their body, intending to kill themselves and inflict mass casualties on others. These attacks are often motivated by political, religious, or ideological beliefs, and are characterized by their indiscriminate targeting of civilians. Suicide bombings have been used by various terrorist groups around the world to achieve their goals, often leading to significant loss of life and widespread fear.

Answer 55

It suggests that Israel should exchange land in return for peace agreements with its Arab neighbors, particularly the Palestinians. The concept was first articulated in UN Security Council Resolution 242 after the Six-Day War in 1967, which called for the withdrawal of Israeli forces from territories occupied in the war in exchange for peace and secure borders for all states in the region. The principle has been a key element in peace negotiations between Israel and its neighbors, aiming to resolve territorial disputes and achieve lasting peace through diplomatic means.

Answer 56

"Economic peace" is a concept promoted by some Israeli leaders and policymakers as a means to improve relations with Palestinians through economic cooperation and development. It emphasizes building Palestinian economic infrastructure, creating jobs, and enhancing living standards as a pathway to fostering stability and ultimately achieving peace. The idea is that economic prosperity can lead to greater trust and understanding between Israelis and Palestinians, laying a foundation for a broader peace agreement. However, critics argue that economic peace alone cannot address the underlying political and security issues at the core of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.

Answer 57

a set of parameters for a final-status peace agreement between Israel and the Palestinians, proposed by then-U.S. President Bill Clinton in December 2000, during the Camp David Summit. They addressed key issues such as borders, Jerusalem, refugees, and security. The parameters suggested a Palestinian state on the majority of the West Bank and Gaza Strip with some land swaps, a division of Jerusalem with Palestinian control over Arab neighborhoods and Israeli control over Jewish neighborhoods, a symbolic return of Palestinian refugees to Israel with the majority being resettled in the future Palestinian state, and extensive security arrangements. However, the proposals were not accepted by both parties and did not lead to a final agreement.

Answer 58

the deliberate killing of a specific individual or group of individuals, usually carried out by a government or military organization. The targets are often selected for their perceived threat or involvement in activities deemed harmful to the entity carrying out the assassination. Targeted assassinations are controversial and raise ethical, legal, and political questions, particularly regarding extrajudicial killings and the rule of law.

Answer 59

a form of retaliation where a group is punished for the actions of individuals within that group, even if they were not directly involved in the wrongdoing. It is often used as a means of deterrence or to pressure the group to prevent future misconduct. However, it is considered a violation of international humanitarian law when applied indiscriminately or disproportionately, especially when it targets civilians.

Answer 60

a country's policy of deliberately remaining ambiguous about its possession of nuclear weapons. This approach involves neither confirming nor denying the existence of a nuclear arsenal. The goal is to deter potential adversaries without provoking a strong international response or triggering regional arms races. Israel is a prominent example of a country practicing nuclear ambiguity.

Answer 61

a set of understandings and arrangements regarding the religious status quo in the country, particularly in relation to religious sites and practices. It is an informal agreement that has evolved over time to maintain the delicate balance between religious communities, particularly between Jewish and Muslim groups, regarding issues such as access to holy sites, religious practices, and jurisdiction over religious matters. The Status Quo Agreement is not a formal legal document but rather a set of traditions and agreements that have been respected by various governments in Israel to prevent conflicts over religious matters

Answer 62

The Israeli Nakba Law, passed in 2011, allows the government to withhold funding from institutions that commemorate Israel's Independence Day as a day of mourning, known to Palestinians as the Nakba or "catastrophe," marking the displacement of Palestinians during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. Critics argue that the law restricts freedom of expression and seeks to suppress Palestinian narratives of the events surrounding Israel's creation. The law reflects a broader debate in Israel over how to commemorate and acknowledge the complex history of the country's founding.

Answer 63

British policy in Palestine, particularly during the Mandate period (1920-1948), aimed to implement the Balfour Declaration of 1917, which expressed support for the establishment of a national home for the Jewish people in Palestine. The British sought to balance this commitment with their obligations to the Arab population, leading to tensions and conflicts between the Jewish and Arab communities. British policy evolved over time in response to changing circumstances, including Arab revolts, Jewish immigration, and regional developments, ultimately culminating in the decision to end the Mandate and the subsequent partition plan in 1947

Answer 64

Background: Followed the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. Proposal: Armistice lines, known as the Green Line, were established, but no formal partition plan was agreed upon. Israel controlled more territory than the UN partition plan had allocated. Outcome: No formal recognition of borders by Arab states; the conflict continued.

Answer 65

Background: U.S.-sponsored conference aimed at reviving the peace process. Proposal: Reaffirmed commitment to a two-state solution and set a goal for reaching a peace agreement by the end of 2008. Outcome: No final agreement was reached, and talks eventually broke down.

Answer 66

Background: Proposed by the Quartet (the U.S., EU, UN, and Russia). Proposal: Outlined a phased process leading to a two-state solution, with steps to be taken by both parties. Outcome: Progress stalled, with mutual accusations of non-compliance.

Answer 67

Background: Proposed by Saudi Arabia and endorsed by the Arab League. Proposal: Called for full normalization of relations between Arab states and Israel in return for a full Israeli withdrawal from the occupied territories and a "just settlement" of the Palestinian refugee issue. Outcome: Rejected by Israel, but remains a reference point in diplomatic discussions.

Answer 68

The road to the Six-Day War was marked by escalating tensions between Israel and its Arab neighbors, particularly Egypt, Syria, and Jordan. Key events included frequent border skirmishes, Syrian-backed guerrilla attacks on Israeli territory, and Egypt's blockade of the Straits of Tiran, cutting off Israel's access to the Red Sea. Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser's military buildup in the Sinai Peninsula and the withdrawal of UN peacekeeping forces further heightened the crisis. Diplomatic efforts to de-escalate the situation failed, leading Israel to launch a preemptive strike against Egypt on June 5, 1967, sparking the war.

Answer 69

founded in the late 1950s by Yasser Arafat and other Palestinian nationalists. It emerged as a dominant force in the Palestinian national movement by advocating for armed struggle against Israel to achieve Palestinian self-determination. Following the 1967 Six-Day War, Fatah gained prominence within the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) and took control of it in 1969, with Arafat becoming its leader. Fatah's rise marked a shift towards a more assertive and independent Palestinian national movement, focused on both armed resistance and diplomatic efforts

Answer 70

began in 1964 when it was founded with the support of the Arab League to represent the Palestinian people and their national aspirations. Initially, it was dominated by Arab governments, but after the 1967 Six-Day War, Yasser Arafat's Fatah faction gained control. The PLO increasingly became a symbol of Palestinian nationalism, engaging in armed struggle against Israel and seeking international recognition. Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, the PLO expanded its influence, gaining observer status at the United Nations and becoming the internationally recognized representative of the Palestinian people

Answer 71

Hezbollah's military strategy involves asymmetric warfare, utilizing guerrilla tactics, rocket attacks, and fortified defensive positions to combat Israel and other adversaries. The group employs hit-and-run attacks, roadside bombs, and tunnels to offset Israel's conventional military superiority. Hezbollah also integrates political and social services to maintain support among the Lebanese Shia population. It aims to deter and resist Israeli actions, protect Lebanese sovereignty, and extend its influence regionally, often with support from Iran and Syria

Answer 72

After the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, Israel anticipated a possible second round of conflict with its Arab neighbors and embarked on extensive military and economic preparations. This included building a strong, well-equipped military, developing advanced defense systems, and establishing compulsory military service. Israel also focused on state-building efforts, such as absorbing a large influx of Jewish immigrants, fostering economic growth, and strengthening infrastructure. These preparations contributed to Israel's ability to achieve a decisive victory in the Six-Day War of 1967 and secure its position as a formidable military power in the region

Answer 73

The Six-Day War of 1967 between Israel and its Arab neighbors—Egypt, Jordan, and Syria—was deeply intertwined with the global Cold War context. The United States and the Soviet Union, the two superpowers, supported opposing sides: the U.S. backed Israel, while the Soviet Union supported the Arab states with military and political aid. The war intensified Cold War tensions in the Middle East, as both superpowers sought to expand their influence in the region. The rapid and decisive victory of Israel, which resulted in significant territorial gains, altered the geopolitical landscape and further embedded the Middle East in the global Cold War rivalry.

Answer 74

The United States has played a significant and multifaceted role in the Arab-Israeli conflict, acting as a key ally of Israel and a mediator in peace efforts. The U.S. has provided substantial military, economic, and diplomatic support to Israel while also attempting to broker peace agreements between Israel and its Arab neighbors. This involvement includes facilitating peace treaties, such as the Camp David Accords between Israel and Egypt in 1978, the Oslo Accords between Israel and the Palestinians in the 1990s, and the more recent Abraham Accords. The U.S. aims to promote stability in the region, protect its strategic interests, and support the security of Israel.

Answer 75

marked by continued tensions and sporadic conflicts between Israel and its Arab neighbors following the Six-Day War of 1967. This period saw the War of Attrition (1967-1970) between Israel and Egypt, with frequent border skirmishes and limited engagements. Efforts at peace negotiations were largely unsuccessful, and regional instability persisted. The period culminated in the Yom Kippur War of 1973, when Egypt and Syria launched a surprise attack on Israel on the Jewish holy day of Yom Kippur, leading to another major conflict.

Answer 76

refers to Egyptian President Anwar Sadat's efforts in the early 1970s to achieve a temporary peace agreement with Israel. Following the War of Attrition and leading up to the Yom Kippur War, Sadat aimed to regain the Sinai Peninsula, which Egypt had lost to Israel in the 1967 Six-Day War. Sadat sought to engage in limited agreements that could pave the way for a broader peace settlement. Although initial attempts at negotiation were unsuccessful, these efforts eventually contributed to the 1978 Camp David Accords and the 1979 Egypt-Israel Peace Treaty.

Answer 77

Divides States into nuclear & non-nuclear states where one side is not allowed to develop nuclear weapons, while the other is allowed to build weapons for civilian purposes Israel was considered a non-nuclear state because it had not tested its nuclear weapons