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POL 136: History of the Arab-Israeli Conflict > POL 136 Final Review > Flashcards

POL 136 Final Review Flashcards

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1
Q

1948 Arab-Israeli War

A

Causes: UN Partion Plan 1947 (Resolution 181), end of the British Mandate leading to a power vacuum, competing Jewish & Palestinian nationalist movements, increased violence between Jewish and Arab militias which escalated into full-scale war
Consequences: establishment of the state of Israel on May 14th, 1948, Israel gained control of more territory than allocated by Resolution 181 (including West Jerusalem and parts of Galilee and the Negev regions), armistice agreements between Israel and Egypt/Lebanon/Jordan/Syria, and lack of peace agreements which set the stage for future conflict

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2
Q

1950s-60s Palestinian Fedayeen Insurgency

A

Causes: the Nakba, formation of Palestinian armed groups (Fedayeen) against Israel from neighboring countries as a form of resistance (roots of guerilla warfare & terrorism in the region)
Consequences: increased violence with frequent cross-border raids & retaliatory strikes between Fedayeen & Israeli forces, mobilized Palestinian nationalism which impacted later conflicts such as the six-day war

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3
Q

1956 Sinai War/Suez Crisis

A

Israel, GB, & France vs. Egypt and Egypt wins
Causes: Nationalization of the Suez Canal by Nasser angered GB & France who had economic and strategic interests in the canal. Israel was concerned about security as they would be unable to stop Fedayeen raids and wanted to secure navigation rights through the straits of Tiran which Egypt blockaded
Consequences: Israel captured the Sinai Peninsula and Gaza Strip, the US and Soviet Union pressured invaders to withdraw leading to a UN peacekeeping force to be stationed in the Sinai, marked the end of British and French influcence in the ME and rise of US and Soviet involvement in the region

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4
Q

1967 Six Day War

A

Causes: increasing border clashes between Israel and neighboring Arab states, the blockade of the Straits of Tiran by Egypt, Arab military mobilization by Egypt, Syria, and Jordan creating a perceived imminent threat
Consequences: Israel gained the Sinai Peninsula, Gaza Strip, West Bank, East Jerusalem, and Golan Heights, Thousands of Palestinians and Syrians were displaced due to the conflict

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5
Q

1967-70 War of Attrition

A

Between Israel, Egypt, Jordan, the PLO, and Syria. Involved large scale shelling along the Suez Canal, extensive aerial warfare, and commando raids
Causes: Egypt attempted to reclaim the Sinai Peninsula which it lost to Israel during the Six Day War
Consequences: military stalemate, heavy casualties on both sides, no significant territorial changes, The war ended with a U.S.-brokered ceasefire in 1970, set the stage for the Yom Kippur War in 1973, as Egypt continued to seek ways to reclaim lost territory

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6
Q

1973 Ramadan/Yom Kippur War

A

The war began with a surprise attack by Egypt and Syria on Yom Kippur, the holiest day in Judaism, catching Israel off guard
Causes: Egypt and Syria aimed to regain the Sinai Peninsula and Golan Heights, respectively, which they lost to Israel in the Six-Day War
Consequences: Egypt and Syria initially made significant territorial advances, but Israel ultimately repelled the attacks and regained most of the lost territory, The war led to a rethinking of military strategies and policies in Israel and the Arab states, The war paved the way for subsequent peace negotiations, including the Camp David Accords between Egypt and Israel in 1978

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7
Q

1971-82 Palestinian Insurgency in South Lebanon

A

Causes:
Consequences:

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8
Q

1982 Lebanon War

A

Causes:
Consequences:

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9
Q

1985-2000 Lebanon Conflict

A

Causes:
Consequences:

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10
Q

1987-93 First Intifada

A

Causes:
Consequences:

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11
Q

2000-05 Second Intifada/Al Aqsa Intifada

A

Causes:
Consequences:

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12
Q

2006 Lebanon War

A

Causes:
Consequences:

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13
Q

2008-09 Gaza War

A

Causes:
Consequences:

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14
Q

2012 Israeli Occupation in the Gaza Strip (Operation Pillar of Defense)

A

Causes:
Consequences:

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15
Q

2014 Gaza War (Operation Protective Edge)

A

Causes:
Consequences:

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16
Q

Syrian Civil War

A

Causes:
Consequences:

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17
Q

2021 Israel-Palestine Crisis (Operation Guardian of the Walls)

A

Causes:
Consequences:

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18
Q

2021 Israel-Hamas War

A

Causes:
Consequences:

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19
Q

Sadat Interim Agreement Initiative

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20
Q

Kissinger’s Step-by-Step Diplomacy

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21
Q

Oslo I

A
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22
Q

Oslo II

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23
Q

Camp David I

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24
Q

Camp David II

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25
Q

2005 Israeli Withdrawal from Gaza

A

Causes:
Consequences:

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26
Q

2006 Palestinian Elections

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27
Q

2007 Hamas Takeover of Gaza

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28
Q

2008-23 Israel-Hamas Clashes

A

Causes:
Consequences:

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29
Q

Netanyahu’s Economic Peace Strategy

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30
Q

Salim Fiyad Economic Development Strategy

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31
Q

Hamas’ Policy in Gaza

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32
Q

Trump Peace Plan

A
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33
Q

2020 Abraham Accords

A
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34
Q

October 7th Hamas Attack & 2024 Israel-Hamas War

A

Hamas’ goals in attacking:
Israeli strategy under Netanyahu:
Israel’s declared goals in the war:
The process of the war and its international implications

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35
Q

Three Types of Zionism

A

Political Zionism
Practical Zionism
Spiritual Zionism

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36
Q

Causes & Consequences of Rapid Jewish Immigration before and after statehood

A

Causes (before statehood):
Consequences (before statehood):
Causes (after statehood):
Consequences (after statehood):

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37
Q

WWI & British Policy in Palestine

A
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38
Q

1915-16 Hussein-MacMahon Correspondence

A
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39
Q

1916 Sykes-Picot Agreement

A
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40
Q

1917 Balfour Declaration

A
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41
Q

Jewish-Arab Relations During the British Mandate

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42
Q

A-I Conflict during WWII

A
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43
Q

1937 Peel Commission Report

A

Partition Plan

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44
Q

1947 UN General Assembly Resolution 181

A

Partition Plan

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45
Q

1948 UN General Assembly Resolution 194

A
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46
Q

Competing Narratives about the Nakba

A
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47
Q

Competing Narratives about Jewish Immigration

A
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48
Q

1936 Arab Revolt

A
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49
Q

1947-48 Civil War in Palestine

A
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50
Q

1948 Nakba

A
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51
Q

1948 Deir Yessin Massacre

A
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52
Q

1974 Rabat Summit of the Arab League

A
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53
Q

1981 Osirak Reactor Attack

A

Causes:
Consequences:

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54
Q

1982 Sabra & Shatila Massacres

A

Causes:
Consequences:

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55
Q

2000-present Stalemate & Diplomacy in the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict

A
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56
Q

1995-present Israeli-Iranian Tensions

A
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57
Q

2023 Israel-Hamas War

A

Causes:
Consequences:

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58
Q

1967 Israel’s June 19th Resolution

A
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59
Q

1967 UN Security Council Resolution 242

A
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60
Q

1967 Khartoum Resolution

A
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61
Q

1974 Syrian-Israeli Separation of Forces Agreement

A
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62
Q

1979 Egyptian-Israeli Peace Treaty

A
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63
Q

1991 Madrid Conference

A
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64
Q

1994 Israeli-Jordinian Peace Treaty

A
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65
Q

2000 Camp David Summit

A
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66
Q

2003 Bush’s “Roadmap” to Peace

A
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67
Q

Israeli’s Security Policy

A

Basic Assumptions:
Key Principles:
Applications (Six Day War):

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68
Q

Israel’s Nuclear Policy

A
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69
Q

Security Policy of Arab States

A

Militaries & Politics in the Arab World:
Key elements of Egyptian & Syrian strategies in the 1973 war:

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70
Q

Arab WMD Policies

A
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71
Q

Terrorism

A
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72
Q

Guerilla Warfare

A
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73
Q

Popular Uprisings

A
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74
Q

Mingling Diplomacy & Armed Struggle

A
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75
Q

Israeli Political & Electoral System

A
76
Q

The Israeli Security Establishment

A
77
Q

Trends in Israeli Politics

A
78
Q

The Arab Minority in Israeli Politics

A
79
Q

The Political Structure of Authoritarian Systems in the Arab States

A
80
Q

The Impact of the A-I Conflict on inter-Arab relations

A
81
Q

Palestinian Political Institutions Prior to 1948

A
82
Q

The Structure of PLO Institutions

A
83
Q

The Political Structure and Ideology of Hamas

A
84
Q

The Palestinian Authority

A
85
Q

The History of Secret Negotiations in the A-I Conflict

A
86
Q

1974 Separation Agreements

A
87
Q

1975 Interim Agreement

A
88
Q

Israel-Syria Failed Agreement

A

As a result of the mediation efforts of then US Secretary of State Henry Kissinger, Syria and Israel concluded a disengagement agreement in May 1974, enabling Syria to recover territory lost in the October war and part of the Golan Heights occupied by Israel since 1967, including Quneitra

89
Q

Mediation in the A-I Conflict

A
90
Q

Ethnicity Statistics in Israeli Society

A
91
Q

Religiosity Statistics in Israeli Society

A
92
Q

Economic Statistics in Israeli Society

A
93
Q

Structure of Arab Societies

A
94
Q

Attitudes of Arab Societies

A
95
Q

Structure of Palestinian Societies

A
96
Q

Attitudes of Palestinian Societies

A
97
Q

One-State Solution (Palestinian)

A
98
Q

One-State Solution (Israeli)

A
99
Q

Two-State Solution

A
100
Q

Explanations of Israeli-Palestinian Impasse

A
101
Q

Theodore Herzl

A

an Austro-Hungarian journalist and writer who is considered the founder of modern political Zionism. He advocated for the establishment of a Jewish state as a solution to anti-Semitism and the “Jewish Question” in Europe. Herzl convened the First Zionist Congress in 1897, which led to the formation of the World Zionist Organization. His ideas and efforts laid the groundwork for the eventual establishment of the State of Israel

102
Q

David Ben Gurion

A

a leading Zionist figure and the primary national founder of the State of Israel. He served as Israel’s first Prime Minister and Minister of Defense. Ben-Gurion played a central role in the declaration of Israel’s independence in 1948 and in building the foundations of the new state. He was known for his pragmatic leadership style and his vision of a Jewish state in the historic Land of Israel

103
Q

Haj Amin al Husseini

A

a Palestinian Arab nationalist and Muslim leader in the early 20th century. He served as the Grand Mufti of Jerusalem from 1921 to 1948 and was a prominent figure in Palestinian politics. Al-Husseini is known for his role in inciting anti-Jewish violence in Palestine during the 1920s and 1930s, including the Arab Revolt of 1936-1939. He was also an ardent supporter of Nazi Germany during World War II, collaborating with the Axis powers and advocating for the extermination of Jews. Al-Husseini’s legacy is controversial, with some viewing him as a hero of Palestinian resistance and others as a collaborator and extremist

104
Q

King Abdullah I of Jordan

A

the founder and first king of Jordan, reigning from 1921 until his assassination in 1951. He played a key role in the establishment of the Emirate of Transjordan in 1921 and the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan in 1946. Abdullah was known for his efforts to modernize Jordan and promote its independence. He also played a significant role in the Arab-Israeli conflict, leading the Arab Legion in the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. His assassination in 1951 was a result of his support for the unification of Arab states

105
Q

Gamal Abd-el Nasser

A

the President of Egypt from 1956 until his death in 1970. He was a prominent leader in the Arab world and a key figure in the Non-Aligned Movement during the Cold War. Nasser was known for his role in the Egyptian Revolution of 1952, which overthrew the monarchy, and for his efforts to modernize Egypt and promote Arab nationalism. He was also involved in several Arab-Israeli conflicts, including the Suez Crisis of 1956 and the Six-Day War of 1967. Nasser’s leadership had a significant impact on Egypt and the broader Arab world

106
Q

Anwar Sadat

A

President of Egypt from 1970 until his assassination in 1981. He succeeded Gamal Abdel Nasser as president and was known for his efforts to achieve peace with Israel, culminating in the Camp David Accords in 1978 and the Egypt-Israel Peace Treaty in 1979. Sadat’s policies led to his expulsion from the Arab League and strained relations with other Arab countries, but he was widely praised for his role in advancing peace in the Middle East

107
Q

Hosni Mubarak

A
108
Q

Mohammad Morsi

A
109
Q

Abd Fatah Al Sisi

A
110
Q

Hafez al-Assad

A
111
Q

Bashar al-Assad

A
112
Q

Henry Kissinger

A
113
Q

Menachem Begin

A
114
Q

Yitzhak Rabin

A
115
Q

Yasser Arafat

A
116
Q

George Habbash

A
117
Q

Ariel Sharon

A
118
Q

Bashir Jamayal

A
119
Q

King Hussein of Jordan

A
120
Q

Ehud Barak

A
121
Q

Benjamin Netanyahu

A
122
Q

Mahmoud Abbas

A
123
Q

Naftali Benet

A
124
Q

Marwan Barghutti

A
125
Q

Islmail Haniya

A
126
Q

Yihya Sinwar

A
127
Q

Khaled Mashal

A
128
Q

Jewish Agency

A
129
Q

Arab League

A

a regional organization of Arab countries in and around North Africa and the Middle East. It was founded in 1945 with the goal of promoting economic, cultural, and political cooperation among its members and coordinating their policies on regional issues. The League has played a role in various regional conflicts and issues, including the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, and has sought to promote Arab unity and solidarity.

130
Q

Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO)

A

an umbrella organization that represents the Palestinian people in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. It was founded in 1964 and is recognized as the sole legitimate representative of the Palestinian people by the United Nations and over 100 countries. The PLO seeks to achieve the right of self-determination for the Palestinian people, including the establishment of an independent Palestinian state. It is composed of various Palestinian factions, including Fatah and the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP).

131
Q

Fatah

A

a major Palestinian political party and a member of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO). It was founded in the late 1950s by Yasser Arafat and other Palestinian nationalists. Fatah is considered a nationalist and secular party, advocating for the establishment of an independent Palestinian state in the West Bank, Gaza Strip, and East Jerusalem. It has played a leading role in Palestinian politics and the peace process with Israel.

132
Q

Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP)

A

a Palestinian Marxist-Leninist organization founded in 1967. It is known for its militant activities against Israel and its role in the armed struggle for Palestinian independence. The PFLP has been designated as a terrorist organization by Israel, the United States, the European Union, and other countries. It advocates for the establishment of a secular, democratic state in all of historic Palestine, including present-day Israel.

133
Q

Hamas

A

a Palestinian Islamist political organization and militant group that has been in control of the Gaza Strip since 2007. It was founded in 1987 during the First Intifada as an offshoot of the Muslim Brotherhood. Hamas’s founding charter calls for the destruction of Israel and its replacement with an Islamic state. It has been designated as a terrorist organization by Israel, the United States, the European Union, and several other countries.

134
Q

Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ)

A

a militant Islamist organization that operates primarily in the Palestinian territories and aims to establish an Islamic Palestinian state and to eliminate Israel through armed struggle. Founded in the late 1970s, PIJ is considered a terrorist organization by Israel, the United States, and the European Union. It has been responsible for numerous attacks against Israeli civilians and military targets, and is known for its close ties to Iran and its rejection of the Oslo Accords and peace negotiations with Israel

135
Q

Palestinian National Congress (PNC)

A

the legislative body of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), the internationally recognized representative of the Palestinian people. The PNC is responsible for making decisions on behalf of the Palestinian people, including setting policies and strategies for the Palestinian national movement. It is composed of representatives from various Palestinian political parties, factions, and organizations, and meets periodically to discuss and decide on issues related to the Palestinian cause. It meets very infrequently

136
Q

Jerusalem Waqf

A

an Islamic religious trust that manages and administers the Islamic holy sites in the Old City of Jerusalem, particularly the Haram al-Sharif/Temple Mount complex. It is responsible for the maintenance and preservation of these sites, as well as regulating access and activities within the compound. The Waqf has historically played a significant role in the religious and cultural life of Jerusalem and continues to be a key institution in the management of the city’s religious sites.

137
Q

Israel’s Political System

A

Israel has a parliamentary system of government, with a President as the head of state and a Prime Minister as the head of government. The Knesset, Israel’s unicameral legislature, is responsible for making laws and overseeing the government. Members are elected to the Knesset based on proportional representation (they get representatives proportionate to the percentage of the overall vote their party received in the elections) with a 2% qualifying threshold. The Prime Minister is usually the leader of the party or coalition with the most seats in the Knesset and is appointed by the President. Israel has a multi-party system, with a wide range of political parties representing diverse interests and ideologies. Government formation often involves coalition building due to the fragmented nature of Israeli politics

138
Q

Labor Party (Israel)

A

a center-left political party in Israel, founded in 1968 through a merger of the Mapai, Ahdut HaAvoda, and Rafi parties. It was historically the dominant party in Israeli politics, leading the country for much of its early history. The party advocates for social democracy, progressive policies, and a two-state solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Labor has been instrumental in the establishment of Israel’s welfare state and has traditionally been associated with the Israeli labor movement. However, its influence has waned in recent years, and it has struggled to maintain its position as a major political force.

139
Q

Likud Party (Israel)

A

a right-wing political party in Israel, founded in 1973 by Menachem Begin and others. It advocates for a strong and secure Israel, emphasizing security, economic liberalism, and the promotion of Jewish settlement in the West Bank and Gaza Strip. Likud has been a dominant force in Israeli politics, producing several prime ministers, including Begin, Ariel Sharon, and Benjamin Netanyahu. The party supports a free-market economy and a strong national defense, and it has been a proponent of maintaining Israeli control over Jerusalem.

140
Q

Mossad

A

short for HaMossad leModi’in uleTafkidim Meyuhadim, is the national intelligence agency of Israel, responsible for intelligence gathering, covert operations, and counterterrorism. It is one of the most renowned intelligence agencies in the world, known for its efficiency and effectiveness in gathering information and conducting operations abroad. Mossad’s activities are classified, but it is believed to be involved in a wide range of operations to protect Israeli national security. The mossad handles foreign intelligence while shit-beit handles internal security

141
Q

Shin-Beit

A

Israel Security Agency, is Israel’s internal security service responsible for counterterrorism, counterintelligence, and internal security. It operates to prevent terrorist attacks, gather intelligence, and protect Israeli citizens and interests. Shin Bet works closely with the Israel Defense Forces and other security agencies to maintain national security.

142
Q

IDF

A

the military forces of the State of Israel, responsible for defending the country against external threats and maintaining security within its borders. It was established in 1948, following the founding of the State of Israel, and consists of ground forces, air force, and navy. The IDF is known for its compulsory military service, with most Jewish and Druze citizens of Israel required to serve in the military. The IDF has been involved in several wars and conflicts, including the Arab-Israeli conflicts and operations in Lebanon and Gaza.

143
Q

Knesset

A

is the unicameral legislature of Israel, responsible for making laws, overseeing the government, and representing the Israeli people. It is located in Jerusalem and consists of 120 members, known as Knesset members (MKs), who are elected by proportional representation every four years. The Knesset is the supreme authority in Israel, with the power to enact and amend laws, approve the government’s budget, and declare war.

144
Q

Hizballah

A

a Shi’a Islamist political and militant group based in Lebanon. It emerged in the early 1980s in response to the Israeli invasion of Lebanon and has since evolved into a powerful political and military force in the country. Hezbollah is designated as a terrorist organization by several countries, including the United States and Israel. The group is known for its armed resistance against Israel and its involvement in regional conflicts, particularly in Syria in support of the Assad regime.

145
Q

Zionism

A

a political and nationalistic movement that emerged in the late 19th century with the goal of establishing a Jewish homeland in the land of Israel, which was then part of the Ottoman Empire and later the British Mandate of Palestine. Zionists believed that Jews needed a sovereign state to ensure their survival and to fulfill their national aspirations. The movement led to the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948 and continues to advocate for the support and preservation of Israel as a Jewish state

146
Q

Palestinian Nationalism

A

the political and cultural movement that seeks to establish a Palestinian state and promote the rights and identity of the Palestinian people. It emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, in response to growing Jewish immigration and the rise of Zionism in Palestine. Palestinian nationalism emphasizes the historical and cultural ties of Palestinians to the land and seeks to achieve self-determination and independence for the Palestinian people. It has been a central force in the Palestinian struggle against Israeli occupation and for the establishment of a Palestinian state.

147
Q

Kibbutzim

A

a collective community in Israel that was traditionally based on agriculture and shared property. Members of a kibbutz live and work together, sharing resources and responsibilities. Kibbutzim (plural of kibbutz) played a significant role in the early Zionist movement, with an emphasis on self-sufficiency, cooperation, and socialist principles. Over time, many kibbutzim have evolved and diversified their economic activities, while still maintaining some communal aspects.

148
Q

Arab Revolt

A

a series of rebellions against Ottoman rule in the Arab provinces of the Ottoman Empire during World War I. The revolt was led by Arab nationalists seeking independence and was supported by the British, who promised Arab leaders independence in exchange for their support against the Ottomans. The most famous leader of the Arab Revolt was T.E. Lawrence, known as Lawrence of Arabia. The revolt played a significant role in the eventual collapse of the Ottoman Empire and the redrawing of borders in the Middle East by the Allied Powers.

149
Q

Etzl

A

short for Irgun Zvai Leumi, was a Jewish paramilitary organization in Mandatory Palestine. It operated between 1931 and 1948, advocating for the establishment of a Jewish state and the expulsion of British forces from Palestine. Etzel carried out a series of attacks against British military and civilian targets, as well as Arab communities, during the period of British rule. The group disbanded and integrated into the newly formed Israel Defense Forces (IDF) after the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948.

150
Q

1952 Egyptian Revolution

A

a coup d’état that took place in Egypt, led by a group of nationalist military officers known as the Free Officers Movement. The revolution aimed to overthrow the monarchy of King Farouk and end British influence in Egypt. The coup was successful, and King Farouk was forced to abdicate, leading to the establishment of the Republic of Egypt. The revolution was a pivotal event in Egyptian history, setting the stage for political and social reforms and the rise of Gamal Abdel Nasser as Egypt’s dominant leader.

151
Q

British Mandate

A

a legal framework established by the League of Nations in 1920, following the end of World War I, to administer the territories of Palestine and Transjordan. The mandate aimed to facilitate the establishment of a Jewish national home in Palestine, as outlined in the Balfour Declaration of 1917, while also protecting the rights of existing non-Jewish communities in the region. The mandate lasted until 1948, when the State of Israel was established and the territory was partitioned between Israel and Jordan.

152
Q

Iron Wall Doctrine

A

introduced by Zionist leader Ze’ev Jabotinsky in the early 20th century, advocates for a strong, impenetrable barrier of military power to secure Jewish settlement and statehood in Palestine. It emphasizes the necessity of building a strong Jewish military force to deter and defend against Arab resistance, rather than relying solely on diplomacy or compromise. The doctrine suggests that only after establishing this “iron wall” of military strength and security can peaceful coexistence and negotiations with the Arab population be pursued.

153
Q

Doomsday Scenario

A

refers to a hypothetical situation in which Israel faces an existential threat that could potentially lead to its destruction or severe damage. This could include scenarios such as a full-scale nuclear attack, a coordinated and successful invasion by multiple neighboring states, or a catastrophic failure of Israel’s defense capabilities. Such scenarios are often used in strategic planning and military analysis to assess risks and develop contingency plans.

154
Q

Temple Mount

A

known in Arabic as Haram al-Sharif, is a religious site in the Old City of Jerusalem that is considered holy in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. It is the site where the First and Second Jewish Temples are believed to have stood, making it the holiest site in Judaism. For Muslims, it is the third holiest site in Islam, housing the Al-Aqsa Mosque and the Dome of the Rock. The site has been a focal point of religious and political tensions between Israelis and Palestinians.

155
Q

Right of Return

A

a principle in international law that refers to the right of refugees and their descendants to return to their homes or places of origin, from which they were displaced or fled. In the context of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, the right of return is a key issue for Palestinian refugees who were displaced during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War and their descendants. Palestinians argue for the implementation of United Nations General Assembly Resolution 194, which calls for the return of refugees to their homes and compensation for those who choose not to return. Israel opposes the full implementation of the right of return, citing concerns about the demographic impact and the potential destabilization of the Jewish state.

156
Q

UNRWA

A

The United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA) is a UN agency established in 1949 to provide assistance and protection to Palestinian refugees who fled or were expelled from their homes during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. UNRWA provides education, healthcare, social services, and emergency aid to over 5 million registered Palestinian refugees in Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, the West Bank, and the Gaza Strip. It is separate from the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and has its own mandate specifically for Palestinian refugees.

157
Q

Plan “D”

A

Plan “D” (Dalet) was a military plan implemented by the Haganah, the Jewish paramilitary organization in Mandatory Palestine, during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. The plan aimed to secure Jewish areas and strategic positions, defend Jewish communities, and gain control over mixed or Arab-majority areas in anticipation of the impending hostilities. It involved offensive operations to capture key locations and establish Jewish territorial continuity, as well as defensive measures to protect Jewish settlements. Plan D played a significant role in shaping the outcome of the war and the territorial boundaries of the nascent State of Israel. Israel doesn’t deny the existence of this plan but does deny the implementation of it

158
Q

Qualitative Edge

A

a military advantage, particularly in terms of technology, training, and tactics, that one country or military possesses over potential adversaries. In the context of Israel, maintaining a qualitative military edge has been a key strategic goal to ensure its security and deterrence capabilities. This edge is often achieved through advanced weapons systems, intelligence capabilities, and close cooperation with allies, and is seen as crucial for Israel’s ability to defend itself against threats in the region.

159
Q

Samson’s Option

A

Israel’s hypothetical strategy of using its nuclear weapons as a last resort if faced with existential threats that could lead to its destruction. The name is derived from the biblical figure Samson, who brought down a Philistine temple, killing himself and his enemies. In the context of Israel, it suggests a willingness to use nuclear weapons as a final act of deterrence if all other options fail to ensure the survival of the state. This strategy is controversial and raises ethical, moral, and strategic questions

160
Q

Cumulative Deterrence

A

a concept in deterrence theory that suggests the effectiveness of deterrence increases over time as the deterrent threat is consistently upheld and demonstrated. It relies on the idea that repeated demonstrations of a state’s willingness and capability to retaliate or respond to aggression can strengthen deterrence by reinforcing the credibility of the deterrent threat. This approach aims to dissuade potential adversaries from taking hostile actions by convincing them that the costs of such actions would outweigh any potential benefits

161
Q

Mediation

A

the involvement of a neutral third party, such as a country, international organization, or individual, in helping to resolve a conflict between two or more parties. The mediator facilitates communication, negotiation, and problem-solving among the conflicting parties, aiming to help them reach a mutually acceptable agreement. Outside mediation can be used in various types of conflicts, including international disputes, civil wars, and community conflicts, and often plays a crucial role in achieving peaceful resolutions.

162
Q

Outside Tier

A

a defensive strategy focused on establishing security measures outside the borders of Israel to prevent threats from reaching the country’s interior. This approach involves creating buffer zones, conducting preemptive strikes, and forming alliances with neighboring states to deter and counter potential threats. The concept is based on the idea that addressing threats at their source, rather than within Israel’s borders, is more effective in ensuring national security.

163
Q

Suicide Bombing

A

a form of terrorist attack in which a person detonates an explosive device strapped to their body, intending to kill themselves and inflict mass casualties on others. These attacks are often motivated by political, religious, or ideological beliefs, and are characterized by their indiscriminate targeting of civilians. Suicide bombings have been used by various terrorist groups around the world to achieve their goals, often leading to significant loss of life and widespread fear.

164
Q

Land for Peace

A

It suggests that Israel should exchange land in return for peace agreements with its Arab neighbors, particularly the Palestinians. The concept was first articulated in UN Security Council Resolution 242 after the Six-Day War in 1967, which called for the withdrawal of Israeli forces from territories occupied in the war in exchange for peace and secure borders for all states in the region. The principle has been a key element in peace negotiations between Israel and its neighbors, aiming to resolve territorial disputes and achieve lasting peace through diplomatic means.

165
Q

Economic Peace

A

“Economic peace” is a concept promoted by some Israeli leaders and policymakers as a means to improve relations with Palestinians through economic cooperation and development. It emphasizes building Palestinian economic infrastructure, creating jobs, and enhancing living standards as a pathway to fostering stability and ultimately achieving peace. The idea is that economic prosperity can lead to greater trust and understanding between Israelis and Palestinians, laying a foundation for a broader peace agreement. However, critics argue that economic peace alone cannot address the underlying political and security issues at the core of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.

166
Q

Clinton Parameters

A

a set of parameters for a final-status peace agreement between Israel and the Palestinians, proposed by then-U.S. President Bill Clinton in December 2000, during the Camp David Summit. They addressed key issues such as borders, Jerusalem, refugees, and security. The parameters suggested a Palestinian state on the majority of the West Bank and Gaza Strip with some land swaps, a division of Jerusalem with Palestinian control over Arab neighborhoods and Israeli control over Jewish neighborhoods, a symbolic return of Palestinian refugees to Israel with the majority being resettled in the future Palestinian state, and extensive security arrangements. However, the proposals were not accepted by both parties and did not lead to a final agreement.

167
Q

Targeted Assassination

A

the deliberate killing of a specific individual or group of individuals, usually carried out by a government or military organization. The targets are often selected for their perceived threat or involvement in activities deemed harmful to the entity carrying out the assassination. Targeted assassinations are controversial and raise ethical, legal, and political questions, particularly regarding extrajudicial killings and the rule of law.

168
Q

Collective Punishment

A

a form of retaliation where a group is punished for the actions of individuals within that group, even if they were not directly involved in the wrongdoing. It is often used as a means of deterrence or to pressure the group to prevent future misconduct. However, it is considered a violation of international humanitarian law when applied indiscriminately or disproportionately, especially when it targets civilians.

169
Q

Nuclear Ambiguity

A

a country’s policy of deliberately remaining ambiguous about its possession of nuclear weapons. This approach involves neither confirming nor denying the existence of a nuclear arsenal. The goal is to deter potential adversaries without provoking a strong international response or triggering regional arms races. Israel is a prominent example of a country practicing nuclear ambiguity.

170
Q

Status Quo Agreement

A

a set of understandings and arrangements regarding the religious status quo in the country, particularly in relation to religious sites and practices. It is an informal agreement that has evolved over time to maintain the delicate balance between religious communities, particularly between Jewish and Muslim groups, regarding issues such as access to holy sites, religious practices, and jurisdiction over religious matters. The Status Quo Agreement is not a formal legal document but rather a set of traditions and agreements that have been respected by various governments in Israel to prevent conflicts over religious matters

171
Q

Israeli Nakba Law

A

The Israeli Nakba Law, passed in 2011, allows the government to withhold funding from institutions that commemorate Israel’s Independence Day as a day of mourning, known to Palestinians as the Nakba or “catastrophe,” marking the displacement of Palestinians during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. Critics argue that the law restricts freedom of expression and seeks to suppress Palestinian narratives of the events surrounding Israel’s creation. The law reflects a broader debate in Israel over how to commemorate and acknowledge the complex history of the country’s founding.

172
Q

British Policy in Palestine

A

British policy in Palestine, particularly during the Mandate period (1920-1948), aimed to implement the Balfour Declaration of 1917, which expressed support for the establishment of a national home for the Jewish people in Palestine. The British sought to balance this commitment with their obligations to the Arab population, leading to tensions and conflicts between the Jewish and Arab communities. British policy evolved over time in response to changing circumstances, including Arab revolts, Jewish immigration, and regional developments, ultimately culminating in the decision to end the Mandate and the subsequent partition plan in 1947

173
Q

1949 Armistice Agreements

A

Background: Followed the 1948 Arab-Israeli War.
Proposal: Armistice lines, known as the Green Line, were established, but no formal partition plan was agreed upon. Israel controlled more territory than the UN partition plan had allocated.
Outcome: No formal recognition of borders by Arab states; the conflict continued.

174
Q

2007 Annapolis Conference

A

Background: U.S.-sponsored conference aimed at reviving the peace process.
Proposal: Reaffirmed commitment to a two-state solution and set a goal for reaching a peace agreement by the end of 2008.
Outcome: No final agreement was reached, and talks eventually broke down.

175
Q

2003 Roadmap for Peace

A

Background: Proposed by the Quartet (the U.S., EU, UN, and Russia).
Proposal: Outlined a phased process leading to a two-state solution, with steps to be taken by both parties.
Outcome: Progress stalled, with mutual accusations of non-compliance.

176
Q

2002 Arab Peace Initiative

A

Background: Proposed by Saudi Arabia and endorsed by the Arab League.
Proposal: Called for full normalization of relations between Arab states and Israel in return for a full Israeli withdrawal from the occupied territories and a “just settlement” of the Palestinian refugee issue.
Outcome: Rejected by Israel, but remains a reference point in diplomatic discussions.

177
Q

The Road to the Six Day War

A

The road to the Six-Day War was marked by escalating tensions between Israel and its Arab neighbors, particularly Egypt, Syria, and Jordan. Key events included frequent border skirmishes, Syrian-backed guerrilla attacks on Israeli territory, and Egypt’s blockade of the Straits of Tiran, cutting off Israel’s access to the Red Sea. Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser’s military buildup in the Sinai Peninsula and the withdrawal of UN peacekeeping forces further heightened the crisis. Diplomatic efforts to de-escalate the situation failed, leading Israel to launch a preemptive strike against Egypt on June 5, 1967, sparking the war.

178
Q

Rise of Fatah

A

founded in the late 1950s by Yasser Arafat and other Palestinian nationalists. It emerged as a dominant force in the Palestinian national movement by advocating for armed struggle against Israel to achieve Palestinian self-determination. Following the 1967 Six-Day War, Fatah gained prominence within the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) and took control of it in 1969, with Arafat becoming its leader. Fatah’s rise marked a shift towards a more assertive and independent Palestinian national movement, focused on both armed resistance and diplomatic efforts

179
Q

Rise of the PLO

A

began in 1964 when it was founded with the support of the Arab League to represent the Palestinian people and their national aspirations. Initially, it was dominated by Arab governments, but after the 1967 Six-Day War, Yasser Arafat’s Fatah faction gained control. The PLO increasingly became a symbol of Palestinian nationalism, engaging in armed struggle against Israel and seeking international recognition. Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, the PLO expanded its influence, gaining observer status at the United Nations and becoming the internationally recognized representative of the Palestinian people

180
Q

Hizballah Military Strategy

A

Hezbollah’s military strategy involves asymmetric warfare, utilizing guerrilla tactics, rocket attacks, and fortified defensive positions to combat Israel and other adversaries. The group employs hit-and-run attacks, roadside bombs, and tunnels to offset Israel’s conventional military superiority. Hezbollah also integrates political and social services to maintain support among the Lebanese Shia population. It aims to deter and resist Israeli actions, protect Lebanese sovereignty, and extend its influence regionally, often with support from Iran and Syria

181
Q

Results of Preparing for a Perceived Second Round after 1948

A

After the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, Israel anticipated a possible second round of conflict with its Arab neighbors and embarked on extensive military and economic preparations. This included building a strong, well-equipped military, developing advanced defense systems, and establishing compulsory military service. Israel also focused on state-building efforts, such as absorbing a large influx of Jewish immigrants, fostering economic growth, and strengthening infrastructure. These preparations contributed to Israel’s ability to achieve a decisive victory in the Six-Day War of 1967 and secure its position as a formidable military power in the region

182
Q

The Six Day War in Relation to the Global Cold War

A

The Six-Day War of 1967 between Israel and its Arab neighbors—Egypt, Jordan, and Syria—was deeply intertwined with the global Cold War context. The United States and the Soviet Union, the two superpowers, supported opposing sides: the U.S. backed Israel, while the Soviet Union supported the Arab states with military and political aid. The war intensified Cold War tensions in the Middle East, as both superpowers sought to expand their influence in the region. The rapid and decisive victory of Israel, which resulted in significant territorial gains, altered the geopolitical landscape and further embedded the Middle East in the global Cold War rivalry.

183
Q

Role of the US in the A-I Conflict

A

The United States has played a significant and multifaceted role in the Arab-Israeli conflict, acting as a key ally of Israel and a mediator in peace efforts. The U.S. has provided substantial military, economic, and diplomatic support to Israel while also attempting to broker peace agreements between Israel and its Arab neighbors. This involvement includes facilitating peace treaties, such as the Camp David Accords between Israel and Egypt in 1978, the Oslo Accords between Israel and the Palestinians in the 1990s, and the more recent Abraham Accords. The U.S. aims to promote stability in the region, protect its strategic interests, and support the security of Israel.

184
Q

1967-73 the Interwar Period

A

marked by continued tensions and sporadic conflicts between Israel and its Arab neighbors following the Six-Day War of 1967. This period saw the War of Attrition (1967-1970) between Israel and Egypt, with frequent border skirmishes and limited engagements. Efforts at peace negotiations were largely unsuccessful, and regional instability persisted. The period culminated in the Yom Kippur War of 1973, when Egypt and Syria launched a surprise attack on Israel on the Jewish holy day of Yom Kippur, leading to another major conflict.

185
Q

Sadat Interim Agreement initiative

A

refers to Egyptian President Anwar Sadat’s efforts in the early 1970s to achieve a temporary peace agreement with Israel. Following the War of Attrition and leading up to the Yom Kippur War, Sadat aimed to regain the Sinai Peninsula, which Egypt had lost to Israel in the 1967 Six-Day War. Sadat sought to engage in limited agreements that could pave the way for a broader peace settlement. Although initial attempts at negotiation were unsuccessful, these efforts eventually contributed to the 1978 Camp David Accords and the 1979 Egypt-Israel Peace Treaty.

186
Q

Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT)

A

Divides States into nuclear & non-nuclear states where one side is not allowed to develop nuclear weapons, while the other is allowed to build weapons for civilian purposes
Israel was considered a non-nuclear state because it had not tested its nuclear weapons

POL 136: History of the Arab-Israeli Conflict (1 decks)

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