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pol102 > Pol 102 midterm1 > Flashcards

Pol 102 midterm1 Flashcards

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1
Q

McCulloch v. Maryland

A

The Federal Government has a right to operate a national bank due to the enumerated power to tax and spend; reinforced federal supremacy over states. 联邦政府有权经营一家国家银行由于列举权力税收和支出;加强联邦霸权国家。

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2
Q

Griswold v. Connecticut (1965)

A

The Constitution’s Bill of Rights creates a “penumbra” ensuring a right to privacy. 宪法权利法案创建了一个“半影”确保隐私权。

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3
Q

Roe v. Wade (1973)

A

The right to privacy protects a woman’s right to an abortion until fetal viability. 隐私权保护妇女堕胎的权利,直到胎儿的生存能力。

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4
Q

Planned Parenthood v. Casey (1992)

A

States can regulate abortion so long as it doesn’t create an undue burden on a woman’s right to abortion. 州可以规范堕胎,只要它不会创建一个过度的负担一个女人堕胎的权利。

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5
Q

Lawrence v. Texas (2003)

A

Ruled same-sex couples enjoy a right to privacy, reversing a 1986 ruling that allowed states to enforce anti-sodomy laws.裁定同性伴侣享有隐私权,推翻了1986年的一项裁决,允许各州执行州法律。

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6
Q

Engel v. Vitale (1962)

A

School prayer is unconstitutional; violates Establishment Clause. 学校祷告是违宪。违反条款建立

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7
Q

Lemon v. Kurtzman (1971)

A 
Created “Lemon Test” which was a three-pronged approach determining what government could do regarding the Establishment clause. 
1.	Laws must have a secular purpose. 
2.	Laws cannot advance or inhibit religion. 
3.	Laws must not “excessively entangle” 
创建了“柠檬测试”，这是一个三管齐下的方法，确定政府在建立条款方面可以做些什么。
1.法律必须有一个世俗的目的。
2.法律不能推进或抑制宗教。
3.法律不能“过度纠缠”
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8
Q

Sherbert (1963)

A

Developed two-part test to determine if laws violated free exercise clause.
1. Government cannot impose a significant burden on an individual’s right to exercise their faith. UNLESS there’s a compelling interest.
开发了两部分测试来确定法律是否违反了自由行使条款。
1。政府不能对个人行使其信仰的权利施加重大的负担。除非有引人注目的兴趣。

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9
Q

Employment Division v. Smith (1990)

A

Overturned Sherbert test, replacing it with a simpler test: Does the law apply equally to EVERYONE?
推翻Sherbert测试，用一个更简单的测试代替它：法律是否同样适用于所有人？

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10
Q

Holt v. Hobbs (2015)

A

Sherbert test revived.

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11
Q

Schenck v. U.S. (1919)

A

Speech can be restricted if there’s a clear and present danger
如果存在明显的和目前的危险，言论可以被限制

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12
Q

Brandenburg v. Ohio (1969)

A

Speech can be restricted only if it incites imminent lawless action. 只有当它煽动了迫在眉睫的不法行为时，言论才会受到限制。

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13
Q

Texas v. Johnson (1989)

A

Government cannot prohibit expression just because it’s disagreeable.
政府不能因为不愉快而禁止表达。

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14
Q

Tinker (1969)

A

Students have a right to free speech, but it can be restricted if it materially and substantially interferes with the operation of the school.
学生有言论自由的权利，但如果它严重干扰学校的运作，可能会受到限制。

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15
Q

Miller v. California (1973)

A

i. Obscene speech can be limited if it meets all three​ criteria:
1. Community standards deem it obscene (appeals to prurient
interests)
2. Offensive sexual content
3. Lacks any value (scientific, artistic, political, artistic)
如果符合所有三个标准，淫秽言语就会受到限制：
1.社区标准认为它是淫秽的（呼吁慷慨的人
利益）
2.性攻击性内容
3.缺乏任何价值（科学，艺术，政治，艺术）

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16
Q

Mapp v. Ohio (1957)

A

Evidence obtained illegally cannot be used in court (exclusionary rule) 非法取得的证据在法庭上不能使用(证据排除法则)

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17
Q

Herring v. U.S. (2009)

A

Evidence obtained illegally CAN be used if investigators were acting in good faith. 可以使用非法获得的证据如果调查人员真诚。

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18
Q

Powell v. Alabama (1932)

A

Capital case defendants have a right to an attorney 死刑案被告律师的权利

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19
Q

Giden v. Wainwright (1963)

A

Poor defendants have a right to an attorney if facing felony charges. 如果面临重罪指控，可怜的被告有权获得律师的权利

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20
Q

Missouri v. Frye (2012)

A

Defendants must have attorneys inform them of plea bargains. 被告必须有律师告诉他们辩诉交易。

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21
Q

West Virginia Board of Ed. v. Barnette (1943)

A

Bill of Rights exists to defend civil rights and liberties without being subjected to political vendettas. 权利法案的存在是为了保护公民权利和自由不受政治仇杀。

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22
Q

McDonald v. Chicago (2010)

A

Incorporated right to bear arms to lower levels of govt. 将武器装备到较低水平的govt。

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23
Q

First Amendment

A

i. Freedom of ​R ​eligion
ii. Freedom of ​A ​ssembly
iii. Freedom of ​P ​ress
iv. Freedom of ​ P ​etition
v. Freedom of ​S ​peech

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24
Q

Establishment Clause:

A

Government cannot establish a religion (e.g. Church of
England, the Vatican, Iran, etc. - NOT ALLOWED)
政府不能建立一种宗教（例如教堂）
英格兰，梵蒂冈，伊朗等 - 不允许）

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25
Q

Free Exercise Clause:

A

Government cannot restrict free exercise of religion
(exceptions above: see SCOTUS cases)
政府不能限制自由行使宗教
（上述例外情况：请参阅SCOTUS案例）

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26
Q

Second Amendment

A

guns biubiu

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27
Q

Fourth Amendment: ​do you have a warrant?

A

Government cannot unlawfully search citizens. See lecture slides and/or
book for a more in-depth explanation of what is lawful and what is not.
政府不能非法搜查公民。 参见演讲幻灯片和/或
本书更深入地解释什么是合法的，哪些不合法。

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28
Q

Fifth Amendment: ​try me!

A

Defendants have the right to a grand jury before trial.被告有权在审判前获得大陪审团的权利。

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29
Q

Grand juries 大陪审团

A

decide which cases go to trial

决定哪些案件进入审判

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30
Q

Double jeopardy

A

(being tried for the SAME CRIME) is not
allowed（正在为相同的犯罪尝试）不是
允许

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31
Q

Miranda Rights

A

You have the right to remain silent

32
Q

Eighth Amendment: ​don’t be cruel

A

Cruel and unusual punishment is forbidden.

残忍和不寻常的惩罚是被禁止的。

33
Q

Dual Federalism双重联邦制

A

​federal and state governments have clearly
differentiated responsibilities联邦和州政府有明确的规定
有区别的责任

34
Q

Cooperative Federalism合作联邦制

A

federal and state governments work together
and their responsibilities often intersect.联邦和州政府一起工作
他们的责任经常相交。

35
Q

Grants-in-Aid授予&援助

A

the federal law backed by federal funding由联邦资助支持的联邦法律

36
Q

Unfunded Mandate没有资金的授权

A

​federal law requiring states to take action, but the
states must provide all or most funding.联邦法律要求各国采取行动，但是
各州必须提供全部或大部分资金。

37
Q

Preemption抢占

A

​invalidation of state law if federal law conflicts with it如果联邦法律与其发生冲突，州法律无效

38
Q

Devolution相传

A

​transfer of responsibility from higher levels of government to
lower levels (e.g. national -> state)
将上级政府的责任转移到
较低的水平（例如国家 - >州）

39
Q

Federalism联邦制

A

the division of power between multiple units of government
from top to bottom; national -> state -> local
多个政府单位之间的权力分配
从上到下; 国家 - >州 - >地方

40
Q

In the U.S., 4 parts of the
Constitution define federalism:在美国，4部分的
宪法界定联邦制：

A
  1. Granted​/enumerated powers ​(Article 1, Sec. 8 of Constitution)
  2. Inherent powers​: powers necessary to carry-out granted powers.
  3. Reserved powers​: powers reserved to the U.S. states
  4. Concurrent powers: ​powers shared by both the national and state
    governments
    1.授予/列举的权力（章程第1条第8款）
    2.固有权力：实施授予权力所必需的权力。
    3.预留权力：保留给美国各州的权力
    4.并行权力：国家和国家共享的权力
    政府
41
Q

Designing a Bill of Rights (CH3)设计权利法案

A

Anti-Federalists​ opposed a strong government
ii. Federalists ​opposed a weak government
iii. Both compromised to create a Bill of Rights which ensures all citizens
equal rights under law (addressed above)
反联邦党人反对强大的政府
II。 联邦党人反对弱政府
III。 双方都制定了保障所有公民的权利法案
法律规定的平等权利（见上文）

42
Q

Articles of the Constitution

A

宪法条款

43
Q

第1条设立大会

Article 1 establishes Congress

A
  1. Sec. 2: House of Reps. elected every 2 years (population)
  2. Sec. 3: Senate elected every 6 years (2 per state)
  3. Sec. 8: Enumerated powers - what Congress CAN do (super
    important in general)
  4. Sec. 9: What Congress CANNOT do
    。 2：每两年选举代表院（人口）
    。 3：参议院每6年选举一次（每州2人）
    。 8：列举的权力 - 国会可以做什么（超级
    一般来说很重要）
    。 9：国会不能做什么
44
Q

Article 2 defines the Presidency

第2条确定了总统职位

A
  1. Natural born citizens only
  2. 4-year terms (term limits eventually added via amendment after
    FDR)

1.只有天生的公民
2. 4年期限（期限最终通过修改后添加
FDR）

45
Q

Article 3 defines the SCOTUS

A

is the highest federal court of the United States. Established pursuant to Article Three of the United States Constitution in 1789, it has ultimate (and largely discretionary) appellate jurisdiction over all federal courts and state court cases involving issues of federal law plus original jurisdiction over a small range of cases.
是美国最高的联邦法院。 根据美国宪法第三条于1789年设立，它对所有联邦法院和州法院案件具有最终（并且基本上是裁量权）的上诉管辖权，涉及联邦法律问题以及对少量案件的原始管辖权。

46
Q

Fourteenth Amendment: ​due process!

A

i. Used to incorporate amendments at the state level (amendments originally
only applied to the federal government until SCOTUS clarified). This was
done over time (each amendment done separately) to prevent them from
all being overturned at once in the future.
ii. Prevents deprivation of “life, liberty, or property” without due process.

47
Q

A fundamental debate of ​liberty ​versus ​security

A

in the American political arena for
decades, if not centuries. Recently, the 2001 terrorist attacks have sparked recent debateregarding the balancing of civil liberties and civil rights, and security against terrorism.
Understand this debate broadly

48
Q

Who gets what, when, and how?

A

Politics determines the distribution of scarce resources in any society
政治决定了稀缺资源在任何社会中的分布

49
Q

Collective decision-making

A

Politics happens whenever groups have to decide
Decisions can be made by many processes including voting, fiat, and lottery
政治发生时，团体必须决定
决定可以通过许多流程来完成，包括投票，法定和彩票

50
Q

Bureaucratic theory

A

bureaucrats ​- government institutions

官僚 - 政府机构

51
Q

Social movement theory ​

A

​activists ​ - protesters persuade

52
Q

The Four “I”s govern countries

A

i. Ideas
ii. Institutions
iii. Interests
iv. Individuals

53
Q

Societal Sectors

A

Private, Civil, Government, Public-Private ​ ​Partnerships

私营，民事，政府，公私合作

54
Q

Two Types of Liberty and FDR’s Four Freedoms:

A

i. Negative
1. Government does not constrain you. Ex:
a. Freedom ​of ​ Speech
b. Freedom ​of ​ Worship

ii. Positive
1. Government guarantees you basic necessities to pursue your goals.
a. Freedom ​from ​ Want
b. Freedom ​from ​Fear

55
Q

Government-types Based On ​Self-Rule

A

i. Democracy ​: citizens rule directly and make decisions on their own behalf,
collectively. Methods:
1. Referendums: citizens ​vote on ​ laws
2. Initiatives: citizens ​propose ​ laws
3. Sunshine Laws: transparency

ii. Republic ​: citizens elect representatives who vote on their behalf

56
Q

American Political Spectrum:

A

i. Conservatives ​: limited government, traditional moralism, strong national
defense - “right-wing”

ii. Liberals ​: government interventionism (social welfare), hands-off on
personal values - “left-wing”
一世。 保守派：有限的政府，传统的道德主义，强大的国家
防御 - “右翼”

II。 自由主义者：政府干预主义（社会福利），放手
个人价值观 - “左派”

57
Q

Conflicting Values:

A

i. Individualism ​: leave citizens alone to their own devices; pull yourself up
by your own bootstraps.

ii. Social Democracy: ​ citizens should look out for each other and
government is a tool to do just that.
个人主义：将公民独自留在自己的设备上; 把自己拉起来
通过你自己的bootstraps。

社会民主：公民应该相互尊重和相互尊重
政府是做这件事的工具。

58
Q

Social Equality:

A

law does not create social differences (e.g. no caste
system)
法律不会产生社会差异（例如不存在种姓制度）

59
Q

Political Equality ​:

A

law affords everyone the same political rights and
responsibilities
法律赋予每个人相同的政治权利责任

60
Q

Economic Equality:

A

​law ensures everyone is equally wealthy (with minor
variation)
法律确保每个人都同样富有（有微小的变化）

61
Q

Equal Opportunity ​:

A

everyone is given the same chances to succeed

法律确保每个人都同样机会（有微小的变化）

62
Q

Equal Outcome ​:

A

everyone is given the same end-reward regardless of
opportunity or performance
无论机会或表现如何，每个人都获得相同的最终奖励

63
Q

Constitutional Interpretation

A

i. Originalism ​: interpreting as originally written OR intended (varies)
ii. Pragmatism: ​interpreting to fit contemporary norms

64
Q

British America, Salutary Neglect:

A

leaving the colonies relatively untouched, allowing
them to develop their own systems of government which eventually
culminated in the revolution.
让殖民地相对不变，允许
他们最终发展自己的政府体系
最终在革命中。

65
Q

British America, Townshend Act:

A

Taxation without representation.

66
Q

Types of Representation

A

i. Delegate: ​representatives embody the ideals of their voters

ii. Trustee: ​ representatives do what is in the best interest of voters, even if it
conflicts with their ideals

67
Q

Articles of Confederation:

A

made the U.S. a loose conglomerate of states;
deemed too weak to function and replaced with the Constitution.
使美国成为一个松散的国家集团;
被认为太弱而无法运作，取而代之的是“宪法”。

68
Q

Shay’s Rebellion

A

displayed weaknesses in this system.

69
Q

Virginia Plan:

A

two houses based on state population

70
Q

New Jersey Plan:

A

one house with one vote per state

71
Q

Connecticut Compromise:

A

two houses, one based on population and the

other based on two votes per state

72
Q

Electoral College:

A

electors from each state elect the President, not the

people directly.

73
Q

Three-Fifths Compromise:

A

​slaves would count as ⅗ of a person for

population tallies

74
Q

Article 4 defines

A

relationship between states

75
Q

Article 5 defines

A 
how amendments pass
1. ⅔ of House AND Senate
2. ¾ of State Legislatures
修正案如何通过
1.2/3众议院和参议院
2.3/4州立法机关
76
Q

Article 6 defines

A

the supremacy of the Feds over States and the
Constitution above all
联邦政府对国家和地区的霸权
首先是宪法

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