Poisonous Plants Flashcards
Chokecheery
Toxic Principle: Cyanide - inhibits mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase
C/S: bright red blood (cherry coloured) + bitter almond smell in rumen
Tx: sodium nitrite or sodium thiosulfate
Johnson Grass (Sorghum)
Toxic Principle: Cyanide - inhibits mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase
C/S: bright red blood (cherry coloured) + bitter almond smell in rumen
Tx: sodium nitrite or sodium thiosulfate
Pigweed
Rumenants
Toxic Princple: Nitrate –> nitrite –> methemoglobinemia
C/S: dark brown/chocolate coloured blood; dyspnoea, ataxia, tachycardia
Tx: 1% methylene blue
Nightshade (Solanum)
Ruminants
Toxic Princple: Nitrate –> nitrite –> methemoglobinemia
C/S: dark brown/chocolate coloured blood; dyspnoea, ataxia, tachycardia
Tx: 1% methylene blue
ALSO
Glycoalkaloid + neurotoxin (aglycone) –> anorexia, nasuea, abdominal pain, V+, D+ –> apathy, paresis/paralysis, unconciousness
Sorghum
Rumenants
Toxic Princple: Nitrate –> nitrite –> methemoglobinemia
C/S: dark brown/chocolate coloured blood; dyspnoea, ataxia, tachycardia
Tx: 1% methylene blue
Oleander
Toxic Principle: Cardiac glycoside - oleandrin + neriine
C/S: salivation, nausea, vomiting, hematochezia; bradycardia + hypotension; AV block
Tx: Induce emesis; activated charcoal; supportive care; atropine (bradycardia); isoproterenol/procainamide/quinidine (AV block)
Foxglove
Toxic Principle: Cardiac glycoside - increase contractility and decrease HR
C/S: salivation, nausea, vomiting, hematochezia; bradycardia + hypotension; AV block
Tx: Induce emesis; activated charcoal; supportive care; atropine (bradycardia); isoproterenol/procainamide/quinidine (AV block)
Lily-of-the-valley
Toxic Principle: Cardiac glycoside - increase contractility + decrease HR
C/S: salivation, nausea, vomiting, hematochezia; bradycardia + hypotension; AV block
Tx: Induce emesis; activated charcoal; supportive care; atropine (bradycardia); isoproterenol/procainamide/quinidine (AV block)
Yew
Toxic Principle: Taxine Alkaloid A + B - inhibit cardiac depolarization
C/S: salivation, nausea, vomiting, hematochezia; bradycardia + hypotension; AV block
Tx: Induce emesis; activated charcoal; supportive care; atropine (bradycardia); isoproterenol/procainamide/quinidine (AV block)
Rhododendron
Toxic Principle: Andromedotoxins - bind membrane sodium channels
C/S: salivation, nausea, vomiting, hematochezia; bradycardia + hypotension; AV block
Tx: Induce emesis; activated charcoal; supportive care; atropine (bradycardia); isoproterenol/procainamide/quinidine (AV block)
St. John’s Wort
Primary photosensitization - metabolized agent –> photodynamic
C/S - skin only; erytheme, oedema, peeling; pruritus; hyperesthesia
Rape <– thats a fucked up name for a plant
Secondary Photosensitization - impaired hepatic function –> reduce excretion of plant pigments
C/S: LIVER + SKIN; erytheme, odema, peeling; pruritus; hyperesthesia
Blue-Green Algae
Secondary Photosensitization - Hepatic failure –> reduce excretion of plant pigments –> skin lesions
C/S: LIVER + SKIN; erythema, oedema, peeling; pruritus; hyperesthesia
Groundsel
Secondary Photosensitization - Hepatic failure –> reduce excretion of plant pigments –> skin lesions
C/S: LIVER + SKIN; erythema, oedema, peeling; pruritus; hyperesthesia
Lupine
Mainly effects sheep
Teratogenic in cattle: 40-70 gestation = Crooked Calf syndrome)
Toxic principle: quinolizidine alkaloid - nicotinic effects
C/S: salivation, incoordination, head-pressing, muscle tremors (seizures), dyspnoea
Tx: none
Poison Hemlock
Toxic Principle: coniine + pyridin alkaloid
C/S (RAPID): salivation, V+, D+; tremors, weakness, convulsion; death (resp failure)
Tx: None
Larkspur
Cattle MOST susceptible
Toxic Principle: polycylic diterpene alkaloids - neuromuscular blocker; cholinergic and nicotinic antagonist
C/S: bloat + excitability; tremors, stiffness, paresis, seizures; arrhythmias; death (resp paralysis)
Tx: physostigmine
Bracken Fern
Toxix Principle: Thiaminase –> polioencephalomalacia; ptaquiloside –> carinogenicity + bone marrow suppression (ruminants)
C/S: Incoordination; depression; tremors/ataxia; blindness (retinal detachment)
C/S (ruminants): bone marrow destruction –> haemorrhage + anaemia; increase pyruvic acid; tumours in bladder
Tx: injectable thiamine; NO tx for ptaquilosides***
Black Walnut
Horses - found in bedding
CS: Acute laminitis –> necrosis of dorsal laminae; distal limb oedema
Tx: remove source + decontaminate GI w/ mineral oil or activated charcoal
Castor bean
Toxic Principle: Ricin - toxic glycoprotein
C/S (lag period): anorexia, V+, D+; weakness; muscle spasm; sweating + ataxia (horses); EXTENSIVE ORGAN OEDEMA AND DMG
Tx: none
Cottonseed
Toxic Principle: Gossypol - Cardiotoxic
C/S: sudden death (heart failure); anorexia, red urine, pot-bellied appearance
Tx: None
Dumbcane
C/S (days to weeks): irritation of MM; ptyalism; oedematous welling of the tongue/lips; difficulty swallowing or breathing
Locoweed
C/S: ataxia, hypermetria; clicking of dewclaws; concious proprioceptive deficits; emaciation; emphysema (sheep), abortion/teratogenesis
Waterhemlock
ONE OF THE MOST TOXIC PLANTS
Toxic Principle: cicutoxin - horses and cattle
C/S: acute violent tetanic seizures (strychnine posioning); rapid progression (salivation –> muscle twitching –> seizures –> coma –> death)
Yellow Star Thistle
Horses
Toxic Principle: unknown
Nigropallidal encephalomalacia (chewing disease)
C/S: inability to eat or drink (dystonia of muscles of lips and tongue); continuous chewing motion with empty mouth; chewing and dropping food*
Perilla Mint
Toxic Principle: Perilla keton - pulmonary oedema + pleural effusion
C/S: respiratory distresss (exhalation); nasal discharge
Tx: ineffect once severe pulmonary odema occurs
Western False Hellebore
Sheep
Toxic Principle: Cyclopamine - teratogenic
C/S: Teratogenic effect: Day 14 - monkey faced lambs; day 17-18 - hind limb paralysis; day 12-30 - craniofacial deformities; day 30-36 - shortened legs
White snakeroot
Horses and cattle
Toxic Principle: ketones, trematone
C/S: weakness/depression
Hores - myocardial necrosis –> CHF
Cattle - ataixa, depression, muscle tremors, acetone breath**
Red Maple
Horse
Toxic principle: RBC lysis
C/S: depression, icterus, anaemia, haemoglobinemia, haemoglobinuria
Ponderosa Pine
Abotions - weak contractions, excessive discharge, small calf, retained fetal membranes
