POH Test 2024 Flashcards
What is the code of ethics?
The code of ethics is essentially “not harm”. It is a guideline for all psychological experiments
Why is ethics necessary?
Ensures respect, rights, dignity, and propriety.
What are the five principles of ethics?
- Informed participants
- Voluntary participation
- Confidentiality
- Right to withdraw
- Accurate reporting
Describe the ethics code of informed participants
Participants must be informed of what is to happen in the experiment. Deception to a degree is ok.
Describe the ethics code of voluntary participation
Participants must be willing & able to participate in the study
Describe the ethics code of confidentiality
Names, addresses, identities etc are not disclosed by the heads of study. They cannot appear in the published study unless they consent.
Describe the ethics code of withdrawal
Participants have the right to withdraw from the experiment at any moment
Describe the ethics code of accurate reporting
Subjects have the right to have conclusions and research presented to them
What is the bio-psycho-social model?
The approach used to frame an understanding of behaviour through biological, psychological, and social analysis/factors.
What is analysed biologically in the BPS model?
Effect of medications on participant, immune response, fight-or-flight, hormones, brain development
What is analysed psychologically in the BPS model?
Thinking, memory, morals, emotions
What is analysed social in the BPS model?
Family background, culture, relationships, childhood
What is meant by a person’s psychology?
Internal thoughts, interpretation of situations, mindest
What is meant by behaviour?
Behaviour is someone’s outward reaction, physical response, and visible actions, influenced by thoughts & feelings. It is observable and mostly measurable.
Define psychology (the study)
The scientific and systematic study of thoughts, feelings, and behaviours.
What is overt behaviour?
Outwardly behaviour, such as facial emotions or action
What is covert behaviour?
Internal responses & feelings
What things must be considered when making an experiment?
Ethics, time, money, resources
What is bias?
The inclination to do something based on experiences morals and values
What is quantitative data?
Quantitative data refers to data measured numerically. You manipulate the independent variable (like giving one group white choc and one group dark choc) Not exclusively number answers: it just has to be on a scale, categorical, or multiple choice. EG: Likert scale uses words, but only has 5 options.
What are the advantages of quantitative data?
It is easy to graph and draw conclusions from
What are the disadvantages of quantitative data?
It is very vague and it is only numerical. Does not give much detail
What is qualitative data?
The qualitative measure is data that is given in words, responses, and opinions. The independent variable isn’t manipulated. It has open-ended questions and is based mostly on OPINION, with few prompts. Refers to feelings, ideas, etc.
What are the advantages of qualitative data?
Provides more detailed answers and accounts for multiple aspects
What are the disadvantages of qualitative data?
More difficult to analyse and graph.
What is objective data?
“Seeing is believing”, information gathered by touching, seeing, smelling, hearing, or feeling eg reading a thermometer’s temperature
What is subjective data?
“Opinion data”, information based on emotions, perspectives, opinions of a person
What is motivation?
The direction towards a behaviour, enthusiasm to go ahead with something. It is the driving force behind most actions
What is extrinsic motivation?
Motivation from external rewards (eg. money). Often from incentive.
What is intrinsic motivation?
Motivation from within, like wanting to solve a puzzle
What is family motivation?
Where an individual is motivated to do something for the benefit of their family eg. work
Define positive psychology
The study of strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive
What are the three central concerns of positive psychology?
Contentment with the past
Present happiness
Hope for the future
Define the term ‘flourishing’
The focus is on strength and character development, building strength & resilence. It is the goal of positive psychology.
What is PERMA?
5 elements that work to increase flourishing
Name the PERMA elements
Positive emotion
engagement
relationships
meaning
accomplishment
Biological aspects of PERMA
Positive emotion (dopamine), motivation, seratonins, endorphins, and physical health
Psychological aspects of PERMA
Meaning, accomplishment, & personality
Social aspects of PERMA
Relationships, engagement, connections
What factors of life are associated with flourishing?
Having higher education and income, being marries, overall health, and age. Flourishing typically declines as you age but middle-aged people present the lowest flourishing.
What are the three life routes to happiness?
- Pleasant life
- Good life
- Meaningful life
What is the pleasant life?
Having as many pleasures as possible & having the skills to amplify them
What is the good life?
Knowing strengths and re-crafting work, love, and social life for flow
What is the meaningful life?
Using strengths in service for a larger cause
What are some character strengths?
- Hope
- Curiosity
- Wisdom
- Leadership
- Courage
- Capacity to love
- Curiosity
What are the 6 virtues?
- Wisdom
- Courage
- Humanity
- Justice
- Temperance
- Transcendence
Give an example of a strengths ‘dark side’
- Optimism in excess can turn you naïve and make you unprepared for situations that go wrong.
- Honesty in excess can be confronting to some people and makes you unfiltered.
What are some key points of ‘engagement’?
- When we are engaged, we experience a state of flow
- Zen-like state
- Time ‘stands still’
- Most likely to occur when there is an optimal balance between skill and challenge
What are the 8 characteristics of flow?
- A merging of action and awareness (feeling like you are “inside” the activity)
- Complete concentration on the task at hand
- Lack of worry about losing control, hence maintaining control
- Loss of self-consciousness
- Time no longer passes ordinarily
- Autotelic nature of the experience (done for its own sake rather than as a means to another goal)
- Flow accompanies a challenging activity that requires skill
- Activity with clear goals and immediate feedback
Give an example of an engaging action
eg: Dancing provides flow because it can be voluntary whilst being challenging, requiring skill
When is ‘engagement’ experienced?
- Experienced in all types of voluntary activities, work, and play.
Give an example of a disengaging activity
EG: Hanging out with friends or watching television fails to produce flow as it is a voluntary activity that produces no challenge & requires little skill.
