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Psychology > POH Test 2024 > Flashcards

POH Test 2024 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the code of ethics?

A

The code of ethics is essentially “not harm”. It is a guideline for all psychological experiments

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2
Q

Why is ethics necessary?

A

Ensures respect, rights, dignity, and propriety.

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3
Q

What are the five principles of ethics?

A
  1. Informed participants
  2. Voluntary participation
  3. Confidentiality
  4. Right to withdraw
  5. Accurate reporting
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4
Q

Describe the ethics code of informed participants

A

Participants must be informed of what is to happen in the experiment. Deception to a degree is ok.

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5
Q

Describe the ethics code of voluntary participation

A

Participants must be willing & able to participate in the study

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6
Q

Describe the ethics code of confidentiality

A

Names, addresses, identities etc are not disclosed by the heads of study. They cannot appear in the published study unless they consent.

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7
Q

Describe the ethics code of withdrawal

A

Participants have the right to withdraw from the experiment at any moment

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8
Q

Describe the ethics code of accurate reporting

A

Subjects have the right to have conclusions and research presented to them

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9
Q

What is the bio-psycho-social model?

A

The approach used to frame an understanding of behaviour through biological, psychological, and social analysis/factors.

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10
Q

What is analysed biologically in the BPS model?

A

Effect of medications on participant, immune response, fight-or-flight, hormones, brain development

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11
Q

What is analysed psychologically in the BPS model?

A

Thinking, memory, morals, emotions

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12
Q

What is analysed social in the BPS model?

A

Family background, culture, relationships, childhood

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13
Q

What is meant by a person’s psychology?

A

Internal thoughts, interpretation of situations, mindest

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14
Q

What is meant by behaviour?

A

Behaviour is someone’s outward reaction, physical response, and visible actions, influenced by thoughts & feelings. It is observable and mostly measurable.

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15
Q

Define psychology (the study)

A

The scientific and systematic study of thoughts, feelings, and behaviours.

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16
Q

What is overt behaviour?

A

Outwardly behaviour, such as facial emotions or action

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17
Q

What is covert behaviour?

A

Internal responses & feelings

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18
Q

What things must be considered when making an experiment?

A

Ethics, time, money, resources

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19
Q

What is bias?

A

The inclination to do something based on experiences morals and values

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20
Q

What is quantitative data?

A

Quantitative data refers to data measured numerically. You manipulate the independent variable (like giving one group white choc and one group dark choc) Not exclusively number answers: it just has to be on a scale, categorical, or multiple choice. EG: Likert scale uses words, but only has 5 options.

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21
Q

What are the advantages of quantitative data?

A

It is easy to graph and draw conclusions from

22
Q

What are the disadvantages of quantitative data?

A

It is very vague and it is only numerical. Does not give much detail

23
Q

What is qualitative data?

A

The qualitative measure is data that is given in words, responses, and opinions. The independent variable isn’t manipulated. It has open-ended questions and is based mostly on OPINION, with few prompts. Refers to feelings, ideas, etc.

24
Q

What are the advantages of qualitative data?

A

Provides more detailed answers and accounts for multiple aspects

25
Q

What are the disadvantages of qualitative data?

A

More difficult to analyse and graph.

26
Q

What is objective data?

A

“Seeing is believing”, information gathered by touching, seeing, smelling, hearing, or feeling eg reading a thermometer’s temperature

27
Q

What is subjective data?

A

“Opinion data”, information based on emotions, perspectives, opinions of a person

28
Q

What is motivation?

A

The direction towards a behaviour, enthusiasm to go ahead with something. It is the driving force behind most actions

29
Q

What is extrinsic motivation?

A

Motivation from external rewards (eg. money). Often from incentive.

30
Q

What is intrinsic motivation?

A

Motivation from within, like wanting to solve a puzzle

31
Q

What is family motivation?

A

Where an individual is motivated to do something for the benefit of their family eg. work

32
Q

Define positive psychology

A

The study of strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive

33
Q

What are the three central concerns of positive psychology?

A

Contentment with the past
Present happiness
Hope for the future

34
Q

Define the term ‘flourishing’

A

The focus is on strength and character development, building strength & resilence. It is the goal of positive psychology.

35
Q

What is PERMA?

A

5 elements that work to increase flourishing

36
Q

Name the PERMA elements

A

Positive emotion
engagement
relationships
meaning
accomplishment

37
Q

Biological aspects of PERMA

A

Positive emotion (dopamine), motivation, seratonins, endorphins, and physical health

38
Q

Psychological aspects of PERMA

A

Meaning, accomplishment, & personality

39
Q

Social aspects of PERMA

A

Relationships, engagement, connections

40
Q

What factors of life are associated with flourishing?

A

Having higher education and income, being marries, overall health, and age. Flourishing typically declines as you age but middle-aged people present the lowest flourishing.

41
Q

What are the three life routes to happiness?

A
  1. Pleasant life
  2. Good life
  3. Meaningful life
42
Q

What is the pleasant life?

A

Having as many pleasures as possible & having the skills to amplify them

43
Q

What is the good life?

A

Knowing strengths and re-crafting work, love, and social life for flow

44
Q

What is the meaningful life?

A

Using strengths in service for a larger cause

45
Q

What are some character strengths?

A
  • Hope
  • Curiosity
  • Wisdom
  • Leadership
  • Courage
  • Capacity to love
  • Curiosity
46
Q

What are the 6 virtues?

A
  • Wisdom
  • Courage
  • Humanity
  • Justice
  • Temperance
  • Transcendence
47
Q

Give an example of a strengths ‘dark side’

A
  1. Optimism in excess can turn you naïve and make you unprepared for situations that go wrong.
  2. Honesty in excess can be confronting to some people and makes you unfiltered.
48
Q

What are some key points of ‘engagement’?

A
  • When we are engaged, we experience a state of flow
  • Zen-like state
  • Time ‘stands still’
  • Most likely to occur when there is an optimal balance between skill and challenge
49
Q

What are the 8 characteristics of flow?

A
  1. A merging of action and awareness (feeling like you are “inside” the activity)
  2. Complete concentration on the task at hand
  3. Lack of worry about losing control, hence maintaining control
  4. Loss of self-consciousness
  5. Time no longer passes ordinarily
  6. Autotelic nature of the experience (done for its own sake rather than as a means to another goal)
  7. Flow accompanies a challenging activity that requires skill
  8. Activity with clear goals and immediate feedback
50
Q

Give an example of an engaging action

A

eg: Dancing provides flow because it can be voluntary whilst being challenging, requiring skill

51
Q

When is ‘engagement’ experienced?

A
  • Experienced in all types of voluntary activities, work, and play.
52
Q

Give an example of a disengaging activity

A

EG: Hanging out with friends or watching television fails to produce flow as it is a voluntary activity that produces no challenge & requires little skill.

Psychology (1 decks)

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