POH Test 2024

Question 1

What is the code of ethics?

Answer 1

The code of ethics is essentially “not harm”. It is a guideline for all psychological experiments

Question 2

Why is ethics necessary?

Answer 2

Ensures respect, rights, dignity, and propriety.

Question 3

What are the five principles of ethics?

Answer 3

1. Informed participants
2. Voluntary participation
3. Confidentiality
4. Right to withdraw
5. Accurate reporting

Question 4

Describe the ethics code of informed participants

Answer 4

Participants must be informed of what is to happen in the experiment. Deception to a degree is ok.

Question 5

Describe the ethics code of voluntary participation

Answer 5

Participants must be willing & able to participate in the study

Question 6

Describe the ethics code of confidentiality

Answer 6

Names, addresses, identities etc are not disclosed by the heads of study. They cannot appear in the published study unless they consent.

Question 7

Describe the ethics code of withdrawal

Answer 7

Participants have the right to withdraw from the experiment at any moment

Question 8

Describe the ethics code of accurate reporting

Answer 8

Subjects have the right to have conclusions and research presented to them

Question 9

What is the bio-psycho-social model?

Answer 9

The approach used to frame an understanding of behaviour through biological, psychological, and social analysis/factors.

Question 10

What is analysed biologically in the BPS model?

Answer 10

Effect of medications on participant, immune response, fight-or-flight, hormones, brain development

Question 11

What is analysed psychologically in the BPS model?

Answer 11

Thinking, memory, morals, emotions

Question 12

What is analysed social in the BPS model?

Answer 12

Family background, culture, relationships, childhood

Question 13

What is meant by a person’s psychology?

Answer 13

Internal thoughts, interpretation of situations, mindest

Question 14

What is meant by behaviour?

Answer 14

Behaviour is someone’s outward reaction, physical response, and visible actions, influenced by thoughts & feelings. It is observable and mostly measurable.

Question 15

Define psychology (the study)

Answer 15

The scientific and systematic study of thoughts, feelings, and behaviours.

Question 16

What is overt behaviour?

Answer 16

Outwardly behaviour, such as facial emotions or action

Question 17

What is covert behaviour?

Answer 17

Internal responses & feelings

Question 18

What things must be considered when making an experiment?

Answer 18

Ethics, time, money, resources

Question 19

What is bias?

Answer 19

The inclination to do something based on experiences morals and values

Question 20

What is quantitative data?

Answer 20

Quantitative data refers to data measured numerically. You manipulate the independent variable (like giving one group white choc and one group dark choc) Not exclusively number answers: it just has to be on a scale, categorical, or multiple choice. EG: Likert scale uses words, but only has 5 options.

Question 21

What are the advantages of quantitative data?

Answer 21

It is easy to graph and draw conclusions from

Question 22

What are the disadvantages of quantitative data?

Answer 22

It is very vague and it is only numerical. Does not give much detail

Question 23

What is qualitative data?

Answer 23

The qualitative measure is data that is given in words, responses, and opinions. The independent variable isn’t manipulated. It has open-ended questions and is based mostly on OPINION, with few prompts. Refers to feelings, ideas, etc.

Question 24

What are the advantages of qualitative data?

Answer 24

Provides more detailed answers and accounts for multiple aspects

Question 25

What are the disadvantages of qualitative data?

Answer 25

More difficult to analyse and graph.

Question 26

What is objective data?

Answer 26

"Seeing is believing", information gathered by touching, seeing, smelling, hearing, or feeling eg reading a thermometer's temperature

Question 27

What is subjective data?

Answer 27

"Opinion data", information based on emotions, perspectives, opinions of a person

Question 28

What is motivation?

Answer 28

The direction towards a behaviour, enthusiasm to go ahead with something. It is the driving force behind most actions

Question 29

What is extrinsic motivation?

Answer 29

Motivation from external rewards (eg. money). Often from incentive.

Question 30

What is intrinsic motivation?

Answer 30

Motivation from within, like wanting to solve a puzzle

Question 31

What is family motivation?

Answer 31

Where an individual is motivated to do something for the benefit of their family eg. work

Question 32

Define positive psychology

Answer 32

The study of strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive

Question 33

What are the three central concerns of positive psychology?

Answer 33

Contentment with the past Present happiness Hope for the future

Question 34

Define the term 'flourishing'

Answer 34

The focus is on strength and character development, building strength & resilence. It is the goal of positive psychology.

Question 35

What is PERMA?

Answer 35

5 elements that work to increase flourishing

Question 36

Name the PERMA elements

Answer 36

Positive emotion engagement relationships meaning accomplishment

Question 37

Biological aspects of PERMA

Answer 37

Positive emotion (dopamine), motivation, seratonins, endorphins, and physical health

Question 38

Psychological aspects of PERMA

Answer 38

Meaning, accomplishment, & personality

Question 39

Social aspects of PERMA

Answer 39

Relationships, engagement, connections

Question 40

What factors of life are associated with flourishing?

Answer 40

Having higher education and income, being marries, overall health, and age. Flourishing typically declines as you age but middle-aged people present the lowest flourishing.

Question 41

What are the three life routes to happiness?

Answer 41

1. Pleasant life 2. Good life 3. Meaningful life

Question 42

What is the pleasant life?

Answer 42

Having as many pleasures as possible & having the skills to amplify them

Question 43

What is the good life?

Answer 43

Knowing strengths and re-crafting work, love, and social life for flow

Question 44

What is the meaningful life?

Answer 44

Using strengths in service for a larger cause

Question 45

What are some character strengths?

Answer 45

* Hope * Curiosity * Wisdom * Leadership * Courage * Capacity to love * Curiosity

Question 46

What are the 6 virtues?

Answer 46

* Wisdom * Courage * Humanity * Justice * Temperance * Transcendence

Question 47

Give an example of a strengths 'dark side'

Answer 47

1. Optimism in excess can turn you naïve and make you unprepared for situations that go wrong. 2. Honesty in excess can be confronting to some people and makes you unfiltered.

Question 48

What are some key points of 'engagement'?

Answer 48

* When we are engaged, we experience a state of flow * Zen-like state * Time ‘stands still’ * Most likely to occur when there is an optimal balance between skill and challenge

Question 49

What are the 8 characteristics of flow?

Answer 49

1. A merging of action and awareness (feeling like you are “inside” the activity) 2. Complete concentration on the task at hand 3. Lack of worry about losing control, hence maintaining control 4. Loss of self-consciousness 5. Time no longer passes ordinarily 6. Autotelic nature of the experience (done for its own sake rather than as a means to another goal) 7. Flow accompanies a challenging activity that requires skill 8. Activity with clear goals and immediate feedback

Question 50

Give an example of an engaging action

Answer 50

eg: Dancing provides flow because it can be voluntary whilst being challenging, requiring skill

Question 51

When is 'engagement' experienced?

Answer 51

* Experienced in all types of voluntary activities, work, and play.

Question 52

Give an example of a disengaging activity

Answer 52

EG: Hanging out with friends or watching television fails to produce flow as it is a voluntary activity that produces no challenge & requires little skill.