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Medicine - Year 1 - Term 1 > PoH: Foundations of Immunology > Flashcards

PoH: Foundations of Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

Define immune system

A

The body’s ability to resist or eliminate pathogens (potentially harmful foreign material)

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2
Q

Define immunity

A

Protection from infectious diseases

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3
Q

Define pathogen

A

Any microorganism that causes harm

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4
Q

What 4 cells are part of innate cellular immunity?

A

Phagocytes
Eosinophils
Mast cells
Basophils

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5
Q

What 2 features of innate immunity are humoural?

A

Complement and cytokines

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6
Q

Define innate immunity

A

Ability for our IS to take action as soon as a pathogen will infect our body

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7
Q

What are the 3 features of innate immunity?

A

Doesn’t differentiate between types of pathogens

Fast and immediate

No memory

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8
Q

Define acquired immunity

A

Stimulated by exposure to a microbe

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9
Q

Name the 3 features of acquired immunity

A

Distinguishes between different pathogens based on antigens

Slow - can take a few days to develop

Immunological memory

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10
Q

What cells are involved in adaptive immunity?

A

B lymphocytes
T lymphocytes

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11
Q

Name the 3 types of T-cell

A

Memory T - remember antigens presented by MHC
Helper T - stimulate B cells to make antibodies
Cytotoxic T - kills pathogens

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12
Q

Where are T cells made and trained?

A

Made in bone marrow
Trained in thymus

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13
Q

Name the 4 types of Helper T cell and what they target

A

TH1 - targets macrophils
TH2 - targets eosinophils
TH17 - targets neutrophils
TFH - targets B cells

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14
Q

What do Natural Killer cells do?

A

Destroy infected/diseased cells

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15
Q

What do B cells do and where are they trained?

A

Involved in production of antibodies

Have B cell receptors

Made/trained in bone marrow

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16
Q

What 2 types of B cell are there?

A

Memory B cell

Plasma B cells

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17
Q

Vaccines lead to what type of cell formation?

A

Memory B cells

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18
Q

What do Plasma B cells do?

A

Produce antibodies and immunoglobin

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19
Q

Name the 4 cells from myeloid lineage

A

Platelets
Erythrocytes
Phagocytes
Basophils

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20
Q

Name the 3 types of phagocyte

A

Neutrophil

Mast

Monocyte

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21
Q

What 3 things to neutrophils release?

A

Peroxidases
Alkines
Acid phosphates

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22
Q

What do mast cells release?

A

Histamine

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23
Q

What pathology are mast cells associated with?

A

Allergy

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24
Q

What percent of WBCs are monocytes?

A

5%

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25
Q

Name the 2 types of monocyte

A

Macrophage

Dendritic

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26
Q

Define complement

A

Not cells. They’re plasma proteins that can be activated directly against pathogens, leading to the complement cascade

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27
Q

What 6 external barriers do we have to stop pathogens invading?

A

Skin
Mucus
Saliva/tears - contains lysozomes
Urine
Sweat - high NaCl, lysozomes
Stomach - pepsin and gastric acid

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28
Q

Name the 6 steps of phagocytosis

A
  1. Attachment of phagocyte to pathogen
  2. Ingestion of pathogen
  3. Formation of phagosome
  4. Phagosome fuses with lysosome
  5. Destruction of pathogen and formation of residual body
  6. Elimination of waste materials
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29
Q

What 3 things are eosinophils involved in?

A

Parasitic infection

Allergy

Asthma

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30
Q

What type of cell are mast cells, what process are they involved in and what immunoglobulin do they have?

A

Eosinophil

Type 1 hypersensitivity (allergy)

IgE

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31
Q

Define cytokine

A

Small proteins secreted by immune and non-immune cells if there’s a stimulus

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32
Q

What 3 things do cytokines do?

A

Communicate to each other

Bind to specific receptors producing signalling molecules

Innate and acquired immunity - differentiation, activation, chemotaxis, enhancing cytotoxicity

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33
Q

What 3 things does the lymphatic system do?

A

Drain tissue

Absorb/transport fatty acids and fats

Immunity

34
Q

In what 3 ways does the lymphatic system play a role in immunity?

A

Recognition of danger

Production of specific weapons

Transport of weapons to attack site

35
Q

What are the two types of primary lymphoid organ?

A

Bone marrow - where T/B cells are made and where B cells receive training

Thymus - for T cell training

36
Q

What are the 4 types of secondary lymphoid organs

A

Lymph nodes

Tonsils and adenoids

Spleen

Peyer’s patches

37
Q

How many grams is the spleen and where is it?

A

150g

Left upper quadrant

38
Q

What types of pulp does the spleen have and what do they do?

A

Red pulp - filters blood by removing damaged/aged blood cells and microbes

White pulp - mainly lymphocytes

39
Q

What does the thymus’s medulla and cortex contain?

A

Medulla - immature T cells and macrophages

Cortex - mature T cells

40
Q

What is a Peyer’s patch?

A

Mucosal immune system

41
Q

Where are T and B cells produced?

A

Bone marrow

42
Q

Where are T and B cells trained, and what do they express?

A

T cells - TRC in thymus

B cells - BRC in bone marrow

43
Q

Define the function of lymphoid organs

A

Lymphoid organs filter and trap invading pathogens and present them to immune competent cells

44
Q

What do Cytotoxic T cells do? What receptors do they have? When do they recognise antigens?

A

Kills pathogens

Has CD8+ receptors

Only recognises antigens whne bound to MHC I

45
Q

What do Helper T cells do? What receptors do they have? When do they recognise antigens?

A

Stimulate B cells to produce antibody. They can’t kill but activate and direct other immune cells

Has CD4+ receptors

Only recognises antigens bound to MHC II

46
Q

What do TH1 target?

A

Macrophages via macrophage activation

They defend against pathogens, and play a role in autoimmunity and chronic inflammation.

47
Q

What do TH2 target?

A

TH2 targets eosinophils via eosinophil/mast cell activation.

They defend against helminths (worms) and play a role in allergy.

48
Q

Th1. Name:
- Principle target cell
- Major immune reaction
- Host defence
- Role in disease

A

Macrophages
Macrophage activation
Intracellular pathogens
Autoimmunity, chronic inflammation

49
Q

Th2. Name:
- Principle target cell
- Major immune reaction
- Host defence
- Role in disease

A

Eosinophils
Eosinophil/mast cell activation
Helminths
Allergy

50
Q

Th17. Name:
- Principle target cell
- Major immune reaction
- Host defence
- Role in disease

A

Neutrophils
Neutrophil recruitment and activation
Extracellular bacteria and fungi
Autoimmunity, inflammation

51
Q

Tfh. Name:
- Principle target cell
- Major immune reaction
- Host defence
- Role in disease

A

B cells
Antibody production
Extracellular pathogen

52
Q

Name the 3 steps in T-cell interactions

A
  1. Cytotoxic T cell binds to infected cell
  2. Perforin makes holes in infected cell’s membrane and enzyme enters
  3. Infected cell is destroyed
53
Q

What chemical do Cytotoxic T cells use to make holes in the infected cells membrane?

A

Perforin

54
Q

Where is MHC I found, what does it present and trigger?

A

Virtually all nucleated cells

Presents ‘virally induced’ peptides to CD8+ T cells

Triggers cytotoxic response

55
Q

Where is MHC II found, what does it present and trigger?

A

Found on Professional Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs, i.e. macrophages)

Presents exogenously produced Ag to CD4+ T cells

56
Q

What MHC can macrophages express?

A

MHC I and MHC II

57
Q

What two pathways do macrophages use?

A

Endogenous pathway - virus proteins

Exogenous pathway - pathogen swallowed, becomes phagosome, and MHCII with the antigen is presented to helper T cells

58
Q

Describe the endogenous pathway of antigen presentation

A

Viral proteins
Proteasome
TAP into ER
MHC I
Antigen presentation to CTLs

59
Q

Describe the exogenous pathway of antigen presenetation

A

Extracellular pathogen
Phagosome
MHC II
Antigen presentation to helper T cells?

60
Q

Can pathogens from the endogenous pathway cross over to the exogenous pathway?

A

No.

But pathogens from the exogenous pathway can head to the ER for antigen presentation. This is cross-presentation

61
Q

What do B cells do?

A

They have antigen receptors on their surface

Produce antibodies

62
Q

What are antibodies?

A

Proteins produced as a response against antigens

63
Q

What 2 parts do antibodies have?

A

Antigen binding region - interact with antigen

Fc region

64
Q

Name the 4 types of antibody

A

igM
IgA
IgE
IgD
IgG

65
Q

Which antigen is produced at the first sign of infection? What’s its affinity like?

A

IgM

Low affinity
High voracity

66
Q

What does IgA protect?

A

Mucosal surfaces

67
Q

What does IgE relate to?

A

Allergies and parasites

68
Q

What does IgD do?

A

Non-functional

69
Q

What type of antibody is most common?

A

IgG

70
Q

What does IgG bind with

A

Bacteria, fungi and infection

71
Q

What 3 things do antibodies do?

A

Neutralisation – prevent attachment and entry. This is mostly IgA, in GI tract and respiratory tract

Opsonisation – antibodies recognising antigen expressed on the pathogen and making it more attractive to macrophages

Complement activation – mostly through the classical pathway

72
Q

How many proteins/factors make up the complement system?

A

Over 30

73
Q

Where does activation of the complement system occur?

A

On the surface of target cells

Activation happens in a cascade-like format

74
Q

What is Membrane Attack Complex?

A

A pore on the surface of an infected cell.

The result of proteins undertaking auto cleavage and using an enzyme to change the shape of subunits to become more active

75
Q

What are the three main pathways of the complement system?

A

Classical pathway
Alternative pathway
Lectin pathway

76
Q

What 3 functions do complement have?

A

Lysis of infected cell

Chemo-attractants

Phagocytosis via opsonisation

77
Q

Define active immunity

A

Transfer of antibodies or lymphocytes specific to the microbe, e.g. recovered from COVID

78
Q

Define passive immunity

A

individuals who have not yet encountered a particular antigen are immune/protected, e.g. not had COVID but injected with antibodies

79
Q

Describe active immunity, its mechanism, its time, whether there are B memory cells and how long it lasts

A

Recovered from illness
Own IS involved in producing antibodies
Takes weeks to develop
Present
Permanent/long term

80
Q

Describe passive immunity, its mechanism, its time, whether there are B memory cells and how long it lasts

A

Not infected but injected with antibodies of recovered person
Transfer of antibodies/cells from others
Immediate
Absent
Temporary/short term

81
Q

Define susceptible or naïve immunity

A

individuals who have encountered a pathogen and are protected from subsequent encounters via antibodies. They are immune/protected.

Medicine - Year 1 - Term 1 (10 decks)

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