Poetry

Question 1

What are some characteristics of a sonnet?

Answer 1

14 lines, about love.
In the Elizabethan era, the sonnet was the form of choice for
lyric poets, particularly lyric poets seeking to engage with
traditional themes of love and romance. Sonnets were also
written during the height of classical English verse, by Dryden
and Pope, among others, and written again during the heyday
of English Romanticism, when Wordsworth, Shelley, and
particularly John Keats created wonderful sonnets. Today, the
sonnet remains the most influential and important verse form
in the history of English poetry.

Question 2

What are the characteristics of a Petrarchan sonnet (Renaissance Period)?

Answer 2

2 stanzas – octave and sestet. Rhyme: abba, abba, cdecde or
cdcdcd
cd
• Sonnets written to Laura – the love is unrequited and
the lady unavailable (she is married)
• Written in the troubadour tradition, where the poet
adores from afar the beautiful lady utterly beyond
reach, worshipping her as an earthly representation of
God’s divine grace
• Petrarch’s imagery is often hyberbolic

Question 3

What are the characteristics of an English sonnet?

Answer 3

3 quatrains and a sestet. Rhyme: abab cdcd efef gg

Shakespeare used this style

the turn or volta in the final couplet – often the mood of
the poem shifts, and the poet expresses a revelation or
epiphany

Question 4

What are the characteristics of a ballad?

Answer 4

A popular narrative song passed down orally. In the English
tradition, it usually follows a form of rhymed (abcb) quatrains
alternating four-stress and three-stress lines. Folk (or
traditional) ballads are anonymous and recount tragic, comic,
or heroic stories with emphasis on a central dramatic event.

Question 5

What are the characteristics of a blazon?

Answer 5

Used by the followers of Petrarchanism to describe verses
which dwelt upon and detailed the various parts of a woman’s
body; a sort of catalogue of her physical attributes

Question 6

What are the characteristics of carpe diem poetry?

Answer 6

“seize the day.” Poetry concerned with the shortness of life
and the need to act in or enjoy the present. Example: Herrick’s
“To the Virgins to Make Much of Time”

Question 7

What are the characteristics of a dramatic monologue?

Answer 7

A poem in which an imagined speaker addresses a silent

listener, usually not the reader.

Question 8

What are the characteristics of an elergy?

Answer 8

In traditional English poetry, it is often a melancholy poem that
laments its subject’s death but ends in consolation.

Question 9

What are the characteristics of lyric poems?

Answer 9

The term refers to a short poem in which the poet, the poet’s
persona, or another speaker expresses personal feelings.
A lyric poem generally contains certain specific attributes, such
as imagination, subjectivity and emotion. The lyric is generally
expressed through a first person narrative, yet the “I” in the
poem does not have to refer to the poet.

Question 10

What are the characteristics of free verse?

Answer 10

It does not use consistent meter patterns, rhyme, or any other
musical pattern. Many poems composed in free verse thus
tend to follow the rhythm of natural speech

Question 11

What are the characteristics of didactic poems?

Answer 11

Poetry that instructs, either in terms of morals or by providing
knowledge of philosophy, religion, arts, science, or skills.
Rudyard Kipling’s ‘If’

Question 12

What are the characteristics of an epistle?

Answer 12

A poem in the form of a letter

Question 13

What are the characteristics of free verse?

Answer 13

Nonmetrical, nonrhyming lines that closely follow the natural
rhythms of speech. A regular pattern of sound or rhythm may
emerge in free-verse lines, but the poet does not adhere to a
metrical plan in their composition. T. S. Elliot – The Wasteland

Question 14

What are the characteristics of a lament?

Answer 14

Any poem expressing deep grief, usually at the death of a

loved one or some other loss.

Question 15

What are the characteristics of an ode?

Answer 15

A formal, often ceremonious lyric poem that addresses and

often celebrates a person, place, thing, or idea.

Question 16

What are the characteristics of pastoral?

Answer 16

Verse in the tradition of Theocritus (3 BCE), who wrote
idealized accounts of shepherds and their loves living simple,
virtuous lives in Arcadia, a mountainous region of Greece.
Poets writing in English drew on the pastoral tradition by
retreating from the trappings of modernity to the imagined
virtues and romance of rural life, as in Edmund Spenser’s The
Shepheardes Calendar (Renaissance era)
The pastoral poem faded after the European Industrial
Revolution of the 18th century, but its themes persist in
poems that romanticize rural life or reappraise the natural
world.

Question 17

CONTEXT SHEETS:

-late 16th and 17th century historical facts:

Answer 17

• Religious society
• Reformation – creation of the Church of England
• Elizabeth – The Virgin Queen.
• Time of unrest, turbulence and uncertainty – civil war
  (1642 – 2651) then restoration of the monarchy.
• Time of exploration and Imperialism

Question 18

-16th and 17th century ideas about relationships:

Answer 18

• Love was something subject to rules and societal expectations.
• Love was not the choice of the individual
• Marriage as a business arrangement
• Chastity and virtue were valued
• Women were expected to be obedient, virtuous and pure
  (relevant until 20th century)

Question 19

-16th and 17th ideas about family relationships:

Answer 19

Ideas about family relationships

• A focus on religious instruction to discipline children
• Infant mortality was high (up to 19th century)
• Children necessary for the transmission of property – a mother who failed to reproduce would be seen as a failure.
• Noble women less close to children due to use of wet nurse

Question 20

-16th and 17th poetry movements and characteristics:

Answer 20

Key poetry movements / styles / influences

• Elizabeth’s court (16th century) sympathetic to poetry - resulted in poetry aimed at the courtly world
• Increase in satirical writing about love – that it can be corrupted and corrupting
• Poetry influenced by Petrarch (14th century). Sonnets were about unrequited love, an aloof and distant woman, often using hyperbolic comparisons.
• Influence of courtly love – emphasis on nobility and chivalry, with the male on a quest to win the woman. The love is often unrequited. Lovesickness features, causing physical suffering.
• Carpe diem poetry – focus on pleasures of the moment

Question 21

-18th century key historical facts:

Answer 21

Key historical facts

• The Enlightenment – ‘The Age of Reason’. Scientific thought was growing. Romanticism was in part a reaction to this rational process.
• Scientific thought also brought questions about religion
• French Revolution – 1789
• American declaration of Independence – 1776
• Industrialisation begins – around 1760

Question 22

-18th century ideas about love and relationships:

Answer 22

Ideas about love / relationships
- Courtship highly controlled
- Land and influence determine marriage
- Romantic novels encouraged people to consider romance
in their own lives
- Religious influence

Question 23

-18th century poetry movements and characteristics:

Answer 23

Key poetry movements / styles / influences
- Cult of sensibility – fashionable to feel deeply.
- Female poets were flourishing in 1790s. Prior to this, disapproval of female
‘forwardness’
- Gothic Literature (1764 – 1820) – seeking to inspire emotions of terror.
- Romantic movement (Approx. 1780 – 1830) – passion for nature, emphasis
on emotion, creativity, imagination

Question 24

-18th century ideas about family:

Answer 24

• John Locke’s ‘tabula rasa’ (blank slate) theory (1690) – that a child’s mind would be influenced by environment, therefore parents needed to help them.

Question 25

-19th century historical facts:

Answer 25

Key historical facts
- Industrial revolution – 1760 – 1820-40
- Working class masses became increasingly impoverished
- Scientific discoveries such as Darwin; religion was
questioned
- Victorian era (1830 - 1901)
- Divisions between classes were widening
- First wave feminism (late 19th / early 20th C). About legal
rights

Question 26

-19th century ideas about love and relationships:

Answer 26

Ideas about love / relationships
- Strict social codes made falling in love with an ‘unsuitable’ person problematic
- Marriage was an important means of maintaining a family’s inheritance status
- Marriage seen as binding for life
- Victorian era – idea of separate spheres. The domestic
sphere for women, and the public sphere for men.
- Strict standards of modesty and respectability
- Some loss of faith due to scientific thought

Question 27

-19th century key poetry movements and characteristics:

Answer 27

Key poetry movements / styles / influences
- Lyric poetry emerged as principle poetic form
- Gothic Literature (1764 – 1820) – seeking to inspire emotions of terror.
- Romantic movement (Approx. 1780 – 1830) – passion for nature, emphasis
on emotion, creativity, imagination
- Fin de siècle – end of 19th century. Pessimism, cynicism, ennui.

Question 28

-19th century ideas about family:

Answer 28

Ideas about family relationships

• Industrialisation led to a dramatic increase in such conditions as poverty, child labour, desertions, prostitution, illegitimacy, and the abuse of women and children
• Move away from the rural and village- based family life
• Education Act in 1870 made it available to all

Question 29

-20th century key historical facts:

Answer 29

Key historical facts
- World Wars
- Second wave feminism (60s – 80s). Workplace and
reproductive rights
- Third wave feminism (1990s – present). Idea that the fight
is not over, and questions traditional notions of gender,
identity and sexuality.
- Consumerism
- Psychoanalysis (early 20th century) – the influence of the
unconscious, repressed desires shape thought, trauma and
childhood experience affect later life
- Breakdown of the British Empire by 1960s
- 1960s – Divorce is made easier, abortion is legalised, and
free contraception available.

Question 30

-20th century ideas about love and relationships:

Answer 30

Ideas about love / relationships

• Liberalisation of attitudes regarding love: (same sex relationships, divorce, contraception)
• Cynical attitudes – more short-term view of relationships
• Sex within relationships – a topic previously off-limits - begins to be discussed, and considered as important within a marriage.

Question 31

-20th century poetry movements and characteristics:

Answer 31

Key poetry movements / styles / influences

• ‘Age of Anxiety’ – despite prosperity, the shadow of war causes disillusionment.
• A time of spiritual alienation
• Writing becomes much more experimental, going against tradition.
• Modernism (1901 – 1945) – experimentation, focus on the inner self
• Postmodernism – alienation, fragmentation, reader has to reconstruct

Question 32

-20th century ideas about family:

Answer 32

Ideas about family relationships:
- Contraception changes the ability to decide whether to have a child – it ceases to be an expectation, although that idea still remains to an extent.
- Working mothers
- In parent-child relationships, there
is less focus on discipline and more
on individual freedom
- Fragmentation of conventional
family structure

Question 33

• poetry movements and time periods:

- what ideas where there in Renaissance poetry?

Answer 33

• Thomas Wyatt was responsible for many innovations – along with Henry Howard, he introduced the sonnet from Italy in the early 16th century and changed the rhyme scheme of Petrarch’s sonnets. This marks the beginning of the English Sonnet
• A lot of poetry and plays were written in iambs
• With the consolidation of Elizabeth’s power, a genuine court sympathetic to
poetry and the arts in general emerged. This encouraged the emergence of a
poetry aimed at, and often set in, an idealised version of the courtly world
• It remained common for poets of the period to write on themes from classical
mythology

Question 34

-What is metaphysical poetry?

Answer 34

Metaphysical Poetry- 17th century:
• Characterised by an impatience with conventional forms of expression and the adoption of startling innovations
• Using unexpected / unusual metaphors (conceits) to compare unlikely things, such as the flea as a symbol of marriage
• Tendencies to talk about deep philosophical issues: the passage of time, the difficulty of being sure of any one thing, the uneasy relationship of human beings to each other and to God.
• Carpe Diem poetry - These poems are preoccupied with the passage of time and the unpredictability of death.

Question 35

-who were the cavalier poets?

Answer 35

Cavalier poets. 17th century. Richard Lovelace (The Scrutiny):
• Cavalier poets were a group of poets who wrote poetry which portrayed life in the court of Charles I
• Cavalier poets: ‘They are ‘cavalier’ in the sense, not only of being Royalists, but in the sense that they distrust the over-earnest, the too intense. They accept the ideal of the Renaissance Gentleman who is at once lover, soldier, wit, man of affairs, musician, and poet, but abandon the notion of his being also a pattern of Christian chivalry.’
• Their poems were written chiefly for entertainment at court and were focussed around the idea of Cape Diem. Their poems focussed on the pleasures of the moment

Question 36

-Restoration era?

Answer 36

Restoration Era poetry. 1660 to around 1688. John Wilmott (Absent from thee):
• The Restoration of the monarchy in 1660, and the accession of Charles II, signaled an explosion in debauchery and high living, especially at the court
• John Milton (1608–74), one of the greatest English poets, wrote at this time of religious flux and political upheaval. He is generally seen as the last major poet of the English Renaissance, though his major epic poems were written in the Restoration period, including. Paradise Lost
• Satirical verse became popular

Question 37

-18th century?

Answer 37

The 18th Century. William Blake (The Garden of Love)
• The 18th century is sometimes called the Augustan age, and contemporary admiration for the classical world extended to the poetry of the time.
• A number of women poets of note emerged during the period of the Restoration, including. Nevertheless, print publication by women poets was still relatively scarce when compared to that of men. Disapproval of feminine “forwardness”, kept many out of print in the early part of the period. By the 1790s, women’s poetry was flourishing.
• Towards the end of the 18th century, poetry began to move away from the strict Augustan ideals and a new emphasis on sentiment and the feelings of the poet.

Question 38

-Romanticism?

Answer 38

The Romantic movement. Late 18th and early 19th Century. Byron (She Walks in Beauty), Keats (La Belle Dame).
• An emphasis on emotional and imaginative spontaneity
• The importance of self-expression and individual feeling.
• An almost religious response to nature. They were concerned that Nature
should not just be seen scientifically but as a living force.
• A capacity for wonder and consequently a reverence for the freshness and
innocence of the vision of childhood.
• Emphasis on the imagination as a positive and creative faculty
• An interest in and concern for the outcasts of society: tramps, beggars,
obsessive characters and the poor and disregarded are especially evident in
Romantic poetry
• An idea of the poet as a visionary figure, with an important role to play as
prophet (in both political and religious terms).
• Additionally, the Romantic movement marked a shift in the use of language. Attempting to express the “language of the common man”, Wordsworth and his fellow Romantic poets focused on employing poetic language for a wider audience

Question 39

-19th century:

Answer 39

19th Century / The Victorian era (1830 – 1901). Key poets: Robert Browning, Alfred Lord Tennyson, Christina Rossetti (Remember)
• Lyric poetry emerged as the principle poetic form
• In the first half of the 19th Century, poets generally kept with the more
abstract and escapist style of the past but by the mid-century, they tended to
move towards more realistic, down-to-Earth poetry.
• Themes were much more realistic, identifying emotions such as isolation,
despair and general pessimism. They often presented a more realistic and less
idealized view of nature.
• Even though many Victorian poets struggled with a loss of faith, there was still
a sense of high morality that they held close and revered. Victorian poets were enthralled with classical and medieval literature. They loved the heroic stories and courtly attitudes. Through their writing, they tried to encourage readers toward more noble actions and attitudes.
• Victorian poetry is characterized by both religious scepticism, inherited from the Romantic Period, but contrarily also devotional poetry that proclaims a more mystical faith.
• They used sensory elements to describe abstract ideas such as the struggles between religion and science.
• One of the most significant accomplishments of the Victorian Era is the appearance of female poets such as Christina Rossetti and Elizabeth Barrett Browning.
• Fin de siècle – end of the 19th century. This was widely thought to be a period of degeneration, but at the same time a period of hope for a new beginning. The typical ideas are a feeling of ennui (a feeling of listlessness and dissatisfaction arising from a lack of occupation or excitement), cynicism, pessimism, and “…a widespread belief that civilization leads to decadence.”

Question 40

-20th century?

Answer 40

20th Century poetry
• Major characteristics of modern poetry are: open poetic form, free verse, discontinuous narrative, intertextuality, borrowing from other cultures and languages enjambment, unconventional use of metaphors, fragmentation, use of colloquial idiom in place of poetic diction and biting irony. In the 20th century many experiments have been made on the technique and diction of poetry. The American poet Cummings refused to start every line of his poetry without a capital letter.

• As in modern painting, we find a lot of experimentation and innovation in modern poetry. Most of the poets have broken away from tradition completely, as they feel that poetry should change with the changing times.
• Modern poetry exercises a great freedom in the choice of themes. Gone are days when it was believed that the job of the poet was only to create “beauty.”
• The searching realism of modern poets often brings them face to face with repulsive facts which would have scandalised the Victorians. But our poets handle them most daringly. Prostitution, war, slum-dwellers, and other such “unpoetic” themes find adequate treatment in modern poetry.
• The two wars and impending danger of a third (and perhaps the last) have cast a gloomy shadow on much of the poetry of the twentieth century. Well has the modern age been called “the age of anxiety.” In spite of our material prosperity we are full of tensions and anxieties which are almost an inseparable feature of modern living. Add to them the disappearance of religious faith. A note of disillusionment and gloom is, then, natural in our poetry.
• Complexity and psychological profundity are some other qualities of the more representative poetry of today.

Question 41

-modernism?

Answer 41

Modernism (1901 - 1945)
• Modernist poetry characteristics:
➢ Questioning what came before and a willingness to experiment with new
forms
➢ Reduce the human experience to fragments
➢ They tried to see the world from as many points of view as possible at the
same time.
➢ Focus on machines or other inanimate objects rather than nature or humans
• The Imagists (a strand of Modernism) wanted to refine the language of poetry
in order to make it a vehicle not for pastoral sentiment or imperialistic rhetoric but for the exact description and evocation of mood. To this end they experimented with free or irregular verse and made the image their principal instrument.

Question 42

When were the Tudors?

Answer 42

1485–1603

Question 43

When were the Stuart’s?

Answer 43

1603–1714

Question 44

When were the Georgians?

Answer 44

1714–1837

Question 45

When were the victorians?

Answer 45

1837–1901

Question 46

20th century?

Answer 46

1901-2000

Question 47

What is synaesthesia?

Answer 47

-an attempt to fuse different senses by describing one in terms of another eg: sound of her voice was sweet

Question 48

What is paradox?

Answer 48

-phrase which appears contradictory but contains a truth worth considering eg: “in order to preserve peace, we must prepare for war”

Question 49

What is a heroic couplet?

Answer 49

-a pair of rhymed lines in iambic pentameter

Question 50

What is modernism (extra sheet):

Answer 50

• Modernist literature was a predominantly English genre of fiction writing, popular from roughly the 1910s into the 1960s. “Modernist literature is characterized chiefly by a rejection of 19th century traditions and of their consensus between author and reader” (Baldick 159).
• Specifically, Modernists deliberately tried to break away from the conventions of the Victorian era.This separation from 19th century literary and artistic principles is a major part of a broader goal.
• Modernists wished to distinguish themselves from virtually the entire history of art and literature. Gone was the Romantic period that focused on nature and being. Modernist fiction spoke of the inner self and consciousness. Instead of progress, the Modernist writer saw a decline of
  civilization. Instead of new technology, the Modernist writer saw cold machinery and increased capitalism, which alienated the individual and led to loneliness. To achieve the emotions described above, most Modernist fiction was cast in first person.

-Whereas earlier, most literature had a clear beginning, middle, and end (or introduction, conflict, and resolution), the Modernist story was often more of a stream of consciousness. Irony, satire, and comparisons were often employed to point out society’s ills.

Question 51

What are the key features of modernism?

Answer 51

1) Destruction
2) Fragmentation
3) cycle
4) Loss and exile
5) Narrative authority
6) social evils

Question 52

What was destruction? 💣

Answer 52

During the First World War, the world witnessed the chaos and destruction of which modern man was capable. The modernist American literature produced during the time reflects such
themes of destruction and chaos. But chaos and destruction are embraced, as they signal a collapse of Western civilization’s classical traditions. Literary modernists celebrated the collapse
of conventional forms. Modernist novels destroy conventions by reversing traditional norms, such as gender and racial roles, notable in F. Scott Fitzgerald’s “The Great Gatsby,” for example. They also destroy conventional forms of language by deliberately breaking rules of syntax and structure Eg: first-person narrative method,
interior monologue.

Question 53

What is fragmentation?

Answer 53

Related to the theme of destruction is the theme of fragmentation. Fragmentation in modernist literature is thematic, as well as formal. Plot, characters, theme, images, and narrative form
itself are broken eg: form consisting of disjointed and nonlinear narratives. Modernist literature embraces fragmentation as a literary form, since it reinforces the fragmentation of reality and contradicts
Hegelian notions of totality and wholeness.

Question 54

What is cycle? ♻️

Answer 54

Modernist literature is concerned with representing modernity, which, by its very definition, supersedes itself. Modernity must, in order to emerge, annihilate the past. Problematically, modernity must annihilate itself the very moment it is actualized, as the moment it emerges, it becomes a part of the past. Modernist literature represents the paradox of modernity through themes of cycle and rejuvenation. The speaker must reconstruct meaning by reassembling the pieces of history. Importantly, there is rebirth and rejuvenation in ruin, and modernist literature celebrates the endless cycle of destruction, as it ever gives rise to new forms and creations.

Question 55

What is loss and exile? 🌅

Answer 55

Modernist literature is also marked by themes of loss and exile. Modernism rejected conventional truths and figures of authority, and modernists moved away from religion. In modernist literature, man is assured that his own sense of morality trumps. But individualism
results in feelings of isolation and loss. Themes of loss, isolation and exile from society may reflect a nihilistic outlook of the world because they have become so disenfranchised from the human community.

Question 56

What is a nihilistic outlook?

Answer 56

rejecting all religious and moral principles in the belief that life is meaningless.

Question 57

What is narrative authority? 🧑‍✈️

Answer 57

Another element of modernist literature is the prevalent use of personal pronouns. Authority becomes a matter of perspective. There is no longer an anonymous, omniscient third-person
narrator, as there is no universal truth, according to the modernists. In fact, many modernist poems (“The Waste Land”, for instance) feature multiple speakers. The conflicting perspectives of various narrators and speakers reflect the multiplicities of truth and the diversities of reality that modernism celebrates.

Question 58

Lastly, what are social evils? 😈

Answer 58

Modernist novels did not treat lightly topics about social woes, war and poverty.May depicts families plagued by economic hardship and strife, contradicting idyllic depictions of American life represented elsewhere in literature. Modernist novels also reflect a frank awareness of societal ills and of man’s capacity for cruelty, especially with regard to racial and class differences. 👹

Question 59

What are the separate spheres of the Victorian period?

Answer 59

-During the reign of Queen Victoria, a woman’s place was in the home, as domesticity and motherhood were considered by society at large to be a sufficient emotional fulfilment for females. These constructs kept women far away from the public sphere in most ways, but during the 19th century charitable missions did begin to extend the female role of service, and Victorian feminism emerged as a potent political force.

-The transformation of Britain into an industrial nation had profound consequences for the ways in which women were to be idealised in Victorian times. New kinds of work and new kinds of urban living prompted a change in the ways in which appropriate male and female roles were perceived. In particular, the notion of separate spheres - woman in the private sphere of the home and hearth, man in the public sphere of business, politics and sociability - came to influence the choices and experiences of all women, at home, at work, in the
streets.

Question 60

What did Queen Victoria represent?

Answer 60

-The Victorian era (1837-1901) is characterised as the domestic age which is epitomised by Queen Victoria, who came to represent a kind of femininity which was centred on the 
family, motherhood and respectability. Accompanied by her beloved husband Albert, and surrounded by her many children in the sumptuous but homely surroundings of Balmoral Castle, Victoria became an icon of late 19th century middle-class femininity and domesticity.  
Indeed, Victoria came to be seen as the very model of marital stability and domestic virtue. 

-Her marriage to Albert represented the ideal of marital harmony. She was described as ‘the mother of the nation,’ and she came to embody the idea of home as a cosy, domestic space. When Albert died in 1861 she retreated to her home and family in preference to public political engagements.

-Although Queen Victoria epitomised the ‘perfect’ family and wedded bliss, marrying for love was an ideal rather than a reality for people living during her reign. Due to the Industrial Revolution it became even more important to unify ‘suitable’ families through marriage in
order to protect business interests, inheritance and status.

-Therefore, many young men and women had no say in whom they would marry, and ladies, in particular, were governed by a strict set of moral codes and rules for behaviour. For example, a single woman was not allowed to travel in a closed carriage with a man unless he
was a relative or address a single man without introduction by a third party.

Question 61

Why then did romantic novels become popular?

Answer 61

Reading about love consequently became a popular past-time for many Victorians to escape from the restrictions placed upon them in real life.

Question 62

What is semantic rhyme?

Answer 62

-words that rhyme that either have the same meaning or opposite meanings eg: death and breath

Question 63

What is mosaic rhyme?

Answer 63

-rhymes with more than one word eg: ‘tanned hands’ and ‘band stand’

Question 64

What is internal/ medial/ leonine rhyme?

Answer 64

-middle with end work eg: “he’s the cat that we greet as he walks down the street”

Question 65

General tips:

Answer 65

• more complex analysis
• discuss individual texts a little less to allow for more thorough comparison
• try do a comparison beginning, middle and end when linking back
• use terms ‘more’ and ‘less’ and connectives when comparing
• state general messages and cumulative affect- how progressed from middle to end
• plan points- go in which paragraph do don’t run out
• make sure quote in its context
• integrate language and structural analysis together and be specific where evidence came eg: stanza 3
• offer alternative interpretations eg: “however, it could also be interpreted as …”