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English > Poetry > Flashcards

Poetry Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the goals of poetry?

A

explore / confront / rationalise / intelectualise feelings

convey emotion directly or indirectly

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2
Q

What are the three types of poetry?

A

lyric

narrative

dramatic

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3
Q

What is lyric poetry?

A

originally sung / chanted

highly personal

subjective & melodic reflections - ideas, people or
places

Ode - longer lyric for serious occasion
Elegy - for someone’s death

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4
Q

What is narrative poetry?

A

tell stories

epic = longest of narrative poems

ballad = highly rhythmic narrative poem

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5
Q

What are dramatic poems?

A

invented speaker / persona who speaks in dramatic monologue (normally a sililoquy in a play)

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6
Q

What must be kept in mind when considering poems in translation?

A

that the diction of the translator may govern the result o the poem

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7
Q

What are the differences between speaker and persona?

A

persona - “I” pronoun
effect : personal, immediate, engaging

speaker - “he” “she” “they” (similar to 3rd person)
effect : less personal, less intimate

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8
Q

What are key factors that must be considered when reading a poem?

A

Time & Place

be aware of allusions

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9
Q

What is diction?

A

refers to the specific vocabulary used by a writer to express their point of view

AKA word choice

consider CONNOTATIONS - implied meanings
effect : add emotion = impact / intensity

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10
Q

What is syntax?

A

the way words & phrases are arranged to form phrases / clauses / sentences

syntax choice = possible rhythmic patterns /metric / rhyme changes

effect: changes the sound of words & their suggested meaning

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11
Q

What is inversion?

A

reversing accepted syntactic patterns e.g. subject, verb & object

effect : emphasis / stress on a word

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12
Q

What is figurative language / figures of speech?

A

attempt to define something in terms of comparison to something else which is more familiar

effect: convey meaning & emotion + access senses

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13
Q

What are metaphors?

A

comparison of two essentially unlike things expressed DIRECTLY

NO COMPARATIVE WORDS

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14
Q

What are similes?

A

comparison of two essentially unlike things expressed INDIRECTLY

“like” & “as”

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15
Q

What is personification?

A

abstraction defined with human qualities

comparison of inanimate to animate

effect : abstract now concrete

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16
Q

How can sound be affected?

A

onomatopoeia

assonance

consonance

alliteration

effect : stress words, intensify / break rhythms

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17
Q

What is onomatopoeia?

A

word sounds like what it describes

e.g. splat , bubble , gurgle , murmur

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18
Q

What is assonance?

A

repeated vowel sounds within a line or several lines

effect : adds rhythm

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19
Q

What is consonance?

A

repetition of a consonant sound within a line

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20
Q

What is alliteration?

A

repetition of a beginning consonant sound in a series of 2 or more words

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21
Q

What are possible poem structures?

A

narrative

discursive

descriptive

reflective / meditative

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22
Q

When is a descriptive framework used?

A

to create a clear portrayal

rely on visual detail

23
Q

When is a discursive framework used?

A

to present an argument

needs to be convincing

dramatisize events that will argue a point more subtly

24
Q

When is a narrative framework used?

A

when events are in chronological order

25
Q

When is a reflective / meditative framework used?

A

not much structure

26
Q

What is a rhyme scheme?

A

is the pattern of rhyme established

based on the sounds at the end of each line

MUST DESCRIBE THE EFFECT THE RHYME SCHEME HAS & HOW IT CONTRIBUTES TO MEANING

27
Q

What is metre?

A

mean to manipulate sound = added meaning & emotion

purposeful arrangement of stressed & unstressed syllables

effect : emphasis, tone, meaning, rhythm is created

28
Q

What is scansion?

A

process of scanning poetry to determine the pattern of rhythm

29
Q

What is a unit of a line called?

A

a foot

30
Q

What does a foot consist of?

A

a stressed + an unstressed syllable

31
Q

What are the categories a foot can fall under?

A

iamb

trochee

anapaest

dactyl

spondee

32
Q

What is an iamb?

A

unstressed syllable followed by stressed

e.g. enough

33
Q

What is a trochee?

A

stressed syllable followed by unstressed

e.g. dearly

34
Q

What is an anapaest?

A

2 unstressed syllables followed by stressed

e.g. understand

35
Q

What is a dactyl?

A

stressed followed by 2 unstressed syllables

e.g. desperate

36
Q

What is a spondee?

A

2 stressed syllables

e.g. help me

37
Q

How is a line measured?

A

by the number of feet in it

monometer - 1
dimeter - 2 
trimeter - 3 
tetrameter - 4
pentametre - 5
hexameter - 6
heptameter - 7
octameter - 8
38
Q

What are the stanza forms?

A

terza rima

villanelle

sonnet - English / Shakespearean or Italian / Petrarchan

free verse

concrete poems

39
Q

What is the terza rima stanza form?

A

series of 3 line stanzas (tercets)

rhyme scheme : aba bcb cdc ded …

40
Q

What is the villanelle stanza form?

A

19 lines

iambic pentameter

5 triplets (3 lines) + a quatrain (4 lines)
line 1 repeated in line 6 ,12 ,18
line 3 repeated in line 9, 15, 19

rhyme scheme: aba aba aba aba …

41
Q

What is the sonnet stanza form?

A

iambic pentameter
PERFECT FOR ARGUING A POINT

English / Shakespearean :
14 lines
3 units of 4 lines (3 qutrains) + final 2-line unit (couplet)
rhyme scheme : abab cdcd efef gg

Italian / Petrarchan :
14 lines
fundamental break btw first 8 lines (octave) & the last six (sestet)
rhyme scheme : abbaabba cdecde

42
Q

What is the free verse stanza form?

A

avoid regular meter - therefore no perceivable rhythm

highly irregular line lengths

repetition of words / phrases

43
Q

What is the concrete stanza form?

A

draw meaning from the physical arrangement / shape of poem on page

44
Q

What is a caesura?

A

a stop in a line of poetry

often indicated by punctuation e.g. stops & semi-colons

45
Q

What might obscure subject matter?

A

symbolism

irony

contradiction of title & poem content

46
Q

Thing to keep in mind when assessing intention

A

ideas of the time

47
Q

What is the importance of tone?

A

directly impacts meaning

linked to intention

glean of poet’s attitude to subject

can be sincere (tonal changes), ironic, irony of situation (variance exists btw what is said & what actually is)

48
Q

What is theme?

A

a theme generalises what is specific in a poem

summarises author’s opinions

IS NOT A MESSAGE IR ADVICE

49
Q

What determines the form choice?

A

poet’s intention

personal preference

the time

50
Q

What is poetic license?

A

making up of words

strange combinations of words

51
Q

What is a paradox?

A

a seemingly contradiction that turns out to express a truth

e.g. make haste slowly

52
Q

What is a pun?

A

intentional confusion btw 2 words

e.g. “whether life is worth living or not depends on the liver”

53
Q

What is a hyperbole?

A

gross exaggeration

e.g. “all the green seas will turn red with his blood”

English (2 decks)

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