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Plant ID Podule > Podule content and terminology > Flashcards

Podule content and terminology Flashcards

1
Q

What is a petal?

A

One of the segments of the inner whorl of the perianth

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2
Q

Zygomorphic?

A

Flower can be cut into two equal parts along one line of symmetry (bilaterally symmetrical) - ↑

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3
Q

Actinomorphic?

A

Flower can be cut into two equal parts in any direction (Radially symmetrical) - ⨁

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4
Q

Floral formula symbol for Actinomorphic?

A

⨁

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5
Q

Floral formula symbol for Zygomorphic?

A

↑

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6
Q

Calynx?

A

Its segments are the sepals - K

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7
Q

Floral formula symbol of Calynx?

A

K

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8
Q

Corolla?

A

The petals - C (The second whorl)

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9
Q

Floral formula symbol for Corolla?

A

C

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10
Q

Perianth?

A

Used in floral formulas when corolla is all petal like/sepal like. - P

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11
Q

Floral formula symbol for Perianth?

A

P

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12
Q

What are all the floral formula symbols?

A

↑ ⨁ K C P A G () Phraseline - rainbow shaped line _

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13
Q

Androecium?

A

The stamens - G

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14
Q

Floral formula symbol for Androecium?

A

G

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15
Q

Gynoecium?

A

(Can also be called Pistil) Female parts of flower - Stigma, Style, Ovary, Ovule) - G
(Central features of flower)

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16
Q

Floral formula symbol for Gynoecium?

A

G

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17
Q

Easy way to remember the female parts of flowers?

A

Central features of flowers.

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18
Q

What do the numbers after K, C, P, A, and G mean?

A

Number of parts

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19
Q

What does the infinity symbol after the letters in floral formulas mean?

A

There are many parts

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20
Q

What do brackets in floral formulas indicate?

A

Segments of a part are joined.

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21
Q

What do phraselines (rainbow shaped line) between two letters in floral formulas indicate?

A

Two parts are joined

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22
Q

What does it mean in floral formulas if G is under or overlined?

A

Position of ovary of flower - either superior or inferior

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23
Q

Compound?

A

Many smaller leaves on one stem

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24
Q

Palmate?

A

A compound leaf

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25
Q

Leaflet?

A

Small leaf on a palmate (compound leaf)

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26
Q

Simple leaf?

A

Normal larger leaf

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27
Q

Serrated margin?

A

Sawtooth edge

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28
Q

Entire margin?

A

Smooth edge

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29
Q

Lamina?

A

Entire flat section of a leaf (blade)

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30
Q

Stipules?

A

Small projections at the base of a stem used to protect the bud

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31
Q

Petiole?

A

The leaf stalk

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32
Q

Node?

A

Point of leaf stem attachment to stalk and where other buds and leaves grow from

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33
Q

Rosette?

A

Circular arrangement of leaves

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34
Q

Pinnate?

A

Like a compound leaf

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35
Q

Ternate?

A

Arranged in leaves

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36
Q

Glabrous?

A

Hairless

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37
Q

Ligule

A

Small membranous flap at the base of a leaf

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38
Q

Peltate

A

Leaf is like an umbrella (Stem goes to middle)

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39
Q

Terminal bud

A

Bud located at apex of stem used to create new plant growth

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40
Q

Lateral (axillery) bud?

A

Bud located at axial of the leaf (Where stem meets plant stalk)

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41
Q

Internode?

A

Stem between nodes

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42
Q

Leaf scar?

A

Mark left by leaf after it falls off the stem

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43
Q

Receptacle?

A

Flat concave part of the stem from which flower arises

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44
Q

Procumbent leafy stolon?

A

Stem that has started rooting and lies above ground

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45
Q

Inflorescence?

A

A group of flowers and their stem’s branching system of growth.

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46
Q

Monochasial Cyme?

A

Type of inflorescence where one stem grows off previous- each individual flower stalk ends in a single flower and first flower blooms at the top or in the centre

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47
Q

Panicle?

A

Compound or much-branched inflorescence - like one long stalk with many stems along it that branch (can be raceme as well)

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48
Q

Raceme?

A

Type of inflorescence - Unbranched flowers on small stalks of about equal length that open in succession towards the apex (top of plant stalk)

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49
Q

Corymb?

A

Raceme where flowers have longer pedicels (flowers stem)

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50
Q

Umbel?

A

Number of pedicels (flower stems) that spread from one point

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51
Q

Capitilum?

A

False flower that mimics a single flower, e.g. daisies

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52
Q

Perianth?

A

Calyx and corolla

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53
Q

Pedicel?

A

Stalk of flower

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54
Q

Be careful with descriptions because you’ve used stalk and stem interchangeably but you mean same thing.

A
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55
Q

Bract?

A

Modified scaley leaf subtending a flower, bracteate. Always at axis.

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56
Q

Bracteole?

A

Modified scaley leaves on branches of inflourescences.

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57
Q

Involucre?

A

Whorl/rosette of bracts surrounding an inflorescence

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58
Q

Phyllary?

A

Multiple (Phyllaries) A bract of the involucre of the flower. - Can also be called tegules.

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59
Q

Whorl?

A

Group of organs laterally borne radiating from a specific point and wrapping around the stem

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60
Q

Complete?

A

All four classes of organ

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61
Q

Incomplete?

A

Lacks one or more types of organ

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62
Q

Bulbil?

A

Small bulb like structure produced in place of a flower or leaf axil and can develop into a new plant

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63
Q

Ligulate?

A

Flower made of strap-like petals such as daisy

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64
Q

Achene?

A

A small, dry one-seeded fruit developing from a simple ovary. Has papery to leathery wall and an achene pit

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65
Q

Latex?

A

Milky juice

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66
Q

Abaxial?

A

The side away from the axis, normally the lower side

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67
Q

Adaxial?

A

Normally the upper side

68
Q

Ovate?

A

Oval outline like an egg

69
Q

Lanceolate?

A

Narrow oval shape tapering to a point

70
Q

Orbicular?

A

Circular

71
Q

Suborbicular?

A

Almost circular

72
Q

Erect?

A

Standing upright with reference to earth’s surface

73
Q

Patent?

A

Projecting at right angles

74
Q

Erecto-patent?

A

Between erect and patent. - so 45 degrees

75
Q

Filiform?

A

Thread or wire like

76
Q

Radiate?

A

Having rays or parts diverging from the centre

77
Q

Alternate?

A

Lateral organs on an axis, one per node, leaves borne alternately in ascending spiral

78
Q

Subulate?

A

Slender and tapering to a point - narrow spear shaped leaf

79
Q

Globose?

A

Spherical

80
Q

Terminal?

A

At the very apex

81
Q

Reniform?

A

Kidney shaped

82
Q

Pendent?

A

Hanging down.

83
Q

Gynoecium?

A

Collective term for all female reproductive organs of a flower

84
Q

Carpel?

A

One of flowers female reproductive organs

85
Q

Syncarpy?

A

Carpels fused

86
Q

Stigma?

A

Receptive part of female reproductive organs on which pollen germinates

87
Q

Sessile?

A

Stigma is short and directly in line with the ovary

88
Q

Style?

A

Elongated part of a carpel bearing the stigma usually at its tip

89
Q

Ovary?

A

Hollow basal region of a carpel containing ovules

90
Q

Hypogynous?

A

Ovary above stamens and so superior

91
Q

Perigynous?

A

Stamens are around the ovary

92
Q

Epigynous?

A

Ovary below stamens so inferior

93
Q

Hypanthium?

A

Tube below the tepals, between the top of the ovary and the base of the stamens

94
Q

Dioecious?

A

Having the two sexes on different plants

95
Q

Bisexual?

A

Plant has both sexes

96
Q

Monoecious?

A

Having separate male and female flowers on the same plant

97
Q

Nutlet?

A

Developed ovaries

98
Q

Androecium?

A

Collective term for male reproductive organs of a flower

99
Q

Stamen?

A

Male reproductive organ

100
Q

Synandry?

A

Stamens fused

101
Q

Exserted stamen?

A

A stamen that sticks out

102
Q

Anther?

A

Contains the pollen - at end of filament

103
Q

Filament?

A

Part of stamen that holds the anther.

104
Q

What two structures for the stamen?

A

Anther and filament

105
Q

Lobe?

A

Number of lobes on an anther

106
Q

Nectary?

A

(Nectaries) Small knob or modified petal/stamen that produces nectar

107
Q

Petal?

A

Sterile part which is usually brightly coloured

108
Q

Sympetaly?

A

Petals fused

109
Q

Petaloid?

A

Resembles a flower petal

110
Q

Keel?

A

like a bract mixed with petal, lateral, pointing to side, looks like keel of a boat

111
Q

Corolla scales?

A

Like sterile stamen located in the corolla

112
Q

Tepals?

A

Sepals and petals indistinguishable

113
Q

Corona?

A

Cup-shaped structure located between tepals and stamen - fifth organ

114
Q

Sepals?

A

Floral leaf or segment of calyx that are usually green and forms outer layer in protective bud

115
Q

Synsepaly?

A

Sepals fused.

116
Q

Lodicules?

A

Modified perianth in base of flower.

117
Q

Pappus?

A

Modified calyx made up of a ring of fine hairs - aid in wind dispersal by forming parachute-like structure.

118
Q

Epicalynx?

A

Outside of flower - similiar to calynx but in addition to the calyx.

119
Q

The whorls?

A

Whorl 1: The Calynx - Sepals
Whorl 2: The Corolla - Petals
Whorl 3: The Stamens
Whorl 4: The Carpels - The Pistil (ovary, style, stigma)

120
Q

The Perianth?

A

The Calynx and the Corolla

121
Q

In what order are the whorls counted?

A

From outwards to inwards

122
Q

Reflexed?

A

Beyond patent

123
Q

Another name for stigma?

A

Capitate

124
Q

Pin?

A

Stamen longer than style

125
Q

Thrum?

A

Stamen shorter than style

126
Q

Monocotoledon?

A

Elongated stalkless leaves with parallel veins - Monocots

127
Q

Dicotoledon?

A

Two leaves with vein network - Dicots

128
Q

Basal?

A

At base

129
Q

Twining?

A

Twisting around

130
Q

Spurred sepals?

A

Sepals with appendage jutting off

131
Q

Tuber

A

Little tube inbetween stems

132
Q

What does L. after species name mean?

A

Refers to Linnaeus the guy who found the species.

133
Q

Pitchers?

A

Long funnel shaped leaves

134
Q

Dichasial cyme?

A

Type of inflorescence where stalk has multiple branches - each individual flower stalk ends in a single flower and first flower blooms at the top or in the centre

135
Q

Spike?

A

Type of inflorescence - no branches just flowers on stalk with bract underneath

136
Q

Eliptic?

A

Broadest in middle

137
Q

Oblong?

A

Straight sided

138
Q

Oborate?

A

Widest at top

139
Q

Floret?

A

Small flower - found in Asteraceae (Daisy)

140
Q

Types of floret?

A

Tubular/disc and Ligulate/ray - in Asteraceae (Daisies)

141
Q

Radiate capitulum?

A

Central disc of tubular florets and outer ring of ligulate florets.

142
Q

Ligulate capitulum?

A

Only ligulate florets that may vary in appearance the outer and inner areas of the capitulum

143
Q

True or false? Some capitula have florets that are all tubular

A

True

144
Q

What is the term for an inflorescent stalk when all leaves are basal?

A

Scape

145
Q

What’s a bifid stigma?

A

Stigma with two ends

146
Q

Defining features of Daisies (Bellis perennis)?

A

Ray/ligulate florets on outside of capitulum
Disc/tubular florets on inside of capitulum
Phyllary has involucral bracts
The receptacle is hollow
It has a scape

147
Q

Defining features of Dandelions (Taraxacum officinale)?

A

Outer florets on capitulum are ligulate/ray with bifid stigma
Inner florets on capitulum are tubular/disc
The receptacle is hollow
Outer phyllaries are reflexed
There are pappus
There are achene at bottom of pappus

148
Q

Stalk of pappus?

A

Beak

149
Q

Defining features of knapweed (Centaurea nigra)?

A

Capitulum has florets that are all tubular/disc
Receptacle has involucre

150
Q

Describe a compound leaf?

A

Petiole with multiple leaflets on both sides and one leaflet at the end.

151
Q

Primary/tap root?

A

Main root that goes in ground for plant

152
Q

Secondary/lateral root?

A

Roots that come off primary/tap root

153
Q

Root cap function?

A

Protects and lubricates growing root

154
Q

Term for group of leaflets in compound leaf?

A

Pinna

155
Q

Leaflet at end of compound leaf?

A

Pinnule

156
Q

What features of anthers is usually the case?

A

Usually bi-lobed

157
Q

What happens to sepals when flowers open in Poppies (Papaveraceae)?

A

They fall off plant

158
Q

What happens to petals in Hellebores viridis (Ranunculaceae)?

A

Petals reduce to nectaries

159
Q

Relationship between petals and sepals in monocot plants e.g. lilies (Liliaceae)?

A

Petals and sepals are identical

160
Q

Defining features of Ranunculaceae e.g creeping buttercup (Ranunculus repens)?

A

Sepals, petals, anthers, and carpels are free.

161
Q

Features of Bladder campion (Silene vulgaris) (Caryophyllaceae)?

A

Petals are free, sepals and carpels are fused

162
Q

Features of Strawberry tree (Arbutus unedo) (Ericaceae)?

A

Sepals free and petals and carpels are fused

163
Q

Example of actinimorphic flower?

A

Mallow (Althaeae cannabina) (Malvaceae)

164
Q

Example of zygomorphic flower?

A

Perennial pea (Lathyrus latifolia) (Fabaceae)

165
Q

Midrib?

A

Main vein that runs through middle of leaf

Plant ID Podule (2 decks)

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