Podule content and terminology Flashcards
1
Q
What is a petal?
A
One of the segments of the inner whorl of the perianth
2
Q
Zygomorphic?
A
Flower can be cut into two equal parts along one line of symmetry (bilaterally symmetrical) - ↑
3
Q
Actinomorphic?
A
Flower can be cut into two equal parts in any direction (Radially symmetrical) - ⨁
4
Q
Floral formula symbol for Actinomorphic?
A
⨁
5
Q
Floral formula symbol for Zygomorphic?
A
↑
6
Q
Calynx?
A
Its segments are the sepals - K
7
Q
Floral formula symbol of Calynx?
A
K
8
Q
Corolla?
A
The petals - C (The second whorl)
9
Q
Floral formula symbol for Corolla?
A
C
10
Q
Perianth?
A
Used in floral formulas when corolla is all petal like/sepal like. - P
11
Q
Floral formula symbol for Perianth?
A
P
12
Q
What are all the floral formula symbols?
A
↑ ⨁ K C P A G () Phraseline - rainbow shaped line _
13
Q
Androecium?
A
The stamens - G
14
Q
Floral formula symbol for Androecium?
A
G
15
Q
Gynoecium?
A
(Can also be called Pistil) Female parts of flower - Stigma, Style, Ovary, Ovule) - G
(Central features of flower)
16
Q
Floral formula symbol for Gynoecium?
A
G
17
Q
Easy way to remember the female parts of flowers?
A
Central features of flowers.
18
Q
What do the numbers after K, C, P, A, and G mean?
A
Number of parts
19
Q
What does the infinity symbol after the letters in floral formulas mean?
A
There are many parts
20
Q
What do brackets in floral formulas indicate?
A
Segments of a part are joined.
21
Q
What do phraselines (rainbow shaped line) between two letters in floral formulas indicate?
A
Two parts are joined
22
Q
What does it mean in floral formulas if G is under or overlined?
A
Position of ovary of flower - either superior or inferior
23
Q
Compound?
A
Many smaller leaves on one stem
24
Q
Palmate?
A
A compound leaf
25
Leaflet?
Small leaf on a palmate (compound leaf)
26
Simple leaf?
Normal larger leaf
27
Serrated margin?
Sawtooth edge
28
Entire margin?
Smooth edge
29
Lamina?
Entire flat section of a leaf (blade)
30
Stipules?
Small projections at the base of a stem used to protect the bud
31
Petiole?
The leaf stalk
32
Node?
Point of leaf stem attachment to stalk and where other buds and leaves grow from
33
Rosette?
Circular arrangement of leaves
34
Pinnate?
Like a compound leaf
35
Ternate?
Arranged in leaves
36
Glabrous?
Hairless
37
Ligule
Small membranous flap at the base of a leaf
38
Peltate
Leaf is like an umbrella (Stem goes to middle)
39
Terminal bud
Bud located at apex of stem used to create new plant growth
40
Lateral (axillery) bud?
Bud located at axial of the leaf (Where stem meets plant stalk)
41
Internode?
Stem between nodes
42
Leaf scar?
Mark left by leaf after it falls off the stem
43
Receptacle?
Flat concave part of the stem from which flower arises
44
Procumbent leafy stolon?
Stem that has started rooting and lies above ground
45
Inflorescence?
A group of flowers and their stem's branching system of growth.
46
Monochasial Cyme?
Type of inflorescence where one stem grows off previous- each individual flower stalk ends in a single flower and first flower blooms at the top or in the centre
47
Panicle?
Compound or much-branched inflorescence - like one long stalk with many stems along it that branch (can be raceme as well)
48
Raceme?
Type of inflorescence - Unbranched flowers on small stalks of about equal length that open in succession towards the apex (top of plant stalk)
49
Corymb?
Raceme where flowers have longer pedicels (flowers stem)
50
Umbel?
Number of pedicels (flower stems) that spread from one point
51
Capitilum?
False flower that mimics a single flower, e.g. daisies
52
Perianth?
Calyx and corolla
53
Pedicel?
Stalk of flower
54
Be careful with descriptions because you've used stalk and stem interchangeably but you mean same thing.
55
Bract?
Modified scaley leaf subtending a flower, bracteate. Always at axis.
56
Bracteole?
Modified scaley leaves on branches of inflourescences.
57
Involucre?
Whorl/rosette of bracts surrounding an inflorescence
58
Phyllary?
Multiple (Phyllaries) A bract of the involucre of the flower. - Can also be called tegules.
59
Whorl?
Group of organs laterally borne radiating from a specific point and wrapping around the stem
60
Complete?
All four classes of organ
61
Incomplete?
Lacks one or more types of organ
62
Bulbil?
Small bulb like structure produced in place of a flower or leaf axil and can develop into a new plant
63
Ligulate?
Flower made of strap-like petals such as daisy
64
Achene?
A small, dry one-seeded fruit developing from a simple ovary. Has papery to leathery wall and an achene pit
65
Latex?
Milky juice
66
Abaxial?
The side away from the axis, normally the lower side
67
Adaxial?
Normally the upper side
68
Ovate?
Oval outline like an egg
69
Lanceolate?
Narrow oval shape tapering to a point
70
Orbicular?
Circular
71
Suborbicular?
Almost circular
72
Erect?
Standing upright with reference to earth's surface
73
Patent?
Projecting at right angles
74
Erecto-patent?
Between erect and patent. - so 45 degrees
75
Filiform?
Thread or wire like
76
Radiate?
Having rays or parts diverging from the centre
77
Alternate?
Lateral organs on an axis, one per node, leaves borne alternately in ascending spiral
78
Subulate?
Slender and tapering to a point - narrow spear shaped leaf
79
Globose?
Spherical
80
Terminal?
At the very apex
81
Reniform?
Kidney shaped
82
Pendent?
Hanging down.
83
Gynoecium?
Collective term for all female reproductive organs of a flower
84
Carpel?
One of flowers female reproductive organs
85
Syncarpy?
Carpels fused
86
Stigma?
Receptive part of female reproductive organs on which pollen germinates
87
Sessile?
Stigma is short and directly in line with the ovary
88
Style?
Elongated part of a carpel bearing the stigma usually at its tip
89
Ovary?
Hollow basal region of a carpel containing ovules
90
Hypogynous?
Ovary above stamens and so superior
91
Perigynous?
Stamens are around the ovary
92
Epigynous?
Ovary below stamens so inferior
93
Hypanthium?
Tube below the tepals, between the top of the ovary and the base of the stamens
94
Dioecious?
Having the two sexes on different plants
95
Bisexual?
Plant has both sexes
96
Monoecious?
Having separate male and female flowers on the same plant
97
Nutlet?
Developed ovaries
98
Androecium?
Collective term for male reproductive organs of a flower
99
Stamen?
Male reproductive organ
100
Synandry?
Stamens fused
101
Exserted stamen?
A stamen that sticks out
102
Anther?
Contains the pollen - at end of filament
103
Filament?
Part of stamen that holds the anther.
104
What two structures for the stamen?
Anther and filament
105
Lobe?
Number of lobes on an anther
106
Nectary?
(Nectaries) Small knob or modified petal/stamen that produces nectar
107
Petal?
Sterile part which is usually brightly coloured
108
Sympetaly?
Petals fused
109
Petaloid?
Resembles a flower petal
110
Keel?
like a bract mixed with petal, lateral, pointing to side, looks like keel of a boat
111
Corolla scales?
Like sterile stamen located in the corolla
112
Tepals?
Sepals and petals indistinguishable
113
Corona?
Cup-shaped structure located between tepals and stamen - fifth organ
114
Sepals?
Floral leaf or segment of calyx that are usually green and forms outer layer in protective bud
115
Synsepaly?
Sepals fused.
116
Lodicules?
Modified perianth in base of flower.
117
Pappus?
Modified calyx made up of a ring of fine hairs - aid in wind dispersal by forming parachute-like structure.
118
Epicalynx?
Outside of flower - similiar to calynx but in addition to the calyx.
119
The whorls?
Whorl 1: The Calynx - Sepals
Whorl 2: The Corolla - Petals
Whorl 3: The Stamens
Whorl 4: The Carpels - The Pistil (ovary, style, stigma)
120
The Perianth?
The Calynx and the Corolla
121
In what order are the whorls counted?
From outwards to inwards
122
Reflexed?
Beyond patent
123
Another name for stigma?
Capitate
124
Pin?
Stamen longer than style
125
Thrum?
Stamen shorter than style
126
Monocotoledon?
Elongated stalkless leaves with parallel veins - Monocots
127
Dicotoledon?
Two leaves with vein network - Dicots
128
Basal?
At base
129
Twining?
Twisting around
130
Spurred sepals?
Sepals with appendage jutting off
131
Tuber
Little tube inbetween stems
132
What does L. after species name mean?
Refers to Linnaeus the guy who found the species.
133
Pitchers?
Long funnel shaped leaves
134
Dichasial cyme?
Type of inflorescence where stalk has multiple branches - each individual flower stalk ends in a single flower and first flower blooms at the top or in the centre
135
Spike?
Type of inflorescence - no branches just flowers on stalk with bract underneath
136
Eliptic?
Broadest in middle
137
Oblong?
Straight sided
138
Oborate?
Widest at top
139
Floret?
Small flower - found in Asteraceae (Daisy)
140
Types of floret?
Tubular/disc and Ligulate/ray - in Asteraceae (Daisies)
141
Radiate capitulum?
Central disc of tubular florets and outer ring of ligulate florets.
142
Ligulate capitulum?
Only ligulate florets that may vary in appearance the outer and inner areas of the capitulum
143
True or false? Some capitula have florets that are all tubular
True
144
What is the term for an inflorescent stalk when all leaves are basal?
Scape
145
What's a bifid stigma?
Stigma with two ends
146
Defining features of Daisies (Bellis perennis)?
Ray/ligulate florets on outside of capitulum
Disc/tubular florets on inside of capitulum
Phyllary has involucral bracts
The receptacle is hollow
It has a scape
147
Defining features of Dandelions (Taraxacum officinale)?
Outer florets on capitulum are ligulate/ray with bifid stigma
Inner florets on capitulum are tubular/disc
The receptacle is hollow
Outer phyllaries are reflexed
There are pappus
There are achene at bottom of pappus
148
Stalk of pappus?
Beak
149
Defining features of knapweed (Centaurea nigra)?
Capitulum has florets that are all tubular/disc
Receptacle has involucre
150
Describe a compound leaf?
Petiole with multiple leaflets on both sides and one leaflet at the end.
151
Primary/tap root?
Main root that goes in ground for plant
152
Secondary/lateral root?
Roots that come off primary/tap root
153
Root cap function?
Protects and lubricates growing root
154
Term for group of leaflets in compound leaf?
Pinna
155
Leaflet at end of compound leaf?
Pinnule
156
What features of anthers is usually the case?
Usually bi-lobed
157
What happens to sepals when flowers open in Poppies (Papaveraceae)?
They fall off plant
158
What happens to petals in Hellebores viridis (Ranunculaceae)?
Petals reduce to nectaries
159
Relationship between petals and sepals in monocot plants e.g. lilies (Liliaceae)?
Petals and sepals are identical
160
Defining features of Ranunculaceae e.g creeping buttercup (Ranunculus repens)?
Sepals, petals, anthers, and carpels are free.
161
Features of Bladder campion (Silene vulgaris) (Caryophyllaceae)?
Petals are free, sepals and carpels are fused
162
Features of Strawberry tree (Arbutus unedo) (Ericaceae)?
Sepals free and petals and carpels are fused
163
Example of actinimorphic flower?
Mallow (Althaeae cannabina) (Malvaceae)
164
Example of zygomorphic flower?
Perennial pea (Lathyrus latifolia) (Fabaceae)
165
Midrib?
Main vein that runs through middle of leaf
