POD Quiz 12 Flashcards
What were the major impacts of Martin Luther’s teachings on the Church and European society?
Shift in Beliefs
Luther’s emphasis on faith in Jesus for salvation over good works led to a fundamental shift in Christian thought.
Rise of Protestantism
His criticism of the Catholic Church’s practices, such as the sale of indulgences, sparked the Reformation, leading to the establishment of Protestant churches.
Increased Access to Scriptures
He called for the translation of the Bible into vernacular (ordinary) languages to bring religious knowledge to more people, allowing more people to read and interpret the writings for themselves.
What are “good works” in Christianity, and why did Martin Luther argue that true salvation comes only through faith in Jesus, not these actions?
Belief in Faith Alone
Good works referred to actions thought to be done to earn one’s way into heaven, like giving money or attending church; while Martin Luther saw them as important for living a Christian life, he believed they did not determine one’s salvation, which came solely through faith in Jesus.
Corruption and Fear
Luther highlighted how the Church’s sale of indulgences took advantage of people’s fear and led to corruption
He argued true salvation through faith was overshadowed by human greed and manipulation, going against Biblical teachings.
How did the Black Death spread throughout Europe, and what role did ships and trade routes play in its spread?
Rats and Fleas
The Black Death was carried by fleas living on rats, which were common on ships and in cities, allowing the disease to spread quickly through trade routes.
Port Cities as Gateways
Infected ships arriving in European port cities like Messina, Marseilles, and later to Rome and Florence, became the first points of spread, showcasing the important role of sea trade in the plague’s spread.
Spread along Trade Routes
The trade routes connecting European cities led to the rapid movement of the plague across the continent, affecting urban areas first.
What is the historical significance and lasting impact of the Magna Carta?
Foundation for Democracy
The Magna Carta is celebrated for introducing the idea that the law applies to everyone, including the king, laying the groundwork for modern democratic principles.
Legal Rights and Due Process
It established key legal rights such as due process and trial by jury, ensuring that individuals could not be punished without a fair trial.
Influence on Future Documents
Its principles have influenced important documents like the U.S. Constitution and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, shaping the governments and legal systems of democracies around the world.
How does the US Constitution reflect the idea of limiting the power of leaders, as inspired by the Magna Carta?
Separation of Powers
The US Constitution implements the Magna Carta’s rule of law principle by dividing government power among three branches to ensure no single branch has too much control, mirroring the Magna Carta’s limitation on the king’s power.
Due Process and Individual Rights
It also establishes due process and individual rights in the 5th and 14th Amendments as well as in the Bill of Rights, reflecting the Magna Carta’s focus on fairness and the protection of freedoms.
Which countries were involved in the Hundred Years’ War, and what sparked the conflict between them?
Countries Involved
The Hundred Years’ War was fought between England and France, spanning from 1337 to 1453.
Cause of Conflict
The war began primarily due to a succession dispute over the French throne, with England’s King Edward III claiming it based on his descent from the French royal family, which was contested by French nobles who favored Philip VI.
Territorial disputes over English-controlled areas in France, like Gascony, fueled ongoing tensions.
Why was the idea in the Magna Carta that the law comes from the people to the king considered revolutionary?
It was one of the first times in history that the powers of the king were limited.
What does due process mean?
It is the legal idea that everyone gets fairs treatment in the judicial process. Including a fair trial before the government can take away someone’s life, liberty, or property.
What is the significance of the idea of “law of the land”?
Law of the land is the idea that the law applies equally to everyone. No one, including leaders, are above the law.
