POCT-URINALYSIS

Question 1

What is Urinalysis?

Answer 1

It is the test that determines the content of urine

Question 2

What is urinalysis used for?

Answer 2

1.Its contents provides vital health information-as urine removes toxins and excess liquids from the body.
2.It can be used to detect diseases particularly in the case of metabolic disorders and kidney disease
3.It is used to uncover evidence of drug abuse

Question 3

What are three components of urinalysis?

Answer 3

1.Macroscopic examination-Gross assessment of the urine
2.Chemical analysis-Urine dipstick analysis
3.Microscopic examination-Microscopic analysis of urinary sediment

Question 4

Why should the specimen be properly collected.

Answer 4

1.In order to reliably interpret the findings
2.To help maximise diagnostic utility

Question 5

What is the technique followed when collecting urine?

Answer 5

1.Urine should collected in a clean, dry container
2.Pateint should be asked to clean their external genitalia and provide a midstream urine specimen for analysis
3.In patients with an indwelling catheter,the urine sample should be obtained from the catheter tubing rather than from the urometer or drainage bag.
4.Analysis of the sample should be done within 2hrs of retrieval at room temperature and if not feasible, the sample should be refrigerated between 2 to 8degrees and then re-warmed to rtp prior to assessment.

Question 6

What is Gross assessment of the urine and what can be observed?

Answer 6

This is looking at the physical properties of the urine.
Colour and clarity
Colour-clear and light yellow
Clarity-Normal urine should be clear
and Abnormal urine could be hazy,cloudy and turbid

Question 7

What does a urine dipstick provide?

Answer 7

A rapid semi quantitative assessment of urinary characteristics on a series of colorimetric pads embedded on a test strip.

Question 8

Which two parameters are usually not considered core parameters?

Answer 8

1.Urobilinogen
2.Ketones

Question 9

What does the pH measure?

Answer 9

if the urine is acidic,basic or neutral?

Question 10

what is the normal pH range?

Answer 10

4.6 to 8.0

Question 11

When is the pH test used?

Answer 11

In patients with metabolic acidosis.

Question 12

What does specific gravity measure?

Answer 12

It measures the concentration of particles in the urine and evaluates the body’s water balance

Question 13

What is the normal range for specific gravity?

Answer 13

1.002-1.028

Question 14

What does a high urine specific gravity indicate?What is the most common cause of an increase in S.G?

Answer 14

The urine is concentrated
Dehydration

Question 15

What causes the presence of ketones in urine?And what is the normal range of ketones in normal urine/

Answer 15

The endpoint of rapid or excessive fat breakdown in the urine.
Normal urine does not contain ketones.

Question 16

What are the normal urine levels of protein.

Answer 16

0 to 8mg/dl

Question 17

What does Glucose test measure?

Answer 17

The amount of sugar in the urine?

Question 18

What are the ranges of glucose in urine?

Answer 18

Normal urine does not contain glucose.

Question 19

What causes the presence of leukocyte esterase inuring and what does indicate?

Answer 19

1.Leukocyte esterase is as a result of lysed neutrophils and macrophages.
2.it indicates the presence of WCC

Question 20

What conditions can lead to a false-negative test result for leukocyte esterase?

Answer 20

1.Concentrated urine(which impedes cell lysis)
2.Proteinuria
3.Glucosuria

Question 21

What causes the presence of nitrites in urine and how?

Answer 21

1.Enteroacteriaceae species(the most common organism causing UTI)
2.They elaborate the enzyme nitrate reductase which breakdown urinary nitrate to nitrite.

Question 22

What does a nitrite -positive urine indicate?

Answer 22

Bacteriuria