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Pocket Pets Medicine > Pocket Pets Anesthesia > Flashcards

Pocket Pets Anesthesia Flashcards

1
Q

Why is it important to support the rump of pocket pets (especially rabbits)?

A

Rabbits can kick out if rump isn’t supported and fracture their T-L spine or tibia

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2
Q

When restraining pocket pets, why is it especially important to pay attention to hand placement, specifically around their thorax?

A

You don’t want to compress their thoracic cavity & cause mechanical obstruction of airway

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3
Q

Why should you be extremely careful with rounding when calculating drug dosages for pocket pets?

A

Because they are so small, even the slightest difference in numbers will significantly affect the dosage for them

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4
Q

Why do pocket pets have a higher fluid requirement than small animals and require more frequent drug dosing?

A

They have a high metabolic rate, so metabolize drugs faster

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5
Q

Pocket pets have a high surface area to volume ratio. What does this put them at greater risk for?

A

Hypothermia

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6
Q

Why should you try to use minimal handling for pocket pets undergoing anesthesia?

A

Stresses them out -> release catecholamines -> tachyarrhythmias

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7
Q

Why is tympany problematic in pocket pets undergoing anesthesia?

A

Distended abdomen puts pressure on the diaphragm (already have smaller respiratory reserve) & may occlude abdominal great vessels, leading to decreased venous return to the heart

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8
Q

T/F: Rabbits, ferrets, and rodents are primary/obligate nasal breathers.

A

T

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9
Q

Obese pocket pets are more prone to hypoventilation or hyperventilation when placed in dorsal recumbency?

A

Hypoventilation

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10
Q

Why is fasting not recommended in pocket pets?

A
  • Can lead to perioperative ileus
  • Known to cause hepatic lipidosis in rabbits & pregnancy toxemia in guinea pigs
  • Hypoglycemia due to high metabolic rate
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11
Q

In rats, where is the best location to collect blood for pre-anesthetic prep?

A

Lateral coccygeal vein (tail vein)

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12
Q

Why is it okay to not have pocket pets fast prior to anesthesia?

A

They do not regurgitate or vomit unlike other small animals

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13
Q

Why do we give rabbits a local anesthetic as part of the pre-anesthetic prep?

A

To prevent vasospasm

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14
Q

In rabbits, you can place catheters in the marginal ear vein, but what is a potential complication if you accidentally injure the auricular artery in the process?

A

Can cause thrombosis & ischemic necrosis

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15
Q

Pocket pets have a higher metabolic rate. What effect does this have on the size of our dosages?

A

Will need larger doses because they will metabolize the drug fast

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16
Q

Why do you need to use multiple sites for IM injections in pocket pets?

A

Excessive volumes in one location can lead to muscle necrosis & volume overload

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17
Q

List the pros and cons associated with using induction chambers for anesthetic induction in pocket pets.

A

Pros - requires minimal physical restraint (minimal stress), reduces injury to animal & handler

Cons - environmental contamination & difficult monitoring

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18
Q

T/F: It is okay to use mask induction un-premedicated pocket pets as long as proper restraint is used

A

F, you will stress them out (release of catecholamines -> tachyarrhythmias); they NEED to be pre-medicated

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19
Q

What should the oxygen flow rate be set to for pocket pets?

A

At least 200mL/kg/min - they have high oxygenation rates!

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20
Q

What reflex can you use to determine when a pocket pet should be removed from the induction chamber?

A

Loss of righting reflex

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21
Q

What is the righting reflex?

A

Animal responds to their innate instinct to avoid the vulnerability of dorsal recumbency

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22
Q

With mask induction, why should the head and neck be kept in extension?

A

To prevent obstruction to breathing

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23
Q

Like cats & pigs, pocket pets also have laryngospasm which can make intubation difficult. What can you do to stop the spasms?

A

Lidocaine splash

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24
Q

What can you use to visualize the airway in rabbits?

A

Laryngoscope (if it’ll fit), otoscope, or rigid endoscope

25
Q

What is the most reliable way to confirm proper ET tube placement?

A

Detection of exhaled carbon dioxide on capnograph (looking for sharp waveform)

26
Q

V-gel is a supraglottic device to intubate that can be used in ONLY what species?

A

Rabbits

27
Q

List some reasons why guinea pigs are rarely intubated.

A
  • Cheek pouches contain stored food
  • Readily regurgitate
  • Profuse salivary secretions
  • Soft tissue at base of tongue readily traumatized
28
Q

When guinea pigs are intubated, it should be done with a rigid endoscope and entry into the glottis is through what anatomical structure?

A

Palatal ostium

29
Q

Describe airway management in rats, hamsters using the following:
Tool used for direct visualization:
Dorsal or sternal recumbency:
Need local anesthetic?
Size catheter:

A
  • Rigid endoscope or otoscope
  • Dorsal recumbency
  • Local anesthetic for laryngospasm
  • 14-16G over the needle catheters
30
Q

Ferrets have sharp teeth, so what can you do to prevent them from lacerating the ET tube?

A

Place something between their teeth and the ET tube

31
Q

Face masks used for pre-oxygenation should be snug around the muzzle. What happens if you use a mask that is too big?

A

Extra space traps exhaled gases high in CO2 -> rebreathing CO2 (will see higher end-tidal CO2)

32
Q

What are benefits of using a concentric mask system?

A
  1. Delivery of anesthetic gases with removal of waste gas
  2. Prevent exposure of the operator
33
Q

If you are using a 1.9mm fiberoptic scope to aid in visualization for intubation, what is the smallest ET tube you can use? What about for a 2.7mm rigid endoscope?

A

1.9mm -> smallest tube you can use is a 2.5mm

2.7mm -> smallest you can use is a 3.0mm

34
Q

What gas(es) can you use for anesthetic chambers in pocket pets?

A

O2 alone or with nitrous oxide

35
Q

How can you remove waste anesthetic gas from anesthetic chambesr?

A

Either ducted out of the room through scavenging system or adsorbed using activated charcoal

36
Q

Should you use a rebreathing or non-rebreathing system for pocket pets?

A

Non-rebreathing

37
Q

Non-rebreathing systems do not have soda lime canisters to remove CO2. So, how do we bypass this with non-rebreathers?

A

Use high O2 flow rates (200mL/kg/min) to get rid of CO2

38
Q

What are some things we can use to monitor if the patient is moving into a light plane of anesthesia?

A
  • Reflexes
  • Muscle tone
  • Movement
39
Q

How can we monitor heart rate in pocket pets under anesthesia?

A
  • ECG (best)
  • Pulse rate
  • Cardiac auscultation
40
Q

How can we monitor blood pressure in pocket pets under anesthesia?

A
  • Indirect BP measurement (best/easiest)
  • Can do direct too but requires arterial catheterization
41
Q

How can we monitor if a pocket pet is becoming hypoxemic under anesthesia?

A
  • Pulse oximetry (SPO2; best), arterial blood gas sampling (requires arterial catheterization), mucous membranes
42
Q

How can we monitor ventilation in pocket pets under anesthesia?

A

Capnography (ETCO2), blood gas sampling

43
Q

T/F: Nothing detects cardiac arrest faster than ETCO2

A

T - will start to see decrease in number & waveform will get smaller

44
Q

What reflexes can you check in pocket pets to see if they are in a good plane of anesthetic depth?

A

Pedal withdrawal - no response to toe/tail pinch indicates good plane
Pinna reflex - slight response to pinching ear in rabbits indicates light plane of anesthesia
Palpebral reflexes - should be absent or very slow in good plane of anesthesia
Corneal reflex - should NEVER lose this! If absent, then the P is in too deep of a plane

45
Q

How do we assess anesthetic depth in pocket pets using muscle tone?

A

Can do jaw muscle or anal sphincter - should be relaxed

46
Q

If HR, BP, & RR are all increased, what does that say about the patient’s anesthetic depth?

A

Too light

47
Q

An esophageal stethoscope can be used to monitor cardiovascular function in which pocket pet species?

A

Rabbits

48
Q

Where can you place the doppler flow probe for indirect BP measurement in pocket pets?

A

Tail base, carotid/femoral/auricular arteries, or directly over the heart

49
Q

Give some locations where you can place pulse oximetry probes on pocket pets

A

Digits, paws, tongue, proximal tail, ear, rectum (& medial side of leg if you shave small area & place reflectance probe)

50
Q

You can use either a main-stream or side-stream capnograph to monitor ventilation in pocket pets. However, side-stream capnographs may create more dead space, which we are trying to avoid. What can you do to overcome this?

A

Increase oxygen flow rates to compensate for dead space

51
Q

In most cases, you are going to monitor temperature with a rectal thermometer/probe. What other method can you use in rabbits & big rodents?

A

Esophageal probe

52
Q

What is one method you can use to ensure rats and other small pocket pets stay warm when undergoing anesthesia?

A

Gently wrap with bubble packing

53
Q

What type of fluids should you use for pocket pets?

A

Isotonic fluids (LRS most common)

54
Q

What should your fluid rate be for short procedures vs. long procedures in pocket pets?

A

Short procedures - 10ml/kg/hr
Long procedures - 5-8ml/kg/hr

55
Q

List the routes you can administer fluids in the following species:
Small rodents:
Rabbits:

A

Small rodents: IP/SQ route
Rabbits: IV, SQ

56
Q

List 5 things you should monitor for in recovery

A
  1. Ileus (& treat w/ pro-kinetics i.e. Metoclopramide)
  2. Vomiting/regurgitation
  3. Hypoglycemia (can give Dextrose)
  4. Hypothermia
  5. Dehydration
57
Q

How can you assess a pocket pet for post-operative pain?

A

Touch incision & see how they react to it

58
Q

If guinea pigs are anorexic or inappetent post-op, what should you do?

A

Give vitamin C supplement

59
Q

Why might we consider adding a Fentanyl CRI to our anesthetic maintenance protocol for an invasive procedure?

A

Prevents pain & decreases the amount of inhalant (usually isoflurane) required

Pocket Pets Medicine (1 decks)

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