Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PHTH 7212 Pathophysiology > pns injuries of the ue powerpoint from dr shappy > Flashcards

pns injuries of the ue powerpoint from dr shappy Flashcards

1
Q

What is a GTO

A

Golgi tendon organ, a proprioceptor that monitors level of tension in the muscle. Found in the tendon.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

muscle Spindles

A

-serve as mechanoreceptors- lie parallel to muscle fibers; respond to muscle stretching

A type of proprioceptor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Afferent neuron

A

carries info towards brain

(sensory)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Efferent neuron

A

carries signals to tissues

(motor)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

3 Layers of connective tissue covering a nerve fiber

A

Epineurium

Perineurium

Myelin sheath (like insulator on an extension cord)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What can cause Peripheral nerve response to injury? (5)

A
  1. Compression/Trauma
  2. Heredity
  3. Infections
  4. Toxin
  5. Metabolic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are two Peripheral Nerve break down responses to injury?

A

Demylination - typically segmental

or

Degeneration - more severe (Anterograde/Wallerian)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Compression of a nerve can start the inflammation process due to ____________.

A

Lack of oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Saturday night palsy

A

Radial nerve compression against the spiral groove of the humerus -> weak wrist and finger extension, weak brachioradialis reflex, normal triceps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Erbs Palsy

A

Superior Brachial Plexus injury. Caused by excessive separation of the head and neck such as falling with shoulder on ground, or excessive stretching during baby delivery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Demyelination is typically _____.

A

segmental

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Is nerve demyelination or degeneration more severe?

A

degeneration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are two names for the same type of nerve degeneration?

A

Anterograde degeneraton

Wallerian degeneration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

wallerian degeneration

A

Changes that occur in a axon that has been injured. It is degeneration that occurs distally, specifically to the myelin sheath and axon.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

PN Regeneration

A

a slow process, axonal sprouting - can get lost and not find correct endoneurial tube

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is an endoneurial tube, and what is its role in axon regeneration?

A

Endoneurial tube consists of endoneurium, Schwann cells, and myelin sheath that serve to guide axon growth.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

PN reinnervation

A

can occur when adjacent neuron innervates muscle fibers of injured neuron, collateral sprouting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are two Peripheral Nerve break down responses to injury?

A

Regeneration - axonal sprouting that re-connects original nerve (slow and can get lost)

Or

Reinnervation - adjacent neuron innervates muscle fibers of injured neuron through collateral sprouting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what are some other ways besides a strain, sprain, or fracture that a peripheral nerve can be injured?

A
  1. metabolic,
    • such as Na imbalance
  2. genetic
  3. chemical, such as
    • bug bite
  4. Virus
  5. Surgery
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

describe what is going on in the picture

A
  1. Injury
  2. nerve retracts (anterograde/wallerian degeneration) & rest of the nerve dies. Atrophy very quick.
  3. Regeneration: Sprouting. (in this case it is finding the cone). Lots of atrophy happens quickly.
  4. nerve continues to heal. Oligodendrocytes regenerate myelin. Innervated muscle hypertrophy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

describe the picture

A
  1. nerve is cut with scapule
  2. separation (we don’t have specifics for this)
  3. Wallerian degeneration - retraction of nerve and break down of part distal to cut
  4. after 72 hrs axonal sprouting and macrophages clear out old dying part of nerve in inflammatory process.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Three classifications of nerve injury

A
  1. Neuropraxia - caused by mild ischemia
    • segmental demyelination blocking conduction
  2. Axonotmesis - prolonged compression & necrosis
    • axon damage connective tissue intact
  3. Neurotmesis - complete severance of axon & disruption of connective tissue
    • gun shot, stab (can be surgical) or avusion
    • muscle fiber atrophy due to loss of trophic substance
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Neuropraxia

A

A segmental demyelination blocking conduction caused by mild ischemia

usually takes only minutes to get better (hopefully not hours)

one of three classifications of nerve injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Axonotmesis

A

Axon damaged, but connective tissue intact

Cone doesn’t need to develop because there is not wallerian degeneration

one of three classifications of nerve injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Neurotmesis

A

Complete severance of axon and disruption of connective tissue

  • gun shot, stab (can be surgical) or evulsion
  • muscle fiber atrophy due to loss of trophic substances (nutrients from nerve)

one of three classifications of nerve injury

26
Q

Trophic substances

A

growth and survival factors

27
Q

Five classifications of neuropathy

A
  1. Mononeuropathy - single peripheral nerve injured
  2. Polyneuropathy - several peripheral nerves injured
  3. Radiculoneuropathy or Radiculopathy - nerve root injury
  4. Polyradiculitis - infection creating inflammation of several nerve roots
  5. Myopathy - motor endplate injury
28
Q

mononeuropathy

A

single peripheral nerve injured (may not even know you are injured)

can be mild to severe

29
Q

Polyneuropathy

A

several peripheral nerves injured

does not mean all types of nerves are involved. It just means more than one nerve is involved

can be mild to severe

30
Q

the other name for radiculoneuropathy

A

radiculopathy

31
Q

the other name for radiculopathy

A

radiculoneuropathy

32
Q

Radiculoneuropathy/Radiculopathy

A

a nerve root injury

can be mild to severe

33
Q

Polyradiculitis

A

infection creating inflammation of several nerve roots

can be mild to severe

34
Q

Myopathy

A

motor endplate injury

can be mild to severe

35
Q

myelopathy

A

any pathologic condition of spinal cord; usually from compression, toxic, or altered metabolic states

36
Q

Signs and symptoms of pheripheral dysfunction

A
  • Sensory loss - tingling, numbness, burning, etc Motor loss - weakness, hypotonia or flaccid
    • pareis or paralysis - peripheral distribution
    • Weakness - myotome distribution or that of spinal nerve
  • Autonomic Loss - vascular, sweating, hair loss, skin
37
Q

Signs and symptoms of peripheral dysfunction: Sensory loss

A
  • Sensory loss- tingling, numbness, burning, etc.
    • Peripheral distribution
    • Nerve root- dermatome
      • Distal first- stocking glove distribution
38
Q

Signs and symptoms of peripheral dysfunction: Motor Loss

A

Motor loss- weakness, hypotonia or flaccid

  • Paresis or Paralysis- peripheral distribution
  • Weakness- myotome distribution of that spinal nerve
39
Q

hypotonia

A

low muscle tone

40
Q

Signs and symptoms of peripheral dysfunction: Autonomic Loss

A

• Autonomic loss- – Vascular, sweating, hair loss, skin

41
Q

If your pt has pronator teres syndrome, you can _________.

A

stretch pronator teres to get more room in pronator teres muscle

42
Q

Two common median nerve entrapments:

A
  1. Pronator teres syndrome
  2. Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
43
Q

Three Signs and symptoms of median nerve compression (carpal tunnel and pronator teres syndromes)

A
  1. Elbow pain - pronator teres syndrome (can be misdiagnosed as medial epicondylitis)
  2. Sensory issue - median nerve distribution
  3. Motor: Intrinsic hand muscles, Thenar Eminence.
44
Q

Treatment for Median Nerve compression

A
  1. Eliminate trauma - (computer/mouse)
  2. Soft Tissue Work
  3. Modalities
  4. Neural Gliding/flosing
  5. Stretching
  6. Strengthening

(also can use a cockup splint or brace)

45
Q

Carpal Tunnel surgery

A
  • Don’t cut median nerve!
  • do Scar Mobs afterwards
  • Used to use a scalpel but now they have a stitch- ripper thing.
  • Also endoscopic now
46
Q

Two common Ulnar nerve entrapments

A

Ulnar Groove Syndrome

or

Gyon Canal Syndrome

47
Q

Signs and symptoms for Ulnar entrapments

A
  • Medial elbow - groove for ulnar nerve swelling/tenderness (ulnar groove syndrome)
  • Sensory - ulnar nerve distribution of hand
  • Motor - intrinsic hand, hypothenar eminence
48
Q

Treatment for Ulnar Nerve entrapments

A
  1. Eliminate Trauma - bike handle bars for gyon’s
  2. Soft tissue work
  3. Modalities
  4. Neural gliding/flossing
  5. Stretching
  6. Strengthening

(stretch, strengthen, and functionally retrain)

49
Q

Two Radial Nerve Entrapments

A

Wartenberg’s Syndrome (entrapment of the superficial branch of the Radial nerve between brachioradialis and ECRL tendons during pronation)

Supinator Syndrome/Radial Tunnel Syndrome (entrapment of the deep branch of the radial nerve close to the supinator muscle)

50
Q

Wartenberg’s Syndrome

A

entrapment of the superficial branch of the Radial nerve between brachioradialis and ECRL tendons during pronation

Tell-tail sign is abduction of the fifth digit

51
Q

Supinator Syndrome/Radial Tunnel Syndrome

A

entrapment of the deep branch of the radial nerve close to the supinator muscle

52
Q

Tell tail sign of Wartenburg’s Syndrome

A

abduction of the fifth digit

53
Q

Signs and symptoms of Wartenburg’s Syndrome

A
  • Watch strap or Handcuff
  • Tight cast or splint
  • Paresthesia
    • Tingling, numbness, burning over radial distribution
  • Weakness?
    • No intrinsic muscle innervation
54
Q

Thoracic outlet syndrome (T.O.S) (outlet)

A

General term referring to compression of neurovascular structures as they exit the thoracic outlet (1st rib, clavicle, scalene muscles)

55
Q

What bad thing could happen from carrying ruck sacks, back packs, or golf bags?

A

Suprascapular Nerve

and/or

Axillary Nerve Compression

56
Q

paresis

A

partial or slight paralysis of muscles

57
Q

TOS Signs & Symptoms (sensory & motor)

A

Sensory:

  • Tingling, Numbness, Burning
  • Distribution of the Root, trunk, division, cord

Motor

  • Paresis or paralysis
  • Distribution of involved nerve
58
Q

Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS)/Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy (RSD)/Causalgia

A
  • Pain- greater than expected for amount of trauma
  • Post injury, trauma, surgery
  • Vasomotor/thermal- temperature issues
  • Skin- Shinny, dry, sweaty, erythema, hair loss
  • Touch- Hypersensitive, Semmes Weinstein monofilament testing
59
Q

Two more names for Complex Regional Pain Syndrome

A

Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy (RSD)

Causalgia

60
Q

Two more names for Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy (RSD)

A

Complex Regional Pain Syndrome

Causalgia

61
Q

Two more names for Causalgia

A

Complex Regional Pain Syndrome

Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy (RSD)

PHTH 7212 Pathophysiology (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions