Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PCM 2.2 > PNS > Flashcards

PNS Flashcards

1
Q

spinothalamic tract contains fibers that conducts what? do fibers decussate?

A

pain, temperature, and crude touch

yes - go contralateral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

posterior column contains fibers that conducts what? do fibers decussate?

A

position, vibration, and fine touch

no - stays ipsilateral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

corticospinal tract contains fibers that conducts what? do fibers decussate?

A

motor

yes - go contralateral at pyramid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

2 division of motor pathway

A
  1. upper motor neurons - cortex to anterior horn

2. lower motor neurons - anterior horn to mm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

most common complaints patients come in with

A
  1. pain
  2. weakness
  3. paresthesia (numbness/tingling)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

most common causes of PNS problems

A
  1. ischemia
  2. bleeding
  3. masses (impingement)
  4. peripheral nervous disorders (MS, Guillian Barre)
  5. neuromuscula disorder (myasthenia gravis)
  6. muscular disorders (dystrophies)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

sensations described by patients

A
  1. dysesthesia

2. paresthesia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

dysesthesia

A

all types of abnormal sensation including pain regardless of a stimulant being present or not

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

paresthesia

A

mostly tingling, pins and needles w/o pain and w/o apparent stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

sensations found on exam

A
  1. hypoesthesia
  2. hyperesthesia
  3. hyperalgesia
  4. allodynia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

hypoesthesia

A

reduced sensation to a particular test

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

hyperesthesia

A

pain in response to mostly touch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

hyperalgesia

A

severe pain in response to mildly painful stimulus (sharp)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

allodynia

A

non-painful stimulus perceived as painful on the skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

5 types of sensation tested in peripheral sensory exam

A
  1. pain - pin or sharp end of broken Q-tip
  2. temperature - metal hammer handle is cool
  3. light touch - Q-tip
  4. proprioception
  5. vibration - tuning fork
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

discriminative sensation exam

A
  1. stereognosis - identify an object by feel
  2. 2-point discrimination
  3. number identification
  4. extinction - touch b/l, feel both?
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

motor exams include?

A
  1. inspection - atrophy
  2. palpation - tone
  3. strength testing - major mm groups
  4. reflexes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

reflexes

A
  1. brainstem - corneal, gag, pupillary
  2. superficial - abdominal, Babinski, anal
  3. DTR
  4. clonus - seen in UMN lesions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what should be done if need to enhance visible motor movement of a tendon reflex?

A

use reinforcement techniques

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

anal wink used to check what disorders?

A

S2-4, cauda equina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Babinski used to check what disorders?

A
  1. L5-S1

2. can be pos in CNS disorders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what happens with DTR in CNS disorders? PNS disorders?

A
  1. CNS disorders - DTRs increased

2. PNS disorders - DTRs decreased

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

DTR

A
  1. brachioradialis
  2. biceps
  3. triceps
  4. patellar
  5. achilles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

brachioradialis DTR tests what nerves? and where to place hammer?

A
  1. C5, C6

2. point end on proximal mm belly or flat end on distal tendon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

biceps DTR tests what nerves? and where to place hammer?

A
  1. C5, C6

2. point end onto thumb lying over tendon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

triceps DTR tests what nerves? and where to place hammer?

A
  1. C6, C7

2. flat or point end on triceps tendon above olecranon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

patellar DTR tests what nerves? and where to place hammer?

A
  1. L2, 3, 4

2. flat end on patellar tendon below patella above tibia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

achilles DTR tests what nerves? and where to place hammer?

A
  1. S1

2. flat end on achilles tendon above calcaneus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

normal DTR is written as?

A

2/4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what is reinforcement technique?

A

engage b/l mm groups above the level being tests to block any run away motor neuron signals going up to enhance reflex signal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

UMN lesion will have what symptoms?

A
  1. spasticity
  2. loss of dexterity
  3. up going Babinski
  4. loss of superficial reflexes
  5. weakness w/o atrophy of mm
  6. hyperreflexia DTR
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

disorders due to UMN lesions

A
  1. stroke
  2. MS
  3. cerebal palsy
  4. traumatic brain injury
  5. ALS
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

LMN lesions will have what symptoms?

A
  1. flaccid paralysis
  2. mm atrophy/wasting
  3. hyporeflexia DTR
  4. superficial reflexes fine
34
Q

disorders due to LMN lesions

A
  1. polio
  2. guillian-Barre
  3. ALS
35
Q

disorders due to anterior horn lesions? symptoms?

A
  1. ALS; polio
  2. symptoms:
    - fasciculations and weakness in segmental pattern
    - sensation intact
    - weak DTR
36
Q

disorders due to spinal nerve roots compression? symptoms?

A
  1. herniated disc
  2. symptoms:
    - dermatomal sensory changes
    - weakness –> atrophy
    - weak DTR
37
Q

peripheral mononeuropathy disorders? symptoms?

A
  1. carpel tunnel; Bell’s Palsy
  2. symptoms:
    - weakness and sensory loss in that peripheral nerve distribution
    - weak DTR
38
Q

peripheal polyneurophaty disorders? symptoms?

A
  1. diabetes; ETOH neuropathy
  2. symptoms:
    - distal weakness and stocking-glove distribution sensory loss
    - weak DTR
39
Q

neuromuscular junction disorder? symptoms?

A
  1. myasthenia gravis
  2. symptoms:
    - muscular fatigability
    - sensation intact
    - DTR intact
40
Q

mm disorders? symptoms?

A
  1. muscular dystrophy
  2. symptoms:
    - weakness primarily in proximal mm
    - sensation intact
    - DTR intact or possibly decreased
41
Q

cutaneous nerves of the anterior arm and hand

A
  1. upper arm - brachial cutaneous nerve (medial and lateral)

2. lower arm - ante-brachial cutaneous nerve

42
Q

cutaneous nerves of posterior arm and hand

A
  1. upper arm - brachial cutaneous merve
  2. lower arm - ante-brachial cutaneous nerve
  3. hand - ulnar and radial n.
43
Q

upper brachial plexus injury due to? damage to? common disorder?

A
  1. stretching of neck away from shoulder due to birth trauma or falling on shoulder
  2. damage to C5 + C6 nerve root motor and sensory
  3. waiters tip position
44
Q

lower brachial plexus injury due to? damage to? common disorder?

A
  1. arm being pulled superiolry from catching something overhead or birth trauma
  2. C8 + T1 motor palsy/weakness
  3. thoracic outlet syndrome
45
Q

thoracic outlet syndrome cause

A

compression of brachial plexus:

  • b/w anterior scalene and medial scalene or cervical rib
  • b/w clavicle and 1st rib
  • b/w ribs and pectoralis minor mm
46
Q

thoracic outlet syndrome results

A

weakness and numbness of the hands and arms due to compressed neurovascular supply

47
Q

thoracic outlet syndrome tests

A
  1. Roo’s test

2. Adosn’s test

48
Q

long thoracic nerve injury caused by

A
  • compression b/w clavicle and 1st rib

- axillary surgery

49
Q

long thoracic nerve injury results

A
  • damage to C5-7 region

- weak serratus anterior m –> winging of scapula

50
Q

media nerve injury caused by

A
  1. crush injury
  2. pronator syndrome
  3. carpal tunnel syndrome
  4. wrist slashing
  5. palm injury/laceration (recurrent branch of the median nerve)
51
Q

median nerve injury results

A
  1. damage to C6-T1 region
    - weak foramen pronation, wrist and digit flexion, thumb abduction and opposition; dropping things
    - atrophy of thenar mm
    - paresthesias or loss of sensation to lateral palm, thumb, index and middle finger
  2. ape hand deformity
52
Q

pronator syndrome

A

media nerve pinched b/w the 2 heads of pronator teres

53
Q

test for pronator syndrome

A
  • examiner resists the patient’s effort to pronate

- tingling along forearm and lateral hand = pos for median nerve impingement by pronator teres

54
Q

anterior interosseus neuropathy caused by

A
  • pronator teres impingement of anterior interosseus n. (from median n.)
  • trauma; tennis elbow strap too tight
55
Q

anterior interosseus neuropathy results:

A

weak flexor digitorum profundus and flexor pollicis longus

56
Q

anterior interosseus neuropathy test

A

pinch grip OK sign

  • inability to pinch the fingers together tip to tip
  • check mm strength
57
Q

tests for carpal tunnel syndrome

A
  1. tinnels sign
  2. phalens test
  3. reverse phalens (prayer test)
58
Q

ulnar nerve injury caused by

A
  1. fracture of the humerus near medial epicondyle
  2. cubital tunnel syndrome (trauma or entrapment of ulnar nerve as it passes behind medial epicondyle)
  3. laceration near wrist
  4. entrapment at Guyon’s canal
59
Q

ulnar nerve injury results

A

1/ damage in C6-8 region

  • paresthesias or loss of sensation of the medial part of the palm and 4th + 5th digits
  • weak wrist flexion and adduction (weak flexor carpi ulnaris)
  • weak finger abduction and adduction (weak interossei)
  • loss of thumb adduction (lost adductor pollicis)
  • loss of MCP flexion in 4th + 5th digits (lost lumbricals)
    2. claw hand
60
Q

claw hand

A
  • extended 4th + 5th MCP joints (lost 3rd and 4th lumbricals)
  • flexed 4th + 5th PIP (functional flexor digit superficials)
  • weak flexion of 4th + 5th DIP joints (weak flexor digit profundus)
61
Q

radial nerve injury caused by

A
  • fracture of the humerus near radial groove

- saturday night palsy - compression by bleeping with arm under head

62
Q

radial nerve injury results

A
  1. damage in C7-T1 region
  2. sensory loss to back of the hand
  3. wrist drop - weak brachioradialis, supinator, wrist and digit extensors
63
Q

cubital tunnel syndrome tests

A

tinels sign at elbow

64
Q

cutaneous nerves of anterior leg

A
  1. lateral femoral
  2. anterior femoral
  3. common fibular
  4. saphenous
  5. superficial peroneal
65
Q

cutaneous nerves of posterior leg

A
  1. lateral femoral
  2. branches of post femoral
  3. saphenous n
  4. lateral sural
  5. medial plantar
  6. lateral plantar
66
Q

sciatic nerve injury caused by

A
  1. disc compression on L4 and L5 nerve roots
  2. piriformis syndrome
  3. posterior hip dislocation
  4. misplaced intramuscular injection
  5. gunshot or stab wounds to the medial buttock
  6. surgery
67
Q

sciatic nerve injury results

A
  1. sciatic

2. steppage gait - weakness of paralysis of hamstring mm and thing extensors and all mm below knee

68
Q

superior gluteal nerve injury results

A

trendelenburg gait - weak hip abductors and external rotators (gluteus medius)

69
Q

lateral femoral cutaneous nerve injury caused by

A

compression at iliac crests (belts, seats, large bellies)

70
Q

lateral femoral cutaneous nerve injury results

A

numbness over lateral thigh

71
Q

common fibular/peroneal nerve injury caused by

A
  1. impingement by piriformis
  2. proximal fibular fracture
  3. stretched from a varus stress (with lateral collateral ligament)
  4. compressed by casting
  5. surgery
72
Q

common fibular/peroneal nerve results

A
  1. paralysis of dorsiflexors and everters
  2. loss of sensation of anterolat leg and dorsum of foot
  3. foot drop - pt displays high stepping gait and foot slap
73
Q

superficial fibular/peroneal nerve injury caued by

A
  1. proximal fibular fracture
  2. stretched with varus stress
  3. compressed by casting
  4. surgery
74
Q

superficial fibular/peroneal nerve injury results

A
  1. paralysis of foot everters; NO FOOT DROP

2. loss of sensation of anterolateral leg and dorsum of foot

75
Q

deep fibular/peroneal nerve injury caused by

A
  1. anterior compartment syndrome
  2. anterior tarsal tunnel syndrome
  3. pes cavus (high arch) - less space under retinaculum
  4. tight shoelaces
  5. trauma
76
Q

deep fibular/peroneal nerve injury results

A
  1. weak dorsiflexors

2. FOOT DROP

77
Q

medial plantar nerve injury (runners) causes

A
  1. entrapment in the longitudinal arch

2. joggers foot - valgus hindfoot and pes planus

78
Q

medial plantar nerve injury results

A

aching pain in arch and burning/paresthesia in the medial plantar surface

79
Q

diabetic peripheral neuropathy

A
  • damage to peripheral nerves
  • paresthesias and pain of feet > hands
  • loss of vibratory, pain, temp, light touch sensations
  • loss of proprioception
  • decreased reflexes
  • weakness and atrophy of interossei mm (later stages)
80
Q

myasthenia gravis

A
  • autoimmune disorder of NMJ with Abs against postsynaptic acetycholine receptor and disturbed T cell function
  • common presenting complaint/signs:
    fatigue or proximal mm weakness
    ptosis
    diplopia
    dysphagia
    dysarthria
    dyspnea and respiratory mm weakness
  • no sensory loss or altered reflexes

PCM 2.2 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions