pnp final practice Flashcards
What causes bacterial pneumonia?
Inflammation of lung tissue due to infection – bacterial, viral, or fungal.
Often Streptococcus pneumoniae; leads to consolidation in lung tissue.
What are complications of pneumonia?
Pleural Effusion – Fluid builds up around the lungs, making it hard to breathe.
Empyema – Pus collects around the lungs (a more serious kind of pleural effusion).
Respiratory Failure – The lungs can’t get enough oxygen into the blood → may need oxygen or a ventilator.
Sepsis – The infection spreads through the blood, causing a life-threatening body reaction
P.E.R.S.
P = Pleural Effusion
E = Empyema
R = Respiratory Failure
S = Sepsis.
They can lead to chemical pneumonitis or secondary bacterial pneumonia.
How is pneumonia diagnosed?
Chest Xray , blood test, sputum
Why are aspiration events dangerous?
They can lead to chemical pneumonitis or secondary bacterial pneumonia.
lung inflammation caused by inhaling other inflammatory response to toxic or irritating substances. Common culprits include stomach acid, petroleum products
What are types of pneumonia?
Lobar, bronchopneumonia, interstitial, hospital-acquired, community-acquired.
What are common pneumonia symptoms?
Fever, cough, dyspnea, chest pain, crackles, fatigue.
They can lead to chemical pneumonitis or secondary bacterial pneumonia.
What is the primary treatment for pneumonia?
Antibiotics (bacterial), antivirals (viral), supportive care, oxygen.
What is pneumonia?
Inflammation of lung tissue due to infection – bacterial, viral, or fungal.
What are risk factors for pneumonia?
Age, immobility, NG tube, smoking, chronic disease, altered LOC.
What is aspiration?
Entry of food, liquid, or gastric contents into the lower airway.
Which medications are used during a severe asthma attack?
SubQ epinephrine, terbutaline, aminophylline, inhaled or IV corticosteroids and bronchodilators.
How does intrinsic asthma differ from extrinsic asthma?
Intrinsic asthma is non-allergic and often triggered by cold air, stress, or exercise; occurs later in life and is harder to manage.
Extrinsic = External triggers (allergies)
Dust, pollen, pet dander, mold, food allergies
Usually childhood or teen years
Intrinsic = Internal triggers (non-allergic)
Cold air, exercise, stress, infections, smoke, air pollution
Usually adult onset
no fam history
What are the goals of asthma management?
Avoid triggers, reduce inflammation, and prevent bronchoconstriction.
What are classic signs and symptoms of an asthma attack?
Wheezing, chest tightness, dyspnea, tachycardia, tachypnea, cough, use of accessory muscles.
What are common triggers of extrinsic (allergic) asthma?
Dust, pollen, mold, pet dander, food additives; leads to mast cell degranulation and histamine release.
What is the main pathophysiological process behind asthma symptoms?
Inflammation of the airways, bronchoconstriction, and increased mucus production leading to airway obstruction.
What is the function of β2-agonists in asthma?
Bronchodilation – relax smooth muscle to open airways quickly (e.g., salbutamol).
What are common signs of chronic bronchitis?
Productive cough >3 months/year for 2 consecutive years, cyanosis, edema, wheezing.
What is emphysema?
Destruction and enlargement of alveoli without fibrosis, leading to poor gas exchange.
What causes chronic bronchitis?
Smoking, repeated infections, environmental/occupational exposure.
Why do COPD patients receive influenza and pneumococcal vaccines?
To prevent infections that exacerbate COPD symptoms.
What are treatment goals for COPD?
Stop smoking, bronchodilators, corticosteroids, oxygen therapy, manage infections.
What are the two major components of COPD?
Chronic bronchitis and emphysema.
What diagnostic findings are seen in COPD?
Hyperinflated lungs, flattened diaphragm, PFTs show ↓FEV1, ABG may show hypoxia/hypercapnia.
What are signs of emphysema?
Pink puffer: thin, barrel chest, accessory muscle use, clubbing, dyspnea on exertion.
What causes emphysema?
Smoking, air pollutants, α1-antitrypsin deficiency.
What are signs of advanced chronic bronchitis?
Blue bloater: cyanosis, edema, JVD, crackles, productive cough.
What tests confirm COVID-19 infection?
PCR, antigen test, antibody serology; CXR and ABG for complications.
What complications can arise from COVID-19?
ARDS, AKI, stroke, myocarditis, long COVID, secondary infections.
How is influenza transmitted?
Respiratory droplets and contact with contaminated surfaces.
What treatments are available for COVID-19?
Supportive care, antivirals, corticosteroids, oxygen therapy.
What is influenza?
A viral infection with sudden onset fever, fatigue, muscle aches; may lead to viral or bacterial pneumonia.
What are the 3 types of influenza?
Type A (most common), Type B, and Type C.
What is COVID-19?
A viral infection caused by SARS-CoV-2, may cause ARDS, pneumonia, multi-organ failure.
What are COVID-19 symptoms?
Fever, cough, fatigue, SOB, loss of taste/smell, headache, GI symptoms.
What causes atelectasis?
Hypoventilation, obstruction (mucus plug), compression by tumor/fluid.
What are causes of pulmonary edema?
Left-sided heart failure, fluid overload, inhalation injury, ARDS.
What is pulmonary edema?
Fluid accumulation in the alveoli interfering with gas exchange.
What is pulmonary edema?
Fluid accumulation in the alveoli interfering with gas exchange.
Dyspnea, crackles, frothy pink sputum, orthopnea, hypoxia.
What are the differences between pulmonary edema and pleural effusion?
Edema = fluid in alveoli; Effusion = fluid in pleural space.
Dyspnea, crackles, frothy pink sputum, orthopnea, hypoxia.
What nursing interventions are important in managing pulmonary edema?
Position upright, oxygen, diuretics, monitor vitals, I&O.
Chest X-ray shows bilateral infiltrates; BNP may be elevated.
What is atelectasis?
Collapse of alveoli causing reduced or absent gas exchange in that area.
Decreased breath sounds, dyspnea, hypoxia, dullness to percussion.
What diagnostic test confirms pulmonary edema?
Chest X-ray shows bilateral infiltrates; BNP may be elevated.
Dyspnea, crackles, frothy pink sputum, orthopnea, hypoxia.
What are signs of atelectasis?
Decreased breath sounds, dyspnea, hypoxia, dullness to percussion.
Collapse of alveoli causing reduced or absent gas exchange in that area.
What are signs of pulmonary edema?
Chest X-ray shows bilateral infiltrates; BNP may be elevated.
Dyspnea, crackles, frothy pink sputum, orthopnea, hypoxia.
How is atelectasis treated?
Incentive spirometry, chest physiotherapy, early mobilization.
Collapse of alveoli causing reduced or absent gas exchange in that area.
What is the treatment for TB?
Long-term antibiotics: isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide, ethambutol.
Cough, weight loss, night sweats, fever, hemoptysis, fatigue.
What is latent TB?
Infection without active disease; asymptomatic and not contagious. (+TB skin test).
Cough, weight loss, night sweats, fever, hemoptysis, fatigue.
What causes tuberculosis?
Mycobacterium tuberculosis – airborne transmission through respiratory droplets.
Infection without active disease; asymptomatic and not contagious. (+TB skin test).
What are signs of active TB?
Cough, weight loss, night sweats, fever, hemoptysis, fatigue.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis – airborne transmission through respiratory droplets.
How is TB diagnosed?
Sputum culture, TB skin test (Mantoux), CXR, IGRA blood test.
Cough, weight loss, night sweats, fever, hemoptysis, fatigue.
